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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 403121129 |
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| verifiedrevid = 450490023 |
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| Name = Uranyl chloride |
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| Name = Uranyl chloride |
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| ImageFile = <!--Uranyl chloride.jpg--> |
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| ImageFile = UO2Cl2_formula_solid_state.tif |
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| ImageName = Uranyl chloride |
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<!-- | ImageSize = 200px --> |
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| IUPACName = Dichlorodioxouranium |
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| ImageName = Uranyl chloride |
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| OtherNames = Uranium(VI), dichlorodioxy |
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| IUPACName = Dichlorodioxouranium |
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|Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| OtherNames = Uranium(VI), dichlorodioxy |
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| CASNo = 7791-26-6 |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| Formula = UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| MolarMass = 340.90 |
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| UNII = W2V47QQ17S |
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| Solvent = other solvents |
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| index1_label=hydrate |
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| SolubleOther = 320 @ 18C |
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| index2_label=dihydrate |
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| MeltingPt = Decomposes |
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| index3_label=trihydrate |
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| BoilingPt = Decomposes}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 21172763 |
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| EINECS = 232-246-1 |
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| PubChem1 = 129671572 |
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| PubChem2 = 129693634 |
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| PubChem3 = 20376300 |
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| SMILES= .O==O. |
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| InChI1=1S/2ClH.H2O.2O.U/h2*1H;1H2;;;/q;;;;;+2/p-2 |
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| InChIKey1 =DPJRXHIPGVVIJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| SMILES1 = O.O==O.. |
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| InChI2=1S/2ClH.2H2O.2O.U/h2*1H;2*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;+2/p-2 |
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| InChIKey2 = FGKUZTMTIQYKJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| SMILES2 = O.O.O==O.. |
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| InChI3=1S/2ClH.3H2O.2O.U/h2*1H;3*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;;+2/p-2 |
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| InChIKey3 = BYLGCROXFJTSJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| SMILES3 = O.O.O.O==O.. |
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}} |
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|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 340.90 |
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| Solvent = other solvents |
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| SolubleOther = 320 @ 18C |
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| MeltingPt = Decomposes |
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| BoilingPt = Decomposes}} |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalMSDS = }} |
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| ExternalSDS = }} |
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'''Uranyl chloride''' refers to ]s with the formula UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub> where n = 0, 1, or 3. These are yellow-colored salts. |
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'''Uranyl chloride''', UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> is an unstable, bright yellow coloured chemical compound of ]. It forms large sand-like crystals which are highly soluble in ], ]s and ]s. Uranyl chloride, and its two ]s (UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O and UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O) decomposes in the presence of light, a fact discovered by ] in 1804, This ] periodically attracted scientific curiosity and various unsuccessful attempts to develop ] applications using the salts. As with most other uranic species this compound also exhibits ]. |
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==Synthesis and structures== |
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Uranyl chloride is formed when ] gas is passed over ] at a red heat. However it is more usually obtained by dissolving ] in ] and evaporating. |
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] |
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The hydrates are obtained by dissolving ] or ] in ] followed by crystallization from concentrated solutions. Depending on the method of drying, one obtains the mono- or the trihydrate. The monohydrate is described as a yellow, sulfur-like powder. It is very hygroscopic.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470132388.ch41|chapter=Uranyl Chloride 1-Hydrate|year=1963|last1= Hefley|first1=Jack D.|last2=Mathews|first2=Daniel M.|last3=Amis|first3=Edward S.|title=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=146–148|volume=7|isbn=978-0-470-13238-8}}</ref> The trihydrate is greenish-yellow. Both hydrates are fluorescent solids that are highly soluble in water.<ref>{{cite book|author=F. Hein, S. Herzog|chapter=Uranyl Chloride|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. |editor=G. Brauer|publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|place=NY, NY|volume=2|pages=1439}}</ref> |
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The anhydrous material can be obtained by the reaction of oxygen with ]: |
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==Industrial importance== |
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:UCl<sub>4</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> → UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub> |
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The company ] (IREL) has developed a process to extract uranium from the Western and Eastern coastal dune sands of ]. After pre-processing with ]s and fine grinding, the mineral ]s (known as ]), are digested with ] at about 120C and water. The hydroxide concentrate is further digested with concentrated ] to solubilise all hydroxides to form a feed solution composed of chlorides of uranium and other ]s including ]. The solution is subjected to solvent extraction with dual solvent systems to produce uranyl chloride and ]. The crude uranyl chloride solution is subsequently refined to nuclear grade ] by a purification process involving ] and ] in a nitrate media. |
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In terms of structures, all three of these compounds feature the ] center (''trans''-UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>) bound to five additional ligands, which can include (bridging) chloride, water, or another uranyl oxygen.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S0567740873003882|title=The Structure of Anhydrous Uranyl Chloride by Powder Neutron Diffraction|year=1973|last1=Taylor|first1=J. C.|last2=Wilson|first2=P. W.|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1073–1076|bibcode=1973AcCrB..29.1073T }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470132364.ch41|chapter=Uranyl Chloride|year=1957|last1=Leary|first1=Joseph A.|last2=Suttle|first2=John F.|title=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=148–150|volume=5|isbn=978-0-470-13236-4}}</ref> |
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==Health and environmental== |
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Uranyl chloride is spectacularly ] by inhalation and if swallowed. There is also a danger of cumulative effects. The target organs are the ] and ]s. It is toxic to aquatic organisms, and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. As with all compounds of uranium it is ] to a degree dependent on its ]s. |
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==Reactions== |
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The ]s can be replaced by a variety of donors, e.g. ].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ic990159g|title=Synthesis and Crystal Structure of UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>(THF)<sub>3</sub>: A Simple Preparation of an Anhydrous Uranyl Reagent|year=1999|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Marianne P.|last2=Burns|first2=Carol J.|last3=Paine|first3=Robert T.|last4=Scott|first4=Brian L.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=38|issue=18|pages=4156–4158}}</ref> |
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==Industrial importance== |
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The company ] (IREL) has developed a process to extract uranium from the Western and Eastern coastal dune sands of ]. After pre-processing with ]s and fine grinding, the mineral ]s (known as ]), are digested with ] at about {{convert|120|C|F}} and water. The hydroxide concentrate is further digested with concentrated ] to solubilise all hydroxides to form a feed solution composed of chlorides of uranium and other ]s including ]. The solution is subjected to ] with dual solvent systems to produce uranyl chloride and ]. The crude uranyl chloride solution is subsequently refined to nuclear grade ] by a purification process involving ] and ] in a nitrate media.{{cn|date=January 2025}} |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Citation style|date=September 2007}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= Uranium |year= 1911 |volume= V27 |page= 788}} |
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*''Uranium'', Volume V27, Page 788 of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica |
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* {{cite web |url= http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/lanthact.html |title= Lanthanides & Actinides |first= S.J. |last= Heyes |year= 1998 |work= Four Lectures in 2nd Year Inorganic Chemistry |access-date= 22 November 2011 |archive-date= 23 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170923035653/http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/LanthAct/lanthact.html |url-status= dead }} |
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*''Lanthanides & Actinides'', Four Lectures in 2nd Year Inorganic Chemistry, S.J. Heyes, Oxford, 1997-8 |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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* {{cite web |url= http://www.chemcases.com/nuclear/index.html |title= Nuclear Chemistry and the Community |first= Frank |last= Settle |work= www.chemcases.com: General Chemistry Case Studies |access-date= 22 November 2011 |archive-date= 22 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111122194227/http://www.chemcases.com/nuclear/index.html |url-status= dead }} |
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