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Revision as of 15:47, 10 January 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 456708199 of page Vanadium(V)_oxide for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'KEGG').		Latest revision as of 14:25, 4 October 2024 edit 2406:3003:2006:af41:7d72:589b:7380:59f1 (talk) colour of substance
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			{{Short description|Precursor to vanadium alloys and industrial catalyst}}
	{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
	| Verifiedfields = changed		| Verifiedfields = changed
	| Watchedfields = changed		| Watchedfields =
			| verifiedrevid = 470628838
	| Watchedfields=Ivy
			| Name = Vanadium(V) oxide
	| verifiedrevid = 405878872
	| Name = Vanadium(V) oxide		| ImageFile1 = Vanadium pentoxide powder.jpg
	| ImageFile1 = Vanadium pentoxide powder.jpg		| ImageName1 = Vanadium(V) oxide
			| ImageSize1 = 150px
	| ImageName1 = Vanadium(V) oxide
			| ImageFile = Vanadium-pentoxide-monolayer-3D-balls.png
	| ImageSize1 = 150px
	| ImageFile = Vanadium-pentoxide-monolayer-3D-balls.png		| ImageName = Vanadium pentoxide monolayer
			| ImageSize = 250px
	| ImageName = Vanadium pentoxide monolayer
			| IUPACName = Divanadium pentaoxide
	| ImageSize = 250px
	| IUPACName = Divanadium pentaoxide		| OtherNames = Vanadium pentoxide<br/>Vanadic anhydride<br/>Divanadium pentoxide
			|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| OtherNames = Vanadium pentoxide<br/>Vanadic anhydride<br/>Divanadium pentoxide
			| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 30045		| ChEBI = 30045
	| SMILES = O=(=O)O(=O)=O		| SMILES = O=(=O)O(=O)=O
	| CASNo = 1314-62-1		| CASNo = 1314-62-1
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
			| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| UNNumber = 2862
	| EINECS = 215-239-8		| UNII = BVG363OH7A
	| RTECS = YW2450000		| UNNumber = 2862
	| PubChem = 14814		| EINECS = 215-239-8
			| RTECS = YW2450000
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
			| PubChem = 14814
			| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 14130		| ChemSpiderID = 14130
	| InChI = 1/5O.2V/rO5V2/c1-6(2)5-7(3)4		| InChI = 1/5O.2V/rO5V2/c1-6(2)5-7(3)4
	| InChIKey = GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-HHIHJEONAP		| InChIKey = GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-HHIHJEONAP
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChI = 1S/5O.2V		| StdInChI = 1S/5O.2V
	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChIKey = GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N		| StdInChIKey = GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}		| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
	| KEGG = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: C19308 -->		| KEGG = C19308
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Reference = <ref>{{RubberBible62nd|page=B-162}}.</ref>		| Properties_ref = <ref>{{RubberBible62nd|page=B-162}}.</ref>
	| Formula = V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>		| Formula = V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
	| MolarMass = 181.8800 g/mol		| MolarMass = 181.8800 g/mol
	| Appearance = Yellow solid		| Appearance = Yellow solid
	| Density = 3.357 g/cm<sup>3</sup>		| Density = 3.35 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name=CRC>Haynes, p. 4.94</ref>
	| Solubility = 0.8 g/L (20 °C)		| Solubility = 0.7 g/L (20 °C)<ref name=CRC/>
	| MeltingPtC = 690		| MeltingPtC = 681
			| MeltingPt_ref =<ref name=CRC/>
	| BoilingPtC = 1750
			| BoilingPtC = 1750
	| Boiling_notes = decomp.
			| BoilingPt_notes = (decomposes)
			| BoilingPt_ref =<ref name=CRC/>
			| MagSus = +128.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<ref>Haynes, p. 4.131</ref>
			}}
			|Section3={{Chembox Structure
			| Structure_ref = <ref>{{citation | last1 = Shklover | first1 = V. | last2 = Haibach | first2 = T. | last3 = Ried | first3 = F. | last4 = Nesper | first4 = R. | last5 = Novak | first5 = P. | year = 1996 | title = Crystal structure of the product of Mg<sup>2+</sup> insertion into V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> single crystals | journal = J. Solid State Chem. | volume = 123 | issue = 2 | pages = 317–23 | doi = 10.1006/jssc.1996.0186| bibcode = 1996JSSCh.123..317S }}.</ref>
			| CrystalStruct = ]
			| SpaceGroup = Pmmn, No. 59
			| Coordination = Distorted trigonal bipyramidal (V)
			| LattConst_a = 1151 pm
			| LattConst_b = 355.9 pm
			| LattConst_c = 437.1 pm
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure		| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
			| DeltaGf = -1419.5 kJ/mol
	| Reference = <ref>{{citation | last1 = Shklover | first1 = V. | last2 = Haibach | first2 = T. | last3 = Ried | first3 = F. | last4 = Nesper | first4 = R. | last5 = Novak | first5 = P. | year = 1996 | title = Crystal structure of the product of Mg<sup>2+</sup> insertion into V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> single crystals | journal = J. Solid State Chem. | volume = 123 | issue = 2 | pages = 317–23 | doi = 10.1006/jssc.1996.0186}}.</ref>
			| DeltaHc =
	| CrystalStruct = ]
	| SpaceGroup = Pmmn, No. 59		| DeltaHf = -1550.6 kJ/mol
			| Entropy = 131.0 J/(mol·K)
	| Coordination = Distorted trigonal bipyramidal (V)
			| HeatCapacity = 127.7 J/(mol·K)
	| LattConst_a = 1151 pm
			| Thermochemistry_ref=<ref>Haynes, p. 5.41</ref>
	| LattConst_b = 355.9 pm
	| LattConst_c = 437.1 pm
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
	| ExternalMSDS =		| ExternalSDS =
			| GHSPictograms = {{GHS08|Muta. 2; Repr. 2; STOT RE 1}}{{GHS06|Acute Tox.4; STOT SE 3}}{{GHS09|Aquatic Chronic 2}}
	| EUIndex = 023-001-00-8<!--page 414-->
			| GHSSignalWord = DANGER
	| EUClass = ]<br/>Repr. Cat. 3<br/>Toxic ('''T''')<br/>Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Irritant ('''Xi''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
			| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|341|361|372|332|302|335|411}}
	| RPhrases = {{R20/22}}, {{R37}}, {{R48/23}}, {{R51/53}}, {{R63}}, {{R68}}
			| NFPA-H = 4
	| SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S36/37}}, {{S38}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
			| NFPA-F = 0
	| GHSPictograms = {{GHS08|Muta. 2; Repr. 2; STOT RE 1}}{{GHS07|Acute Tox.4; STOT SE 3}}{{GHS09|Aquatic Chronic 2}}
			| NFPA-R = 0
	| GHSSignalWord = DANGER
			| FlashPt = Non-flammable
	| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|341|361|372|332|302|335|411}}
			| LD50 = 10 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br/>23 mg/kg (mouse, oral)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|vandust|Vanadium dust}}</ref>
	| NFPA-H = 3
			| LCLo = 500 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (cat, 23 min)<br/>70 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (rat, 2 hr)<ref name=IDLH/>
	| NFPA-F = 0
	| NFPA-R = 0
			| PEL = C 0.5 mg V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/m<sup>3</sup> (resp) (solid)<ref name="PGCH|0653">{{PGCH|0653}}</ref>
	| FlashPt = Non-flammable
			<br/>
	| LD50 = 10 mg/kg
			C 0.1 mg V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/m<sup>3</sup> (fume)<ref name="PGCH|0653"/>
	}}		}}
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related		|Section8={{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions = ]		| OtherAnions = ]
	| OtherCations = ]<br />]		| OtherCations = ]<br />]
	| OtherFunctn = ]<br />]<br />]		| OtherFunction = ]<br />]<br />]
	| Function = ] ]s		| OtherFunction_label = ] ]s
	}}		}}
	}}		}}
			'''Vanadium(V) oxide''' (''vanadia'') is the ] with the ] ]<sub>2</sub>]<sub>5</sub>. Commonly known as '''vanadium pentoxide''', it is a dark yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high ], it is both an ] oxide and an ]. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important compound of ], being the principal precursor to alloys of vanadium and is a widely used industrial catalyst.<ref name=Ullmann/>
			The mineral form of this compound, shcherbinaite, is extremely rare, almost always found among ]. A mineral ], V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O, is also known under the name of navajoite.
			==Chemical properties==
			===Reduction to lower oxides===
			Upon heating a mixture of vanadium(V) oxide and ], ] occurs to give ], as a deep-blue solid:<ref>Brauer, p. 1267</ref>
			:V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> → 4 VO<sub>2</sub>
			The reduction can also be effected by ], ], and ]. Further reduction using ] or excess CO can lead to complex mixtures of oxides such as V<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and V<sub>5</sub>O<sub>9</sub> before black V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is reached.
			===Acid-base reactions===
			V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> is an ] oxide, and unlike most transition metal oxides, it is slightly water ], giving a pale yellow, acidic solution. Thus V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> reacts with strong non-reducing acids to form solutions containing the pale yellow salts containing ] centers:
			:V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 2 HNO<sub>3</sub> → 2 VO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>) + H<sub>2</sub>O
			It also reacts with strong ] to form ], which have a complex structure that depends on ].<ref name="G&E">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=1140, 1144}}.</ref> If excess aqueous ] is used, the product is a colourless ], ], Na<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub>. If acid is slowly added to a solution of Na<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub>, the colour gradually deepens through orange to red before brown hydrated V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> precipitates around pH&nbsp;2. These solutions contain mainly the ions HVO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>4−</sup> between pH&nbsp;9 and pH&nbsp;13, but below pH&nbsp;9 more exotic species such as V<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub><sup>4−</sup> and HV<sub>10</sub>O<sub>28</sub><sup>5−</sup> (]) predominate.
			Upon treatment with ], it converts to the volatile liquid ], VOCl<sub>3</sub>:<ref>Brauer, p. 1264</ref>
			:V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 3 SOCl<sub>2</sub> → 2 VOCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 SO<sub>2</sub>
			===Other redox reactions===
			] and ] are oxidised to the corresponding ], e.g.,
			:V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 6HCl + 7H<sub>2</sub>O → 2<sup>2+</sup> + 4Cl<sup>−</sup> + Cl<sub>2</sub>
			] or ] compounds in acid solution are reduced by zinc amalgam through the colourful pathway:
			[[File:Vanadium oxidation states.jpg|none|300px|thumb|
			{{center|{{underset|yellow|VO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>}} → {{underset|blue|VO<sup>2+</sup>}} → {{underset|green|V<sup>3+</sup>}} → {{underset|purple|V<sup>2+</sup>}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/resources/the-oxidation-states-of-vanadium/2003.article|title=The oxidation states of vanadium|website=RSC Education|language=en|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>}}
			]]
			The ions are all hydrated to varying degrees.
			==Preparation==
			]
			]
			Technical grade V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> is produced as a black powder used for the production of ] metal and ].<ref name="G&E"/> A vanadium ore or vanadium-rich residue is treated with ] and an ] salt to produce ], NaVO<sub>3</sub>. This material is then acidified to pH&nbsp;2–3 using ] to yield a precipitate of "red cake" (see ]). The red cake is then melted at 690&nbsp;°C to produce the crude V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>.
			Vanadium(V) oxide is produced when ] metal is heated with excess ], but this product is contaminated with other, lower oxides. A more satisfactory laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of ] at 500–550&nbsp;°C:<ref>Brauer, p. 1269</ref>
			:2 NH<sub>4</sub>VO<sub>3</sub> → V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 2 NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
			==Uses==
			===Ferrovanadium production===
			In terms of quantity, the dominant use for vanadium(V) oxide is in the production of ] (see ]). The oxide is heated with scrap ] and ], with ] added to form a ] ]. ] may also be used, producing the iron-vanadium alloy along with ] as a byproduct.
			===Sulfuric acid production===
			Another important use of vanadium(V) oxide is in the manufacture of ], an important industrial chemical with an annual worldwide production of 165&nbsp;million tonnes in 2001, with an approximate value of US$8&nbsp;billion. Vanadium(V) oxide serves the crucial purpose of ] the mildly ] ] of sulfur dioxide to ] by air in the ]:
			:2 SO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> {{eqm}} 2 SO<sub>3</sub>
			The discovery of this simple reaction, for which V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> is the most effective catalyst, allowed sulfuric acid to become the cheap commodity chemical it is today. The reaction is performed between 400 and 620&nbsp;°C; below 400&nbsp;°C the V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> is inactive as a catalyst, and above 620&nbsp;°C it begins to break down. Since it is known that V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> can be reduced to VO<sub>2</sub> by SO<sub>2</sub>, one likely catalytic cycle is as follows:
			:SO<sub>2</sub> + V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> → SO<sub>3</sub> + 2VO<sub>2</sub>
			followed by
			:2VO<sub>2</sub> +½O<sub>2</sub> → V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
			It is also used as catalyst in the ] (SCR) of ] emissions in some ]s and diesel engines. Due to its effectiveness in converting sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, and thereby sulfuric acid, special care must be taken with the operating temperatures and placement of a power plant's SCR unit when firing sulfur-containing fuels.
			===Other oxidations===
			], with V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> represented as a molecule vs its true extended structure<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470638859.conrr270|chapter=Gibbs-Wohl Naphthalene Oxidation|title=Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents|year=2010|pages=1227–1229 |isbn=978-0-470-63885-9}}</ref>]]
			] is produced by the V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-catalysed oxidation of butane with air:
			:C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub> + 4 O<sub>2</sub> → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>2</sub>O + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O
			Maleic anhydride is used for the production of ] resins and ].<ref>{{citation | title = Basic Organic Chemistry: Part 5, Industrial Products | editor1-first = J. M. | editor1-last = Tedder | editor2-first = A. | editor2-last = Nechvatal | editor3-first = A. H. | editor3-last = Tubb | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Chichester, UK | year = 1975}}.</ref>
			] is produced similarly by V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-catalysed oxidation of ] or ] at 350–400&nbsp;°C. The equation for the vanadium oxide-catalysed oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride:
			:C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>2</sub>O + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O
			The equation for the vanadium oxide-catalysed oxidation of naphthalene to phthalic anhydride:<ref>{{cite book | last1=Conant | first1=James | last2=Blatt | first2=Albert | title=The Chemistry of Organic Compounds | publication-place=New York, New York | publisher=The Macmillan Company | edition=5th | year=1959 | page=511}}</ref>
			:C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub> + 4½ O<sub>2</sub> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>2</sub>O + 2CO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O
			Phthalic anhydride is a precursor to ]s, used for conferring pliability to polymers.
			A variety of other industrial compounds are produced similarly, including ], ], ], and ].<ref name=Ullmann/>
			===Other applications===
			Due to its high coefficient of ], vanadium(V) oxide finds use as a detector material in ]s and ] arrays for ]. It also finds application as an ethanol sensor in ppm levels (up to 0.1&nbsp;ppm).
			] are a type of ] used for ], including large power facilities such as ]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=REDT Energy Storage|title=Using VRFB for Renewable applications|url=http://www.redtenergy.com/applications/renewable-energy|access-date=2014-01-21|archive-date=2014-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171818/http://www.redtenergy.com/applications/renewable-energy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vanadium oxide is also used as a cathode in lithium-ion batteries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sreejesh |first1=M. |last2=Shenoy |first2=Sulakshana |last3=Sridharan |first3=Kishore |last4=Kufian |first4=D. |last5=Arof |first5=A. K. |last6=Nagaraja |first6=H. S. |title=Melt quenched vanadium oxide embedded in graphene oxide sheets as composite electrodes for amperometric dopamine sensing and lithium ion battery applications |journal=Applied Surface Science |date=2017 |volume=410 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.246|bibcode=2017ApSS..410..336S }}</ref>
			==Biological activity==
			]
			Vanadium(V) oxide exhibits very modest acute toxicity to humans, with an ] of about 470&nbsp;mg/kg. The greater hazard is with inhalation of the dust, where the ] ranges from 4–11&nbsp;mg/kg for a 14-day exposure.<ref name=Ullmann>{{Cite book|doi = 10.1002/14356007.a27_367|chapter = Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds|title = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year = 2000|last1 = Bauer|first1 = Günter|last2 = Güther|first2 = Volker|last3 = Hess|first3 = Hans|last4 = Otto|first4 = Andreas|last5 = Roidl|first5 = Oskar|last6 = Roller|first6 = Heinz|last7 = Sattelberger|first7 = Siegfried|isbn = 3-527-30673-0}}</ref> Vanadate ({{chem|VO|4|3-}}), formed by hydrolysis of V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> at high pH, appears to inhibit enzymes that process phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>). However the mode of action remains elusive.<ref name="G&E"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2022}}
			==References==
			{{reflist}}
			==Cited sources ==
			*{{cite book|editor=Brauer, G. |author=Brauer, G. |chapter=Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed.|publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|place=NY}}
			*{{cite book | editor= Haynes, William M. | date = 2016| title = ] | edition = 97th | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1-4987-5429-3}}
			==Further reading==
			*{{citation | contribution = Vanadium Pentoxide | url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol86/mono86-10.pdf | pages = 227–92 | title = Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium Pentoxide | series = IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 86 | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer | location = Lyon, France | year = 2006 | isbn = 92-832-1286-X}}.
			*{{citation | first1 = B. | last1 = Vaidhyanathan | first2 = K. | last2 = Balaji | first3 = K. J. | last3 = Rao | year = 1998 | title = Microwave-Assisted Solid-State Synthesis of Oxide Ion Conducting Stabilized Bismuth Vanadate Phases | journal = Chem. Mater. | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = 3400–4 | doi = 10.1021/cm980092f}}.
			==External links==
			{{Commons category|Vanadium(V) oxide}}
			*{{ICSC|0596}}
			*{{PGCH|0653}}
			*{{PGCH|0654}}
			* (] 29)
			*{{EHC|81|name=Vanadium}}
			*{{HSG|042|name=Vanadium and some vanadium salts}}
			{{Vanadium compounds}}
			{{Oxides}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanadium(V) Oxide}}
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]