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Revision as of 16:27, 10 January 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,084 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 466159444 of page Ytterbium(III)_chloride for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'CASNo').		Latest revision as of 18:07, 7 April 2024 edit Cipintina (talk | contribs)155 editsm Added info
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			{{Lead too short|date=September 2013}}
	{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
			| Verifiedfields = changed
	| Watchedfields = changed		| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 402887719		| verifiedrevid = 470634842
	| Name = Ytterbium(III) chloride		| Name = Ytterbium(III) chloride
	| ImageFile = Ytterbium(III) chloride.jpg		| ImageFile = Ytterbium(III) chloride.jpg
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	| ImageName = Ytterbium(III) chloride		| ImageName = Ytterbium(III) chloride
	| IUPACName = Ytterbium(III) chloride		| IUPACName = Ytterbium(III) chloride
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
			| index2_label = hydrate
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 55430		| ChemSpiderID = 55430
			| EC_number = 233-800-5
			| PubChem = 9860484
	| InChI = 1/3ClH.Yb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3		| InChI = 1/3ClH.Yb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
	| InChIKey = CKLHRQNQYIJFFX-DFZHHIFOAT		| InChIKey = CKLHRQNQYIJFFX-DFZHHIFOAT
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	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChIKey = CKLHRQNQYIJFFX-UHFFFAOYSA-K		| StdInChIKey = CKLHRQNQYIJFFX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS}}
	| CASNo = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: 10361-91-8 -->		| CASNo = 10361-91-8
			| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS}}
	}}
			| CASNo2 = 19423-87-1
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
			| CASNo3_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
			| CASNo3 = 19423-82-6
			| CASNo3_Comment = (non-specific)
			| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
			| UNII = IO29D13DLW
			}}
			|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Formula = YbCl<sub>3</sub>		| Formula = YbCl<sub>3</sub>
	| MolarMass = 279.40 g/mol		| MolarMass = 279.40 g/mol
	| Appearance = White powder		| Appearance = White powder
	| Density = 4.06 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (solid)		| Density = 4.06 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (solid)
	| Solubility = 0.17 g/mL (25 °C)		| Solubility = 17 g/100 mL (25 °C)
			| MeltingPtC = 854
	| MeltingPt = 703 °C <ref name=melt>{{cite book|page=781|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RbLE77b6eRUC&pg=PA781|title=Handbook of Physics| author=Walter Benenson, John W. Harris, Horst Stöcker| publisher=Springer| year =2002|isbn=0387952691}}</ref>
			| MeltingPt_ref = <ref name=melt>{{cite book|page=781|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbLE77b6eRUC&pg=PA781|title=Handbook of Physics|author1=Walter Benenson |author2=John W. Harris |author3=Horst Stöcker | publisher=Springer| year =2002|isbn=0-387-95269-1}}</ref>
	| BoilingPt = 1900 °C <ref name=melt/>
			| BoilingPtC = 1453
			| BoilingPt_ref = <ref name=melt/>
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure		|Section3={{Chembox Structure
	| CrystalStruct = ], ]		| CrystalStruct = ], ]
	| SpaceGroup = C12/m1, No. 12		| SpaceGroup = C12/m1, No. 12
	}}		}}
			|Section8={{Chembox Related
			| OtherAnions = ]
			| OtherCations = ], ]
			}}
			}}
			'''Ytterbium(III) chloride''' (]]) is an inorganic chemical compound. It reacts with NiCl<sub>2</sub> to form a very effective ] for the ] of ]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Reductive Dehalogenation of Aryl Halides by the Nanometric Sodium Hydride Using Lanthanide Chloride as Catalyst|first1 = Yuankui|last1 = Zhang|first2 = Shijian|last2 = Liao|first3 = Yun|last3 = Xu|first4 = Daorong|last4 = Yu|first5 = Qi|last5 = Shen|pages = 4327–4334|year = 1997|volume = 27|issue = 24|journal = ]|doi = 10.1080/00397919708005057}}</ref> It is poisonous if injected, and mildly toxic by ingestion. It is an experimental ], known to ] the skin and eyes.
			==History==
			The synthesis of YbCl<sub>3</sub> was first reported by Jan Hoogschagen in 1946.<ref name=r2/> It is now a commercially available source of Yb<sup>3+</sup> ions and therefore of significant chemical interest.
			==Chemical properties==
			The ] configuration of Yb<sup>+3</sup> (from YbCl<sub>3</sub>) is 4''f''<sup>13</sup>5''s''<sup>2</sup>5''p''<sup>6</sup>, which has crucial implications for the chemical behaviour of Yb<sup>+3</sup>. Also, the size of Yb<sup>+3</sup> governs its catalytic behaviour and biological applications. For example, while both Ce<sup>+3</sup> and Yb<sup>+3</sup> have a single unpaired ''f'' electron, Ce<sup>+3</sup> is much larger than Yb<sup>+3</sup> because ]s become much smaller with increasing effective nuclear charge as a consequence of the ''f'' electrons not being as well shielded as ''d'' electrons.<ref name="ref1" /> This behavior is known as the lanthanide contraction. The small size of Yb<sup>+3</sup> produces fast catalytic behavior and an atomic radius (0.99 Å) comparable to many biologically important ions.<ref name="ref1" />
			The gas-phase thermodynamic properties of this chemical are difficult to determine because the chemical can ] to form <sup>−3</sup> or dimerize.<ref name="ref4"/> The Yb<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub> species was detected by electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry as (Yb<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup>).<ref name="ref4" /> Additional complications in obtaining experimental data arise from the myriad of low-lying ''f''-''d'' and ''f''-''f'' electronic transitions.<ref name="ref5"/> Despite these issues, the thermodynamic properties of YbCl<sub>3</sub> have been obtained and the C<sub>3V</sub> ] group has been assigned based upon the four active infrared vibrations.<ref name="ref5" />
			==Preparation==
			Anhydrous ytterbium(III) chloride can be produced by the ].<ref name=Brauer>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry|edition=2nd|editor=Brauer, G. |publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|place=New York}}</ref><ref name=IS>
			{{cite book
			| last =Meyer
			| first =G.
			| title =The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of YCl<sub>3</sub>
			| chapter =The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of Ycl <sub>3</sub>
			| series =Inorganic Syntheses
			| volume =25
			| year =1989
			| pages =146–150
			| doi =10.1002/9780470132562.ch35
			| isbn =978-0-470-13256-2}}
			</ref><ref name="EdelmannPoremba1997">{{cite book |title=Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry |volume=VI |last=Edelmann |first=F. T. |author2=Poremba, P. |editor=Herrmann, W. A. |year=1997 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-13-103021-4 }}</ref> In the first step, ] is heated with ] to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride:
			:Yb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 10{{nbsp}}NH<sub>4</sub>Cl → 2{{nbsp}}(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>YbCl<sub>5</sub> + 6{{nbsp}}H<sub>2</sub>O + 6{{nbsp}}NH<sub>3</sub>
			In the second step, the ammonium chloride salt is converted to the trichlorides by heating in a vacuum at 350-400&nbsp;°C:
			:(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>YbCl<sub>5</sub> → YbCl<sub>3</sub> + 2{{nbsp}}HCl + 2{{nbsp}}NH<sub>3</sub>
			==Reactions==
			YbCl<sub>3</sub> is a paramagnetic ], like many of the ]s. It gives rise to ]ed NMR spectra, akin to ]s
			==Applications in biology==
			Membrane biology has been greatly influenced by YbCl<sub>3</sub>, where<sup>39</sup>K<sup>+</sup> and<sup>23</sup>Na<sup>+</sup> ion movement is critical in establishing electrochemical gradients.<ref name="ref11" /> Nerve signaling is a fundamental aspect of life that may be probed with YbCl<sub>3</sub> using NMR
			techniques. YbCl<sub>3</sub> may also be used as a calcium ion probe, in a fashion similar
			to a sodium ion probe.<ref name="ref12"/>
			YbCl<sub>3</sub> is also used to track digestion in animals. Certain additives to swine feed, such as probiotics, may be added to either solid feed or drinking liquids. YbCl<sub>3</sub> travels
			with the solid food and therefore helps determine which food phase is ideal to incorporate the food additive.<ref name=r13/> The YbCl<sub>3</sub> concentration is quantified by ] to within 0.0009 μg/mL.<ref name="ref1" /> YbCl<sub>3</sub> concentration versus time yields the flow rate of solid particulates in the animal's digestion. The animal is not harmed by the YbCl<sub>3</sub> since YbCl<sub>3</sub> is simply excreted in fecal matter and no change in body weight, organ weight, or hematocrit levels has been observed in mice.<ref name="ref12" />
			The catalytic nature of YbCl<sub>3</sub> also has an application in DNA microarrays, or so called DNA “chips”.<ref name="ref14"/> YbCl<sub>3</sub> led to a 50–80 fold increase in ] incorporation into target DNA, which could revolutionize infectious disease detection (such as a rapid test for ]).<ref name="ref14" />
			==References==
			{{Reflist|35em|refs=
			<ref name="ref1">{{cite book|last=Evans|first= C.H.|title= Biochemistry of the Lanthanides|publisher= Plenum|location= New York|year= 1990|isbn=978-1-4684-8750-3}}</ref>
			<ref name=r2>{{cite journal|author=Hoogschagen, J. |journal=Physica|year=1946|volume=11|issue=6|pages=513–517|title=The light absorption in the near infra red region of praseodymium, samarium and ytterbium solutions |doi=10.1016/S0031-8914(46)80020-X|bibcode=1946Phy....11..513H}}</ref>
			<!--ref name=r2>{{cite journal|author1=Gau, W.J. |author2=Sun, I.W. |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society|year=1996|volume=143|issue=1|pages=170–174|doi=10.1149/1.1836403|title=Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Ytterbium in the Aluminum Chloride-1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium Chloride Room Temperature Molten Salt}}-->
			<ref name="ref4">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic Properties of Ytterbium Chlorides|author1=Chervonnyi, A.D. |author2=Chervonnaya, N.A. |journal=Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)|year=2004|volume=49|issue=12|pages=1889–1897}}</ref>
			<ref name="ref5">{{cite journal|last=Zasorin|first=E. Z. |journal=Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)|year=1988|volume=62|issue=4|pages=441–447|title = Structure of the rare-earth element trihalide molecules from electron diffraction and spectral data}} (Russian language version: '']'' '''62'''(''4''), pp. 883-895)</ref>
			<ref name="ref11">{{cite journal|author1=Hayer, M.K. |author2=Riddell, F.G. |journal=Inorganica Chimica Acta|year=1984|volume=92|pages=L37–L39|doi=10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80044-4|title=Shift reagents for <sup>39</sup>K NMR|issue=4}}</ref>
			<ref name="ref12">{{cite journal|author1=Shinohara, A. |author2=Chiba, M. |author3=Inaba, Y. |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|year=2006|volume=408–412|title=Comparative study of the behavior of terbium, samarium, and ytterbium intravenously administered in mice |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.12.152 |pages=405–408}}</ref>
			<ref name=r13>{{cite journal|author1=Ohashi, Y. |author2=Umesaki, Y. |author3=Ushida, K. |journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|year=2004|volume=96|issue=1 |pages=61–66|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.001|pmid=15358506 |title=Transition of the probiotic bacteria, ''Lactobacillus casei'' strain Shirota, in the gastrointestinal tract of a pig}}</ref>
			<ref name="ref14">{{cite journal|author=Browne, K.A. |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|year=2002|volume=124|pages=7950–7962|doi=10.1021/ja017746x|pmid=12095339|title=Metal ion-catalyzed nucleic acid alkylation and fragmentation|issue=27}}</ref>
	}}		}}
			<!--<ref name="ref8">{{cite journal|author1=Lou, S. |author2=Westbrook, J.A. |author3=Schaus, S.E. |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|year=2004|volume=126|pages=11440–11441|doi=10.1021/ja045981k|pmid=15366881|title=Decarboxylative aldol reactions of allyl beta-keto esters via heterobimetallic catalysis|issue=37}}</ref>
			<ref name="ref9">{{cite journal|author1=Srinivasan, N. |author2=Ganesan, A. |journal=Chemical Communications |issue=7 |year=2003|pages=916–917|doi=10.1039/b212063a|pmid=12739676 |title=Highly efficient Lewis acid-catalysed Pictet–Spengler reactions discovered by parallel screening }}</ref>
			<ref name=r10>{{cite journal|author=Clarke, P.A. |journal=Tetrahedron Letters|year=2002|volume=43|pages=4761–4763|doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(02)00935-8|title=Selective mono-acylation of meso- and C2-symmetric 1,3- and 1,4-diols|issue=27}}</ref>-->
			<!-- Dead note "15": ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics''; Lide, D.R., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2003. -->
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			<!-- Dead note "17": Timén, A.S.; Fischer, A.; Somfai, P. ''Chem. Commun.'' '''2003''', 1150–1151. -->
			<!-- Dead note "18": Jia, Y.Q.; Zhang, S.G. ''Inorg. Chim. Acta'' '''1988''', ''143'', 137-145. -->
			<!-- Dead note "19": Murakami, M.; Ito, H.; Ito, Y. ''Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.'' '''1996''', ''69'', 25-30. -->
			<!-- Dead note "20": Laptev, D.M.; Poshevneva, A.I.; Astakhova, I.S.; Kulagin, N.M. ''Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)'' '''1976''', 21(9), 1274–1276. -->
			<!-- Dead note "21": Gorbunov, V.E.; Tolmach, P.I.; Gavrichev, K.S.; Totrova, G.A.; Goryushkin, V.F. ''Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)'' '''1986''', ''60(5)'', 789-790. -->
			{{Ytterbium compounds}}
			{{Chlorides}}
			{{Lanthanide halides}}
			]
			]
			]
			]