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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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{{Chembox |
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{{Chembox |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 412183934 |
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| verifiedrevid = 448015777 |
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| Name = Zinc chromate |
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| Name = Zinc chromate |
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| ImageFileL1 =Zn2+.svg |
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| ImageFile = |
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| ImageSizeL1 = 35px |
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| ImageFileR1 =Chromat-Ion2.svg |
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| ImageFile2 = Zinc-chromate-3D-vdW.png |
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| IUPACName = Zinc chromate |
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| IUPACName = Zinc chromate |
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| OtherNames = |
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| OtherNames = |
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| SystematicName = |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 13530-65-9 |
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| CASNo = 13530-65-9 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 24301 |
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| EINECS = 236-878-9 |
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| PubChem = 26089 |
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| PubChem = 26089 |
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| RTECS = GB3290000 |
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| RTECS = GB3290000 |
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| UNNumber = 3288 3077 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 05F2837HUF |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = ZnCrO<sub>4</sub> |
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| Formula = ZnCrO<sub>4</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 181.403 g/mol |
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| MolarMass = 181.403 g/mol |
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| Appearance = yellow-green crystals |
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| Appearance = yellow-green crystals; yellow powder |
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| Density = 3.43 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Density = 3.43 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| MeltingPt = 316 °C |
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| MeltingPtC = 316 |
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| BoilingPt = 732 °C |
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| BoilingPtC = 732 |
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| Solubility = insoluble |
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| Solubility = insoluble |
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| CrystalStruct = |
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| Section4 = |
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| Section6 = |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| GHS_ref= |
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| EUClass = not listed |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}} |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| GHSSignalWord = Danger |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|317|350|410}} |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|261|264|270|272|273|280|281|301+312|302+352|308+313|330|333+313|363|391|405|501}} |
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| NFPA-O = OX |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| PEL = 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name="OHSAChemSample"/> |
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| LD50 = 0.5 to 5 g/kg |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| NFPA-S = OX |
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| PEL = 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name="OHSAChemSample"/> |
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| LD50 = 0.5 to 5 g/kg |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = Zinc dichromate |
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| OtherCations = ]<br/>] |
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] bombers, painted with Zinc Chromate undercoat, being assembled, 1942]] |
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'''Zinc chromate''', ]]], is a ] containing the ] ], appearing as odorless yellow solid powder.<ref name="CameoC">{{Cite web |title= ZINC CHROMATE - CAMEO Chemicals |author= ] |url=http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/9194|accessdate=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="OHSAGuideline">{{Cite web |title= OHSA Guideline for Zinc Chromate |publisher= ] |url= http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/zincchromate/recognition.html |accessdate=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Pohanish2004">{{cite book|author=Richard P. Pohanish|title=HazMat data: for first response, transportation, storage, and security|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Tbl2W8j-3oC&pg=PA1155|accessdate=24 March 2011|date=9 February 2004|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=9780471273288|page=1155}}</ref> It is used industrially in ]s, having been developed by Ford Motor Company in 1920s.<ref name="Waligorski">{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About Zinc Chromate |first=Martin |last=Waligorski |url=http://www.colorserver.net/history/history-zinc-chromate.htm |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref> Exposure to zinc chromate can cause tissue ulceration and cancer.<ref name="OHSAChemSample">{{Cite web |title= OHSA Chemical Sampling Information for Zinc Chromate |publisher= ] |url= http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_276900.html |accessdate=24 march 2011}}</ref><ref name="OHSAGuideline"/> |
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'''Zinc chromate''', ]]], is a ], a salt containing the ] ], appearing as odorless yellow powder or yellow-green crystals, but, when used for coatings, pigments are often added.<ref name="CameoC">{{Cite web |title= ZINC CHROMATE - CAMEO Chemicals |author= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |author-link= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/9194|access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="OHSAGuideline">{{Cite web |title= OHSA Guideline for Zinc Chromate |publisher= ] |url= http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/zincchromate/recognition.html |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Pohanish2004">{{cite book|author=Richard P. Pohanish|title=HazMat data: for first response, transportation, storage, and security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tbl2W8j-3oC&pg=PA1155|year=2004|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-471-27328-8|page=1155}}</ref> It is used industrially in ]s, having been developed by the ] in the 1920s.<ref name="Waligorski">{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About Zinc Chromate |first=Martin |last=Waligorski |url=http://www.colorserver.net/history/history-zinc-chromate.htm |access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> |
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Its use as a corrosion resistant agent was applied to ] alloy parts first in commercial aircraft, and then in military ones. During the 1940 and 1950s it was typically found as the "paint" in the wheel wells of retractable landing gear on U.S. military aircraft, not because of its glaring yellow-green color symbolizing anything, but to protect the aluminium from corrosion. |
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==Production== |
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When used as a pigment, it is known as Zinc Yellow,<ref name="CameoC"/> Buttercup Yellow or Yellow 36.<ref name="CLand21">{{Cite web |title=Basic Zinc Chromate |publisher=Chemical Land21 |url=http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/IUH/BASIC%20ZINC%20CHROMATE.htm |accessdate= 24 March 2011}}</ref> It is rarely used in art anymore. |
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A process known as the ] is used to create zinc chromate for use in industry. This process is done by putting zinc or a zinc plated metal in a solution of ] and ] for a few seconds.<ref name="innovateus">{{Cite web|title=What is Zinc Chromate Used For|publisher=innovateus |url=http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-zinc-chromate-used |access-date= 11 December 2014}}</ref> Zinc chromate can also be synthesized by using neutral potassium chromate (K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO<sub>4</sub>), which forms a precipitate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paint and Coating Testing Manual|date=1995|publisher=American Society for Testing and Aircraft Materials|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=241}}</ref> |
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Zinc chromate putty was used as sealant in addition to two ] between sections of the failed ] on ], contributing to the ].<ref name="Hickman1997">{{cite book|author=J.A. Hickman|title=Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mOZ-97d6KmsC&pg=PA25|accessdate=24 March 2011|year=1997|publisher=iSmithers Rapra Publishing|isbn=9781859570968|page=25}}</ref> |
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K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> + ZnSO<sub>4</sub> → ZnCrO<sub>4</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> |
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==References== |
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<gallery> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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File:Zinkchromat.jpg|zinc chromate (powder) |
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File:Alfred T. Palmer - Assembling the North American B-25 Mitchell at Kansas City, Kansas (USA).jpg|] bombers, painted with zinc chromate undercoat, being assembled, 1942 |
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</gallery> |
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==Uses== |
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{{Zinc compounds}} |
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Zinc chromate's main use is in industrial painting as a coating over iron or aluminium materials.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Tencer|first1=Michal|title=Electrical conductivity of chromate conversion coating on electrodeposited zinc|journal=Applied Surface Science|date=30 September 2006|volume=252|issue=23|pages=8229–8234|doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.10.039|bibcode=2006ApSS..252.8229T}}</ref> It was used extensively on aircraft by the US military, especially during the 1930s and 1940s. It is also used in a variety of paint coatings for the aerospace and automotive industries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=A.F.|title=Occupational contact dermatitis among aircraft workers|journal=American Journal of Medicine|date=1944|volume=125}}</ref> Its use as a corrosion-resistant agent was applied to ] alloy parts first in commercial aircraft, and then in military ones. During the 1940 and 1950s it was typically found as the "paint" in the wheel wells of retractable landing gear on US military aircraft to protect the aluminium from corrosion. This compound was a useful coating because it is an anti-corrosive and anti-rust primer.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Since it is highly toxic, it also destroys organic growth on the surface. Zinc chromate is also used in spray paints, artists' paints, pigments in varnishes, and in making linoleum.<ref name="Waligorski"/> |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}} |
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When used as a pigment, it is known as Zinc Yellow,<ref name="CameoC"/> Buttercup Yellow or Yellow 36.<ref name="CLand21">{{Cite web |title=Basic Zinc Chromate |publisher=Chemical Land21 |url=http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/IUH/BASIC%20ZINC%20CHROMATE.htm |access-date= 24 March 2011}}</ref> It is rarely used in art because the pigment degenerates into a brown color. This effect can be seen in Georges Seurat's famous painting '']''.<ref>{{cite book|first=John |last=Gage|title=Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|url=https://archive.org/details/colorcultureprac00gage |url-access=limited |location=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1993|pages= , 224|isbn=9780821220436}}.</ref> The degradation of zinc yellow in Seurat's painting was thoroughly investigated<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Casadio | first1 = F. | last2 = Xie | first2 = S. | last3 = Rukes | first3 = S. C. | last4 = Myers | first4 = B. | last5 = Gray | first5 = K. A. | last6 = Warta | first6 = R. | last7 = Fiedler | first7 = I. | year = 2011| title = Electron energy loss spectroscopy elucidates the elusive darkening of zinc potassium chromate in Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte–1884 | journal = Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | volume = 399 | issue = 9| pages = 2909–20 | doi = 10.1007/s00216-010-4264-9 | pmid = 20953774 | s2cid = 26844464 }}</ref> and these findings were subsequently employed in a digital rejuvenation<ref>, ColourLex</ref> of the painting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berns |first1=R. S. |last2=Byrns |first2=S. |last3=Casadio |first3=F. |author-link3=Francesca Casadio |last4=Fiedler |first4=I. |last5=Gallagher |first5=C. |last6=Imai |first6=F. H. |last7=Taplin |first7=L. A. |year=2006 |title=Rejuvenating the color palette of Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884: A simulation |journal=Color Research & Application |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=278–293 |doi=10.1002/col.20223}}</ref><ref>, ColourLex</ref> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinc Chromate}} |
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Zinc chromate putty was used as sealant in addition to two ] between sections of the failed ] on ]. Blowholes in this putty may have been a minor contributor to ].<ref name="Hickman1997">{{cite book|author=J.A. Hickman|title=Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOZ-97d6KmsC&pg=PA25|year=1997|publisher=iSmithers Rapra Publishing|isbn=978-1-85957-096-8|page=25}}</ref> |
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==Toxicity== |
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{{Inorganic-compound-stub}} |
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Recent studies have shown that not only is zinc chromate highly toxic, it is also a ] because it contains ].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=A.L.|title=Chronic exposure to zinc chromate induces centrosome amplification and spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung fibroblasts|journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology|date=15 February 2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=386–395|doi=10.1021/tx900360w|pmc=2822114|pmid=20030412}}</ref> Exposure to zinc chromate can cause tissue ulceration and cancer.<ref name="OHSAChemSample">{{Cite web |title= OHSA Chemical Sampling Information for Zinc Chromate |publisher= ] |url= http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_276900.html |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="OHSAGuideline"/> A study published in the ''British Journal of Industrial Medicine'' showed a significant correlation between the use of zinc chromate and lead chromate in factories and the number of cases in lung cancer experienced by the workers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=J.M.|title=Lung cancer mortality among workers making lead chromate and zinc chromate pigments at three English factories|journal=British Journal of Industrial Medicine|date=May 1984|volume=41|issue=2|pages=158–169|pmc=1009277|pmid=6722042|doi=10.1136/oem.41.2.158}}</ref> Because of its toxicity the use of zinc chromate has greatly diminished in recent years.{{cn|date=February 2024}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Zinc compounds}} |
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{{Chromates and dichromates}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinc Chromate}} |
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