Graphical timeline of plesiosaurs

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Timeline

Taxa

Taxon	First Appearance Datum	Last Appearance Datum	Previous Estimates	Image
Abyssosaurus nataliae	Late Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian
Albertonectes vanderveldei	Late Campanian	Late Campanian	Late Campanian	Life restoration of Albertonectes vanderveldei
Alexandronectes zealandiensis	Early Maastrichtian	Early Maastrichtian	Early Maastrichtian
Alexeyisaurus karnoushenkoi	Early-Middle Norian	Early-Middle Norian	Early-Middle Norian
Aphrosaurus furlongi	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian
Aristonectes parvidens	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Life restoration of Aristonectes parvidens
Aristonectes quiriquinensis	Late Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian	Life restoration of Aristonectes quiriquinensis
Attenborosaurus conybeari	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Life restoration of Attenborosaurus conybeari
Cardiocorax mukulu	Early Maastrichtian	Early Maastrichtian	Early Maastrichtian
Dolichorhynchops herschelensis	Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian	Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian	Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian
Scalamagnus tropicensis	Turonian	Turonian	Turonian
Edgarosaurus muddi	Late Albian	Late Albian	Albian, Late Albian	Life restoration of Edgarosaurus muddi
Eromangasaurus australis	Albian	Albian	Albian	Life restoration of Eromangasaurus australis
Manemergus anguirostris	Early Turonian	Early Turonian	Maastrichtian, Early Turonian	Fossil skeleton of Manemergus anguirostris
Nichollssaura borealis	Early Albian	Early Albian	Early Albian	Life restoration of two Nichollssaura borealis
Pahasapasaurus haasi	Cenomanian	Cenomanian	Cenomanian
Plesiopleurodon wellesi	Earliest Cenomanian	Earliest Cenomanian	Cenomanian, Earliest Cenomanian	Life restoration of Plesiopleurodon wellesi
Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus	Late Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian	Sinemurian, Late Sinemurian	Life restoration of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus
Plesiosaurus macrocephalus	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Sinemurian
Plesiosaurus longirostris	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Skeletal mount of Hauffiosaurus longirostris
Pliosaurus brachydeirus	Early Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian, Early Kimmeridgian	Life restoration of Pliosaurus brachydeirus
Pliosaurus portentificus	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian
Pliosaurus brachyspondylus	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian
Pliosaurus irgisensis	Tithonian	Tithonian	Tithonian
Pliosaurus macromerus	Callovian-Tithonian	Callovian-Tithonian	Callovian-Tithonian	Lower jaw of Pliosaurus macromerus with restorative model.
Pliosaurus andrewsi	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Polyptychodon interruptus	Turonian-Santonian	Turonian-Santonian	Turonian-Santonian	Life restoration of Polyptychodon interruptus
Elasmosaurus platyurus	Campanian	Campanian	Campanian	Life restoration of two Elasmosaurus platyurus
Polycotylus latipinnis	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian, Santonian-Campanian	Life restoration of a Polycotylus latipinnis giving birth
Liopleurodon rossicus	Tithonian	Tithonian	Tithonian	Life restoration of Pliosaurus rossicus -->
Liopleurodon pachydeirus	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Liopleurodon ferox	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Callawayasaurus colombiensis	Aptian	Aptian	Aptian	Skull of Callawayasaurus colombiensis
Kronosaurus boyacensis	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Life restoration of Kronosaurus boyacensis
Opallionectes andamookaensis	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian
Kronosaurus queenslandicus	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Life restoration of Kronosaurus queenslandicus
Umoonasaurus demoscyllus	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Aptian-Albian	Life restoration of Umoonasaurus demoscyllus
Simolestes keileni	Bajocian	Bajocian	Bajocian
Maresaurus coccai	Bajocian	Bajocian	Bajocian
Leptocleidus superstes	Barremian	Barremian	Barremian	Bones of Leptocleidus superstes
Yuzhoupliosaurus chengjiangensis	Bathonian	Bathonian	Bathonian
Brancasaurus brancai	Berriasian	Berriasian	Berriasian	Skeleton of Brancasaurus brancai
Muraenosaurus leedsi	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian	Life restoration of Muraenosaurus leedsi
Cryptoclidus richardsoni	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Tricleidus seeleyi	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian	Bones of Tricleidus seeleyi
Vinialesaurus caroli	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Muraenosaurus beloclis	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Peloneustes philarchus	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian	Life restoration of Peloneustes philarchus
Cryptoclidus eurymerus	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian	Life restoration of Cryptoclidus eurymerus
Simolestes vorax	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian	Life restoration of Simolestes vorax
Pachycostasaurus dawni	Callovian	Callovian	Callovian
Terminonatator ponteixensis	Campanian	Campanian	Campanian
Mauisaurus haasti	Campanian	Campanian	Campanian	Life restoration of Mauisaurus haasti
Dolichorhynchops osborni	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian-Campanian	Campanian, Santonian-Campanian
Martinectes bonneri	Early Campanian	Early Campanian	Early Campanian	Skeletal mount of Martinectes bonneri
Tuarangisaurus keysei	Campanian-Maastrichtian	Campanian-Maastrichtian	Campanian-Maastrichtian	Skeleton of Tuarangisaurus keysei
Thalassomedon haningtoni	Cenomanian	Cenomanian	Cenomanian	Life restoration of Thalassomedon haningtoni
Brachauchenius lucasi	Cenomanian-Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian	Life restoration of Brachauchenius lucasi
Leptocleidus clemai	Hauterivian-Barremian	Hauterivian-Barremian	Hauterivian-Barremian
Thalassiodracon hawkinsii	Rhaetian-Hettangian	Rhaetian-Hettangian	Hettangian, Rhaetian-Hettangian	Life restoration of Thalassiodracon hawkinsii
Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus	Hettangian	Hettangian	Hettangian	Life restoration of Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus
Eurycleidus arcuatus	Hettangian	Hettangian	Hettangian
Macroplata tenuiceps	Hettangian	Hettangian	Hettangian	Life restoration of Macroplata tenuiceps
Kimmerosaurus langhami	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian
Bathyspondylus swindoniensis	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian
Megalneusaurus rex	Kimmeridgian-Portlandian	Kimmeridgian-Portlandian	Kimmeridgian-Portlandian	Life restoration of Megalneusaurus rex
Colymbosaurus trochanterius	Kimmeridgian-Tithonian	Kimmeridgian-Tithonian	Kimmeridgian-Tithonian	Sacral vertebra] of Colymbosaurus trochanterius
Sinopliosaurus weiyuanensis	Kimmeridgian?	Kimmeridgian?	Kimmeridgian?
Fresnosaurus drescheri	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian
Kaiwhekea katiki	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Life restoration of Kaiwhekea katiki
Leurospondylus ultimus	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Spine of Leurospondylus ultimus
Morenosaurus stocki	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian
Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian	Maastrichtian
Thililua longicollis	Early Turonian	Early Turonian	Maastrichtian, Early Turonian	Life restoration of Sulcusuchus erraini
Sulcusuchus erraini	"Campanian/Maastrichtian"	"Campanian/Maastrichtian"	Maastrichtian, "Campanian/Maastrichtian"
Tatenectes laramiensis	Oxfordian	Oxfordian	Oxfordian
Pantosaurus striatus	Oxfordian	Oxfordian	Oxfordian
Futabasaurus suzukii	Santonian	Santonian	Santonian	Life restoration of Futabasaurus suzukii
Georgiasaurus penzensis	Santonian	Santonian	Santonian
Styxosaurus snowii	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian-Campanian	Life restoration of Styxosaurus snowii
Hydralmosaurus serpentinus	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian-Campanian	Santonian-Campanian
Archaeonectrus rostratus	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Fossil of Archaeonectrus rostratus
Eretmosaurus rugosus	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Sinemurian	Fossil of Eretmosaurus rugosus
Simolestes indicus	Tithonian	Tithonian	Tithonian
Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Life restoration of Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni
Rhomaleosaurus victor
Bishanopliosaurus youngi	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Life restoration of Bishanopliosaurus youngi
Occitanosaurus tournemirensis	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian
Hydrorion brachypterygius	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Life restoration of Hydrorion brachypterygius
Microcleidus homalospondylus	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Life restoration of Microcleidus homalospondylus
Microcleidus macropterus	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian
Sthenarasaurus dawkins	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian
Seeleysaurus guilelmiimperatoris	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Life restoration of Seeleysaurus guilelmiimperatoris
Hauffiosaurus zanoni	Toarcian	Toarcian	Toarcian	Life restoration of Hauffiosaurus zanoni
Libonectes atlasense	Turonian	Turonian	Turonian
Palmula quadratus	Turonian	Turonian	Turonian, Turonian
Trinacromerum bentonianum	Turonian	Turonian	Turonian, Turonian	Life restoration of Trinacromerum bentonianum
Trinacromerum kirki	Turonian	Turonian	Turonian	Skeleton of Trinacromerum kirki
Libonectes morgani	Coniacian	Coniacian	Turonian, Coniacian	Life restoration of Libonectes morgani
Eopolycotylus rankini	Turonian	Turonian	Turonian, Turonian
Leptocleidus capensis	Valanginian	Valanginian	Valanginian	Life restoration of Leptocleidus capensis
Pliosaurus funkei
Lusonectes sauvagei				Bones of Lusonectes sauvagei
Djupedalia engeri
Avalonnectes arturi				Avalonnectes arturi
Eoplesiosaurus antiquior				Eoplesiosaurus antiquior
Stratesaurus taylori				Stratesaurus taylori
Anningasaura lymense				Skull of Anningasaura lymense
Zarafasaura oceanis				Skull and neck of Zarafasaura oceanis
Westphaliasaurus simonsensii	Pliensbachian	Pliensbachian	Pliensbachian
Marmornectes candrewi
Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus]
Meyerasaurus victor			Toarcian	Life restoration of Meyerasaurus victor
Megacephalosaurus eulerti
Gronausaurus wegneri
Cryonectes neustriacus				Cryonectes neustriacus
Vectocleidus pastorum
Hastanectes valdensis
Spitrasaurus wensaasi
Spitrasaurus larseni
Nakonanectes bradti	Sinemurian	Sinemurian
Mauriciosaurus fernandezi	Early Turonian	Early Turonian
Polycotylus sopozkoi
Dawazisaurus brevis
Lariosaurus vosseveldensis
Stenorhynchosaurus munozi
Vegasaurus molyi	Early Maastrichtian	Early Maastrichtian	Early Maastrichtian
Kawanectes lafquenianum
Atychodracon megacephalus				Life restoration of Atychodracon megacephalus
Anguanax zignoi				Anguanax zignoi
Pliosaurus patagonicus
Pliosaurus patagonicus
Pliosaurus carpenteri	Late Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian
Pliosaurus kevani	Early Kimmeridgian	Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian-Kimmeridgian	Pliosaurus kevani
Pliosaurus westburyensis	Late Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian
Luskhan itilensis	Hauterivian	Hauterivian
Arminisaurus schuberti	Late Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian		Life restoration of Arminisaurus schuberti
Lagenanectes richterae	Early Hauterivian	Early Barremian		Known material of Lagenanectes richterae with a human to scale

Footnotes

^ Berezin (2011); "Abstract", page 648.
^ Kubo, Mitchell, and Henderson (2012); "Abstract", page 557.
^ Otero et al. (2016); "Abstract".
^ Sennikov and Arkhangelsky (2010); "Abstract", page 567.
^ Smith (2007); "Appendix 1", page 257.
^ Otero et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 100.
^ Araújo et al. (2015); "Abstract", page 109.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 30.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), pages 30-31.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 32.
^ Smith (2007); "Appendix 1", page 258.
^ Morgan (2016); "Out-Group" (cont.), page 29.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 31.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 33.
^ Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus brachydeirus Owen, 1841", page 5.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa", page 29.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), pages 29-30.
^ Morgan (2016); "Out-Group", page 28.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 34.
^ Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), pages 31-32.
^ Sato et al. (2014); "Phylogenetic and functional inferences", page 72.
Smith (2007); "Appendix 1", page 257. Classified under the obsolete binomial "Rhomaleosaurus victor".
^ O'Gorman et al. (2015); "Abstract".
^ Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus carpenteri n. sp.", pages 8-9.
Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus kevani n. sp.", page 5.
^ Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus kevani n. sp.", page 5. Note that although Benson et al. describe the tentatively referred Pliosaurus kevani specimen CAMSM J.35990 and the Lower Kimmeridgian Aulacostephanus mutabilis Biozone from which it likely originated as Lower Kimmeridgian, their "Table 1" on page 25 regard both as Upper Kimmeridgian in age.
^ Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus westburyensis n. sp.", page 5.

References

R. Araújo; M.J. Polcyn; A.S. Schulp; O. Mateus; L.L. Jacobs; A. Olímpio Gonçalves; M.-L. Morais (2015). "A new elasmosaurid from the early Maastrichtian of Angola and the implications of girdle morphology on swimming style in plesiosaurs". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 94 (1): 109–120. Bibcode:2015NJGeo..94..109A. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.44. S2CID 86616531.
Benson, R. B. J.; Evans, M.; Smith, A. S.; Sassoon, J.; Moore-Faye, S.; Ketchum, H. F.; Forrest, R. (2013). Butler, Richard J (ed.). "A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e65989. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865989B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065989. PMC 3669260. PMID 23741520.
A. Yu. Berezin (2011). "A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the early cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform". Paleontological Journal. 45 (6): 648–660. Bibcode:2011PalJ...45..648B. doi:10.1134/S0031030111060037. S2CID 129045087.
Kubo, T.; Mitchell, M. T.; Henderson, D. M. (2012). "Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 557–572. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..557K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.658124. S2CID 129500470.
Morgan, Donald Joseph III (2016). Revision of polycotylid plesioaur systematics (sauropterygia plesiosauria) and description of the axial osteology of a juvenile polycotylid (Thesis). Marshall University.
José P. O’Gorman, Leonardo Salgado, Eduardo B. Olivero and Sergio A. Marenssi (2015). "Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower Maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e931285. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1285O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.931285. hdl:11336/53416. S2CID 128965534.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Otero et al. (2014), Aristonectes quiriquinensis, sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile
Otero, Rodrigo A.; O'Gorman, José P.; Hiller, Norton; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Fordyce, R. Ewan (2016). "Alexandronectes zealandiensis gen. et sp. nov., a new aristonectine plesiosaur from the lower Maastrichtian of New Zealand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1054494. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E4494O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054494. hdl:11336/54350. S2CID 87048127.
Sato, T.; Zhao, L.-J.; Wu, X.-C.; Li, C. (2014). "A new specimen of the Triassic pistosauroid Yunguisaurus, with implications for the origin of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)". Palaeontology. 57 (1): 55–76. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57...55S. doi:10.1111/pala.12048. S2CID 129457774.
A. G. Sennikov, M. S. Arkhangelsky (2010). "On a Typical Jurassic Sauropterygian from the Upper Triassic of Wilczek Land (Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia)". Paleontological Journal. 44 (5): 567–572. Bibcode:2010PalJ...44..567S. doi:10.1134/S0031030110050126. S2CID 88505507.
Smith, Adam Stuart (2007). Anatomy and Systematics of the Rhomaleosauridae (Sauropterygia:Plesiosauria) (PDF) (Thesis). University of Ireland.

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Plesiosaurs