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1977 Pittsburgh Pirates season

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Major League Baseball team season
1977 Pittsburgh Pirates
LeagueNational League
DivisionEast
BallparkThree Rivers Stadium
CityPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Record96–66 (.593)
Divisional place2nd
OwnersJohn W. Galbreath (majority shareholder); Bing Crosby, Thomas P. Johnson (minority shareholders)
General managersHarding "Pete" Peterson
ManagersChuck Tanner
TelevisionKDKA-TV
Milo Hamilton, Lanny Frattare
RadioKDKA
Milo Hamilton, Lanny Frattare
← 1976 Seasons 1978 →

The 1977 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 96th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; their 91st in the National League. The Pirates finished second in the National League East with a record of 96–66. This was the first season where the player's last names appeared on the back of the jerseys.

Offseason

Regular season

Season standings

NL East
Team W L Pct. GB Home Road
Philadelphia Phillies 101 61 .623 — 60‍–‍21 41‍–‍40
Pittsburgh Pirates 96 66 .593 5 58‍–‍23 38‍–‍43
St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 .512 18 52‍–‍31 31‍–‍48
Chicago Cubs 81 81 .500 20 46‍–‍35 35‍–‍46
Montreal Expos 75 87 .463 26 38‍–‍43 37‍–‍44
New York Mets 64 98 .395 37 35‍–‍44 29‍–‍54

Record vs. opponents

1977 National League record
Sources:
Team ATL CHC CIN HOU LAD MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL
Atlanta — 5–7 4–14 9–9 5–13 6–6 7–5 2–10 3–9 11–7 8–10 1–11
Chicago 7–5 — 7–5 6–6 6–6 10–8 9–9 6–12 7–11 7–5 9–3 7–11
Cincinnati 14–4 5–7 — 5–13 10–8 7–5 10–2 8–4 3–9 11–7 10–8 5–7
Houston 9–9 6–6 13–5 — 9–9 8–4 6–6 4–8 4–8 8–10 9–9 5–7
Los Angeles 13–5 6–6 8–10 9–9 — 7–5 8–4 6–6 9–3 12–6 14–4 6–6
Montreal 6–6 8–10 5–7 4–8 5–7 — 10–8 7–11 7–11 5–7 6–6 12–6
New York 5–7 9–9 2–10 6–6 4–8 8–10 — 5–13 4–14 6–6 7–5 8–10
Philadelphia 10-2 12–6 4–8 8–4 6–6 11–7 13–5 — 8–10 9–3 9–3 11–7
Pittsburgh 9–3 11–7 9–3 8–4 3–9 11–7 14–4 10–8 — 10–2 2–10 9–9
San Diego 7–11 5–7 7–11 10–8 6–12 7–5 6–6 3–9 2–10 — 8–10 8–4
San Francisco 10–8 3–9 8–10 9–9 4–14 6–6 5–7 3–9 10–2 10–8 — 7–5
St. Louis 11–1 11–7 7–5 7–5 6–6 6–12 10–8 7–11 9–9 4–8 5–7 —


Game log

1977 Game Log: 95–66 (Home: 57–23; Away: 38–43)
April: 10–7 (Home: 5–4; Away: 5–3)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
1 April 7 Cardinals 6–12 Denny Reuss (0–1) — 35,186 0–1
2 April 9 Cardinals 2–8 Forsch Kison (0–1) — 6,719 0–2
3 April 10 Cardinals 7–8 Carroll Rooker (0–1) Urrea 5,223 0–3
4 April 12 Expos 2–1 Gossage (1–0) McEnaney — 4,042 1–3
5 April 13 Expos 3–0 Kison (1–1) Rogers — 4,586 2–3
6 April 15 @ Cardinals 7–0 Rooker (1–1) Falcone — 41,226 3–3
7 April 16 @ Cardinals 3–1 Candelaria (1–0) Rasmussen Gossage (1) 12,513 4–3
8 April 17 @ Cardinals 3–4 Denny Reuss (0–2) Urrea 28,574 4–4
9 April 18 @ Expos 5–6 (14) Atkinson Jones (0–1) — 10,911 4–5
10 April 19 @ Expos 0–6 Stanhouse Demery (0–1) — 10,062 4–6
11 April 20 @ Expos 8–6 Rooker (2–1) Hannahs Tekulve (1) 12,607 5–6
12 April 22 @ Mets 4–3 Tekulve (1–0) Myrick — 19,495 6–6
13 April 23 @ Mets 6–5 Gossage (2–0) Sadecki — 9,040 7–6
14 April 26 Phillies 5–0 Candelaria (2–0) Christenson Gossage (2) 6,726 8–6
15 April 27 Phillies 7–3 Kison (2–1) Twitchell — 7,054 9–6
16 April 29 Astros 3–11 Bannister Reuss (0–3) — 7,186 9–7
17 April 30 Astros 10–0 Rooker (3–1) Konieczny — 6,540 10–7
May: 16–10 (Home: 10–3; Away: 6–7)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
18 May 1 Astros 4–3 (10) Gossage (3–0) Forsch — 25,371 11–7
19 May 2 @ Braves 11–1 Kison (3–1) Capra — 9,148 12–7
20 May 3 @ Braves 8–7 (11) Tekulve (2–0) Niekro Jackson (1) 7,977 13–7
21 May 4 @ Braves 8–0 Demery (1–1) LaCorte — 3,890 14–7
22 May 6 Reds 6–3 Candelaria (3–0) Billingham Gossage (3) 16,258 15–7
23 May 7 Reds 12–10 Forster (1–0) Zachry Tekulve (2) 16,799 16–7
24 May 8 Reds 6–4 Jones (1–1) Norman Gossage (4) 27,003 17–7
25 May 10 Braves 3–0 Rooker (4–1) Capra Tekulve (3) 18–7
26 May 10 Braves 2–1 Demery (2–1) Collins Gossage (5) 5,713 19–7
27 May 11 Braves 2–1 Candelaria (4–0) Niekro Gossage (6) 6,816 20–7
28 May 12 Braves 1–6 Leon Kison (3–2) — 10,161 20–8
29 May 13 @ Astros 0–3 Lemongello Reuss (0–4) Forsch 10,512 20–9
30 May 14 @ Astros 6–2 Demery (3–1) Andujar Gossage (7) 25,152 21–9
31 May 15 @ Astros 3–1 Tekulve (3–0) Richard — 9,340 22–9
32 May 17 @ Reds 3–0 Candelaria (5–0) Billingham Gossage (8) 30,575 23–9
33 May 18 @ Reds 3–8 Norman Reuss (0–5) Borbon 28,011 23–10
34 May 19 Dodgers 6–5 (10) Gossage (4–0) Hough — 17,988 24–10
35 May 20 Dodgers 1–6 Hooton Demery (3–2) — 34,943 24–11
36 May 21 Dodgers 3–4 John Rooker (4–2) — 32,674 24–12
37 May 22 Dodgers 11–4 Candelaria (6–0) Sutton — 30,583 25–12
38 May 24 Mets 5–2 Reuss (1–5) Matlack Forster (1) 9,309 26–12
39 May 27 @ Cubs 2–4 Bonham Candelaria (6–1) Sutter 14,593 26–13
40 May 28 @ Cubs 3–6 Reuschel Rooker (4–3) Sutter 34,779 26–14
41 May 29 @ Cubs 2–3 Hernandez Gossage (4–1) Sutter 39,517 26–15
42 May 30 @ Phillies 4–6 Carlton Kison (3–3) — 32,253 26–16
43 May 31 @ Phillies 5–6 Reed Tekulve (3–1) — 23,731 26–17
June: 12–17 (Home: 7–6; Away: 5–11)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
44 June 1 @ Phillies 3–0 (8) Candelaria (7–1) Christenson — 28,234 27–17
45 June 3 Cubs 5–0 Rooker (5–3) Burris — 20,152 28–17
46 June 4 Cubs 3–4 Krukow Reuss (1–6) Sutter 26,202 28–18
47 June 5 Cubs 5–4 Jones (2–1) Bonham Gossage (9) 51,580 29–18
48 June 6 Giants 1–3 (12) Lavelle Gossage (4–2) — 6,635 29–19
49 June 7 Giants 6–7 Barr Demery (3–3) Moffitt 6,795 29–20
50 June 8 Giants 2–3 Curtis Rooker (5–4) Lavelle 6,995 29–21
51 June 10 Padres 10–7 (11) Gossage Fingers — 10,499 29–21
52 June 11 Padres 1–4 Shirley Candelaria (7–2) Fingers 11,262 29–22
53 June 12 Padres 6–1 Reuss (2–6) Jones — 30–22
54 June 12 Padres 7–4 Kison (4–3) Sawyer Gossage (10) 21,640 31–22
55 June 14 @ Dodgers 2–3 Wall Gossage (4–3) — 36,122 31–23
56 June 15 @ Dodgers 1–10 Rhoden Jones (2–2) — 32,436 31–24
57 June 16 @ Dodgers 2–3 (11) Hough Gossage (4–4) — 34,350 31–25
58 June 17 @ Giants 3–4 Heaverlo Reuss (2–7) Lavelle 4,789 31–26
59 June 18 @ Giants 5–7 (12) Moffitt Forster (1–1) — 10,231 31–27
60 June 19 @ Giants 0–8 Knepper Rooker (5–5) — 31–28
61 June 19 @ Giants 6–8 Heaverlo Jackson (0–1) Moffitt 23,078 31–29
62 June 20 @ Padres 5–3 Tekulve (4–1) Shirley Gossage (11) 26,030 32–29
63 June 21 @ Padres 9–2 Candelaria (8–2) Tomlin — 14,265 33–29
64 June 22 @ Padres 3–1 Reuss (3–7) Griffin Gossage (12) 14,624 34–29
65 June 24 Expos 6–5 (10) Gossage (5–4) Kerrigan — 27,650 35–29
66 June 25 Expos 10–2 Kison (5–3) Brown — 7,721 36–29
67 June 26 Expos 7–4 Tekulve (5–1) Rogers Gossage (13) 37–29
68 June 26 Expos 3–6 McEnaney Gossage (5–5) — 20,583 37–30
69 June 27 @ Cardinals 1–6 Falcone Reuss (3–8) — 18,239 37–31
70 June 28 @ Cardinals 1–6 Schultz Forster (1–2) — 37–32
71 June 28 @ Cardinals 3–13 Underwood Jackson (0–2) — 33,997 37–33
72 June 29 @ Cardinals 9–1 Kison (6–3) Rasmussen — 15,248 38–33
73 June 30 @ Phillies 1–8 Carlton Jones (2–3) — 36,162 38–34
July: 20–10 (Home: 15–1; Away: 5–9)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
74 July 1 @ Phillies 6–7 (14) Garber Jackson (0–3) — 34,640 38–35
75 July 2 @ Phillies 3–4 Brusstar Reuss (3–9) Reed 41,828 38–36
76 July 3 @ Phillies 7–11 Christenson Kison (6–4) — 28,555 38–37
77 July 4 Cardinals 5–2 Rooker (6–5) Underwood Gossage (14) 39–37
78 July 4 Cardinals 4–3 Tekulve (6–1) Eastwick — 22,810 40–37
79 July 5 Cardinals 3–7 Forsch Candelaria (8–3) — 10,837 40–38
80 July 6 Cardinals 11–8 Tekulve (7–1) Hrabosky — 13,137 41–38
81 July 8 Phillies 8–7 Gossage (6–5) Brusstar — 25,200 42–38
82 July 9 Phillies 9–8 (12) Forster (2–2) Garber — 19,144 43–38
83 July 10 Phillies 5–1 Reuss (4–9) Lonborg — 44–38
84 July 10 Phillies 12–10 Jackson (1–3) Reed Gossage (15) 39,042 45–38
85 July 11 @ Expos 2–4 Bahnsen Jones (2–4) — 19,763 45–39
86 July 12 @ Expos 5–4 (12) Gossage (7–5) Atkinson — 14,781 46–39
87 July 13 @ Expos 6–1 Candelaria (9–3) Rogers — 22,799 47–39
88 July 15 @ Mets 7–1 Rooker (7–5) Zachry — 48–39
89 July 15 @ Mets 1–6 Espinosa Reuss (4–10) — 20,219 48–40
90 July 16 @ Mets 3–5 Swan Gossage (7–6) Apodaca 24,445 48–41
91 July 17 @ Mets 3–1 Candelaria (10–3) Matlack Gossage (16) 49–41
92 July 17 @ Mets 3–9 Koosman Forster (2–3) — 19,492 49–42
93 July 21 Reds 6–2 Reuss (5–10) Norman — 21,713 50–42
94 July 22 Reds 8–7 (12) Jackson (2–3) Billingham — 38,888 51–42
95 July 23 Reds 5–4 Rooker (8–5) Capilla Jackson (2) 28,625 52–42
96 July 24 Braves 7–6 (13) Tekulve (8–1) Hargan — 22,123 53–42
97 July 25 Braves 6–3 Reuss (6–10) Niekro — 8,752 54–42
98 July 26 Astros 3–2 Candelaria (11–3) Richard Gossage (17) 11,882 55–42
99 July 27 Astros 3–2 (11) Tekulve (9–1) McLaughlin — 11,253 56–42
100 July 28 Astros 9–4 Rooker (9–5) Larson — 16,400 57–42
101 July 29 @ Braves 3–5 Niekro Kison (6–5) — 9,505 57–43
102 July 30 @ Braves 10–6 Forster (3–3) Collins — 19,006 58–43
103 July 31 @ Braves 3–8 Solomon Candelaria (11–4) Hanna 12,467 58–44
August: 18–12 (Home: 10–5; Away: 8–7)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
104 August 1 @ Astros 3–4 (11) Lemongello Gossage (7–7) — 11,769 58–45
105 August 2 @ Astros 6–3 (10) Jackson (3–3) Larson — 15,805 59–45
106 August 3 @ Astros 0–3 Niekro Kison (6–6) — 14,745 59–46
107 August 5 @ Reds 12–1 Reuss (7–10) Norman — 60–46
108 August 5 @ Reds 10–6 Jackson (4–3) Capilla — 50,085 61–46
109 August 6 @ Reds 3–8 Seaver Forster (3–4) — 44,267 61–47
110 August 7 @ Reds 0–6 Soto Rooker (9–6) — 40,028 61–48
111 August 8 Cubs 7–6 Jackson (5–3) Reuschel — 25,802 62–48
112 August 9 Cubs 1–4 Burris Reuss (7–11) Hernandez 28,341 62–49
113 August 10 Cubs 2–1 (18) Demery (4–3) Broberg — 32,831 63–49
114 August 11 Mets 9–1 Jones (3–4) Zachry — 9,260 64–49
115 August 12 Mets 3–2 Rooker (10–6) Koosman — 65–49
116 August 12 Mets 6–5 (12) Demery (5–3) Siebert — 18,994 66–49
117 August 13 Mets 2–0 Reuss (8–11) Matlack — 32,212 67–49
118 August 14 Mets 6–3 Candelaria (12–4) Espinosa Tekulve (4) 17,945 68–49
119 August 16 @ Cubs 5–6 (15) Hernandez Demery (5–4) — 24,039 68–50
120 August 17 @ Cubs 2–4 Reuschel Rooker (10–7) — 29,786 68–51
121 August 18 @ Cubs 7–6 Reuss (9–11) Burris Tekulve (5) 24,027 69–51
122 August 19 Giants 6–1 Candelaria (13–4) Knepper — 16,831 70–51
123 August 20 Giants 1–5 Halicki Jones (3–5) — 15,947 70–52
124 August 21 Giants 4–5 Lavelle Gossage (7–8) Moffitt 32,232 70–53
125 August 22 Padres 0–1 Shirley Rooker (10–8) Fingers 7,375 70–54
126 August 23 Padres 7–6 Gossage (8–8) Fingers — 8,105 71–54
127 August 24 Dodgers 1–2 (10) John Gossage (8–9) Garman 20,018 71–55
128 August 25 Dodgers 2–1 Candelaria (14–4) Rau Demery (1) 17,164 72–55
129 August 26 @ Padres 3–1 Kison (7–6) Owchinko Gossage (18) 18,696 73–55
130 August 27 @ Padres 4–0 Reuss (10–11) Jones — 14,732 74–55
131 August 28 @ Padres 10–1 Rooker (11–8) Shirley — 10,371 75–55
132 August 30 @ Giants 3–1 Candelaria (15–4) Montefusco — 12,699 76–55
133 August 31 @ Giants 3–6 Barr Kison (7–7) — 4,267 76–56
September: 17–10 (Home: 8–4; Away: 9–6)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
134 September 2 @ Dodgers 2–10 Hooton Reuss (10–12) — 39,276 76–57
135 September 3 @ Dodgers 4–6 Sutton Rooker (11–9) Garman 44,505 76–58
136 September 4 @ Dodgers 2–8 John Jones (3–6) — 36,686 76–59
137 September 5 Phillies 3–1 Candelaria (16–4) Lerch Gossage (19) 77–59
138 September 5 Phillies 1–11 Carlton Kison (7–8) — 40,423 77–60
139 September 6 Phillies 5–4 (11) Gossage (9–9) Garber — 15,136 78–60
140 September 7 Cardinals 5–4 Forster (4–4) Denny Tekulve (6) 7,219 79–60
141 September 8 Cardinals 9–5 Demery (6–4) Eastwick Gossage (20) 4,848 80–60
142 September 9 Expos 1–2 Dues Jones (3–7) Stanhouse 7,628 80–61
143 September 10 Expos 2–4 Twitchell Candelaria (16–5) Kerrigan 7,697 80–62
144 September 11 Expos 10–4 Kison (8–8) Holdsworth — 9,470 81–62
145 September 12 @ Phillies 2–6 Christenson Reuss (10–13) — 42,145 81–63
146 September 13 @ Phillies 2–0 Rooker (12–9) Kaat Gossage (21) 42,638 82–63
147 September 15 @ Cardinals 4–3 Candelaria (17–5) Rasmussen Gossage (22) 83–63
148 September 15 @ Cardinals 7–10 Sutton Demery (6–5) Eastwick 9,081 83–64
149 September 16 @ Expos 0–5 Schatzeder Kison (8–9) Stanhouse 7,026 83–65
150 September 17 @ Expos 6–3 Whitson (1–0) Landreth Gossage (23) 12,674 84–65
151 September 18 @ Expos 7–5 (11) Tekulve (10–1) Rogers — 25,097 85–65
152 September 20 @ Mets 4–2 Candelaria (18–5) Espinosa — 3,372 86–65
153 September 21 @ Mets 4–0 Kison (9–9) Koosman Gossage (24) 5,044 87–65
154 September 23 @ Cubs 2–0 Rooker (13–9) Hernandez Gossage (25) 3,757 88–65
155 September 24 @ Cubs 7–3 Forster (5–4) Broberg Jackson (3) 14,970 89–65
156 September 25 @ Cubs 4–0 Candelaria (19–5) Reuschel — 17,815 90–65
157 September 27 Mets 1–7 Espinosa Kison (9–10) — 3,379 90–66
158 September 28 Mets 3–2 Rooker (14–9) Swan Gossage (26) 2,673 91–66
159 September 29 Mets 5–2 Forster (6–4) Medich Tekulve (7) 2,504 92–66
160 September 30 Cubs 3–1 Candelaria (20–5) Reuschel — 8,507 93–66
October: 2–0 (Home: 2–0; Away: 0–0)
# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record
161 October 2 Cubs 5–1 Jones (4–7) Burris Jackson (4) 94–66
162 October 2 Cubs 3–2 Gossage (10–9) Lamp — 20,418 95–66
Legend:        = Win        = Loss
Bold = Pirates team member

Opening Day lineup

Notable transactions

Roster

1977 Pittsburgh Pirates
Roster
Pitchers Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders

Other batters

Manager

Coaches

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pos Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
C Duffy Dyer 94 270 65 .241 3 19
1B Bill Robinson 137 507 154 .304 26 104
2B Rennie Stennett 116 453 152 .336 5 51
SS Frank Taveras 147 544 137 .252 1 29
3B Phil Garner 153 585 152 .260 17 77
LF Al Oliver 154 568 175 .308 19 82
CF Omar Moreno 150 492 118 .240 7 34
RF Dave Parker 159 637 215 .338 21 88

Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
Ed Ott 104 311 82 .264 7 38
Willie Stargell 63 186 51 .274 13 35
Fernando González 80 181 50 .276 4 27
Ken Macha 35 95 26 .274 0 11
Mario Mendoza 70 81 16 .198 0 4
Bobby Tolan 49 74 15 .203 2 9
Jim Fregosi 36 56 16 .286 3 16
Jerry Hairston 51 52 10 .192 2 6
Miguel Diloné 29 44 6 .136 0 0
Dale Berra 17 40 7 .175 0 3
Ed Kirkpatrick 21 28 4 .143 1 4
Mike Easler 10 18 8 .444 1 5
Tommy Helms 15 12 0 .000 0 0
Mike Edwards 7 6 0 .000 0 0

Pitching

Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
John Candelaria 33 230.2 20 5 2.34 133
Jerry Reuss 33 208.0 10 13 4.11 116
Jim Rooker 30 204.1 14 9 3.08 89
Bruce Kison 33 193.0 9 10 4.90 122

Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Odell Jones 34 108.0 3 7 5.08 66
Larry Demery 39 90.1 6 5 5.08 35
Terry Forster 33 87.1 6 4 4.43 58
Ed Whitson 5 15.2 1 0 3.45 10
Tim Jones 3 10.0 1 0 0.00 5

Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G W L SV ERA SO
Goose Gossage 72 11 9 26 1.62 151
Kent Tekulve 72 10 1 7 3.06 59
Grant Jackson 49 5 3 4 3.86 41
Al Holland 2 0 0 0 7.71 1
Dave Pagan 1 0 0 0 0.00 4
Mario Mendoza 1 0 0 0 13.50 0

Awards and honors

1977 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

Farm system

See also: Minor League Baseball
Level Team League Manager
AAA Columbus Clippers International League Tim Murtaugh and Johnny Lipon
AA Shreveport Captains Texas League Johnny Lipon and Tim Murtaugh
A Salem Pirates Carolina League Steve Demeter
A Charleston Patriots Western Carolinas League Jim Mahoney
A-Short Season Niagara Falls Pirates New York–Penn League Luther Quinn
Rookie GCL Pirates Gulf Coast League Woody Huyke

Notes

  1. From 1882–1906, the team played in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, which became annexed by Pittsburgh as the North Side in 1907.
  2. "Chuck Tanner Trades and Transactions by Baseball Almanac". www.baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  3. "Rich Gossage". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  4. "Rick Langford". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  5. Sandomir, Richard (March 8, 1998). "Long Before Murdoch, There Was Ted Turner". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  6. "Wayne Tolleson". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  7. "Jim Fregosi". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  8. "Dave Pagan". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  9. "Doug Frobel". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 7, 2024.

References

  • Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.

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