Sports season
1983 F.I.M. Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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1982
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1984
1983 World Champions
500cc – Freddie Spencer (Honda)
250cc – Carlos Lavado (Yamaha)
125cc – Ángel Nieto (Garelli)
50cc – Stefan Dörflinger (Krauser)
The 1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 35th F.I.M. Road racing World Championship season.
Season summary
The 1983 battle for 500 cc supremacy between Honda's Freddie Spencer and Yamaha's Kenny Roberts would be one of the most dramatic seasons since the 1967 duel between Giacomo Agostini and Mike Hailwood. As was the case in 1967, the battle for the 500 cc crown would pit a former world champion riding a powerful but, ill-handling four cylinder motorcycle against a young upstart riding a less powerful but better handling three cylinder motorcycle. Also as in 1967, the title chase wouldn't be decided until the final race of the season.
1983 would be the last year for the 50cc class as it would be upgraded to 80cc for the 1984 season. Stefan Dörflinger would take the honor of being the last 50cc World Champion. Angel Nieto won the 125 cc crown in dominating fashion, making it his 12th world championship. Carlos Lavado would capture his first 250 cc world championship in a season that saw eight riders share wins over eleven races, Lavado being the only competitor to win more than once. Eighteen-year-old British rider, Alan Carter, created excitement by winning the 250cc French Grand Prix in only his second world championship race, becoming the youngest winner of a 250cc Grand Prix race. Despite the auspicious start to his career, it would be Carter's only Grand Prix victory.
The departure of Kawasaki from the 500cc class left the remaining three Japanese factories to contend for the premier division. Suzuki returned with defending champion, Franco Uncini, Loris Reggiani and Randy Mamola aboard a new version of the RG500 which featured a square tube, welded aluminium frame. The Honda team of Freddie Spencer, Marco Lucchinelli and Takazumi Katayama was made even stronger with the addition of British rider, Ron Haslam, all competing on the three-cylinder NS500. Honda also introduced a production version of the NS500 called the RS500 for privateer racers. These were very similar to the NS500 machines used by the factory racing team but, lacked the special exhaust system. Yamaha team manager Giacomo Agostini had been unable to agree on a contract with rider Graeme Crosby, so AMA Superbike champion Eddie Lawson was brought in as Kenny Roberts' new teammate, both competing with the OW70 YZR500 with a V4 engine. Before the season began, Roberts announced that the 1983 season would be his final year in Grand Prix competition. Cagiva continued to campaign bikes ridden by Jon Ekerold and Virginio Ferrari.
Uncini's title defense was hampered as Suzuki experienced development problems with their chassis which left the team struggling to post good results. Suzuki's pursuit of a lightweight and compact machine had led to a myriad of handling problems associated with the flexing of the thin aluminum frame tubing. Roberts began the season with his YZR500 having problems with overheating and rear suspension, while Spencer started strongly, winning the first three races and five out of the first seven. Roberts was leading the second race in France, when his Yamaha split an expansion chamber causing it to lose power as Spencer won, with Roberts falling to fourth place. The French Grand Prix was marred by the deaths of Japanese rider Iwao Ishikawa during practice after colliding with Reggiani, while Swiss rider, Michel Frutschi, died from injuries sustained during the 500cc race. In Round 3 at Monza, Roberts crashed while leading Spencer three laps from the finish. Roberts came back to win the German Grand Prix, but then finished second to Spencer in Spain in a race Spencer called one of the toughest of his career.
Things began to go Roberts' way at the Austrian Grand Prix as Roberts won while Spencer's Honda suffered a crankshaft failure. In the Yugoslavian Grand Prix, Roberts' Yamaha failed to start immediately, while Spencer charged to an early lead, leaving Roberts to fight through the field to finish in fourth place. Roberts then went on a three-race winning streak with victories in the Netherlands, Belgium and England, while Spencer stayed close with a third place and two second-place finishes. Uncini was injured in an accident at the Dutch TT when he crashed while exiting a curve, then was struck in the helmet by Wayne Gardner's motorcycle as he tried to run off the track. The injury left Uncini in a coma, from which he recovered, but which forced him to sit out the remainder of the season.
The British Grand Prix gave Kenny Roberts a third victory in a row, after a race split in two stages following the deaths of Swiss rider Peter Huber and Northern Irish rider Norman Brown during lap 6 of the first stage. The race was subsequently stopped following some confusion over whether the race had been suspended or not. The event was then decided by aggregate times over the two stages, with Roberts leading both stages of the race, taking victory with Freddie Spencer in second.
The championship then moved to the penultimate round at the Swedish Grand Prix with Spencer holding a two-point lead over Roberts. Roberts led Spencer going into the last lap of the race. Heading down the back straight, Spencer placed his Honda right behind Roberts' Yamaha as they reached the penultimate corner, a ninety degree right-hander. As both riders applied their brakes, Spencer came out of Roberts' slipstream and managed to get inside of the Yamaha. As they exited the corner, both riders ran wide off the track and into the dirt. Spencer was able to get back on the track and back on the power first, crossing the finish line just ahead of Roberts for a crucial victory. Roberts considered Spencer's pass to be foolish and dangerous, and exchanged angry words with him on the podium.
Roberts would have to win the final round at the San Marino Grand Prix with Spencer finishing no better than third place in order for Roberts to win his fourth world championship. In a fitting end to a successful career, Roberts won his last-ever Grand Prix race, however Spencer was able to secure second place to claim the world championship. The two riders dominated the season with each claiming six victories and six pole positions in the 12 race series.
1983 Grand Prix season calendar
The following Grands Prix were scheduled to take place in 1983:
†† = Saturday race
Calendar changes
Calendar and Results
1983 Grand Prix season results
Participants and Standings
500cc participants
Team
|
Constructor
|
Motorcycle
|
No.
|
Rider
|
Rounds
|
Team HB Suzuki
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
1
|
Franco Uncini
|
1–8
|
12
|
Boet van Dulmen
|
All
|
12
|
Loris Reggiani
|
1, 10–11
|
Honda Racing Company
|
Honda
|
Honda NS500
|
3
|
Freddie Spencer
|
All
|
5
|
Marco Lucchinelli
|
All
|
8
|
Takazumi Katayama
|
1–11
|
9 47 43 35
|
Ron Haslam
|
1–7, 9–12
|
Yamaha Marlboro
|
Yamaha
|
Yamaha YZR500 (OW70)
|
4
|
Kenny Roberts
|
All
|
???
|
22
|
Carlos Lavado
|
???
|
Yamaha OW70
|
27
|
Eddie Lawson
|
All
|
Team HB Suzuki
|
Suzuki
|
Suzuki XR45
|
6
|
Randy Mamola
|
All
|
???
|
16
|
Anton Mang
|
6, 10–12
|
Heron Team Suzuki
|
Suzuki XR40
|
7
|
Barry Sheene
|
1–4, 6–8, 10–12
|
???
|
25
|
Rob McElnea
|
10
|
Suzuki RG 500 gamma
|
47 55 29
|
Keith Huewen
|
2–12
|
Team Sonauto Gauloises
|
Yamaha
|
???
|
10
|
Marc Fontan
|
All
|
Cagiva Motor Italia
|
Cagiva
|
???
|
11
|
Virginio Ferrari
|
1–4, 6, 10, 12
|
20
|
Jon Ekerold
|
1–2, 8, 12
|
Shell Nederland
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
12
|
Boet van Dulmen
|
All
|
Honda Switzerland
|
Honda
|
Honda RS500
|
14
|
Michel Frutschi
|
1–2*
|
Marlboro-Tissot
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
15
|
Sergio Pellandini
|
1–10
|
Krauter-Vertrieb Racing
|
17
|
Gustav Reiner
|
1–5, 7
|
Team Johnson Elf
|
Honda
|
Honda RS500
|
18
|
Didier de Radiguès
|
2, 5, 9–12
|
???
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
19
|
Wolfgang von Muralt
|
2–12
|
20
|
Jon Ekerold
|
???
|
Honda
|
Honda RS500
|
23
|
Fabio Biliotti
|
1, 4–8, 12
|
HIRT Giapauto
|
???
|
28
|
Gianni Pelletier
|
3–7
|
Stichting Ned.
|
30 22
|
Jack Middelburg
|
2–10, 12
|
???
|
Honda RS500/Honda NS500
|
35
|
Raymond Roche
|
1–8, 11–12
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
38 39
|
Leandro Becheroni
|
1–4, 6, 10–12
|
Honda
|
Honda RS500
|
39
|
Guido Paci
|
1-2**
|
Marlboro
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
41 33
|
Philippe Coulon
|
2–12
|
Mitsui Yamaha
|
Yamaha
|
43 26
|
Steve Parrish
|
1–6, 8–12
|
Honda Britain Racing
|
Honda
|
47
|
Roger Marshall
|
8
|
Honda NS500
|
51
|
Wayne Gardner
|
8, 10
|
???
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
49 46 13
|
Chris Guy
|
All
|
Jeb's Helmet Sweden
|
50 41
|
Peter Sjöstrom
|
2–4, 6, 8–12
|
???
|
51
|
Ernst Gschwender
|
2–4, 6–9, 12
|
Honda Italia
|
Honda
|
Honda RS500
|
59 52
|
Maurizio Massimiani
|
1–2, 6–7, 10, 12
|
???
|
Suzuki
|
???
|
???
|
Franz Kaserer
|
???
|
???
|
Børge Nielsen
|
???
|
Source:
|
|
Key
|
Regular Rider
|
Wildcard Rider
|
Replacement Rider
|
|
- Notes
- * Frutschi was killed at the second round of the season, the French GP.
- ** Paci was killed during a motorcycle endurance race in Imola.
250cc participants
Team
|
Constructor
|
Motorcycle
|
No.
|
Rider
|
Rounds
|
Team Sonauto Gauloises
|
Yamaha
|
???
|
1
|
Jean-Louis Tournadre
|
1–7, 10–11
|
10
|
Christian Sarron
|
All*
|
26
|
Thierry Rapicault
|
All
|
Höstettler
|
2
|
Jacques Cornu
|
1–4, 6, 8–9, 11
|
Elf Moto Racing Team
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
3
|
Roland Freymond
|
All
|
Team Mitsui Yamaha
|
Yamaha
|
4
|
Martin Wimmer
|
All
|
21
|
Donny Robinson
|
2–6
|
32 28
|
Alan Carter
|
1–6, 8–11
|
62
|
Paul Tinker
|
???
|
Venemotos Racing Team
|
5
|
Carlos Lavado
|
All
|
23
|
Iván Palazzese
|
All
|
Team Johnson Elf
|
Chevallier
|
6
|
Didier de Radiguès
|
All
|
Lumaca
|
MBA/Yamaha
|
???/???
|
7
|
Paolo Ferretti
|
1–2, 4, 7–9
|
Team Green
|
Yamaha
|
???
|
8
|
Jean-Louis Guignabodet
|
All
|
Team Emco
|
Bartol
|
9
|
Jeff Sayle
|
???
|
Pernod
|
Pernod
|
11
|
Christian Estrosi
|
1–3, 5–6, 8–11
|
32
|
Jacques Bolle
|
1–2, 5–7
|
TopCard Krauser
|
Chevallier
|
12
|
Jean-François Baldé
|
1–8
|
???
|
Bernad Fau
|
1–2, 4–11
|
???
|
Bartol/Yamaha
|
???/???
|
14
|
Patrick Fernandez
|
All
|
Cobas Motorcycles
|
Cobas
|
???
|
15
|
Sito Pons
|
1–6
|
???
|
Yamaha
|
16
|
Ángel Nieto
|
5–7
|
Massa Real Racing Team
|
Real-Rotax
|
19
|
Manfred Herweh
|
1, 3–9
|
???
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
20
|
Tony Head
|
1–4, 6–11
|
Römer Racing Team
|
Yamaha
|
25
|
Reinhold Roth
|
All
|
???
|
34 30
|
Bruno Lüscher
|
4
|
Team Forever
|
34
|
Massimo Matteoni
|
3–5, 7–9
|
Team Go-West
|
35
|
Jacques Bolle
|
10–11
|
???
|
36 58
|
Jean-Michel Mattioli
|
2, 4–5, 7–11
|
41 33
|
Bernard Fau
|
1–2, 4–11
|
MBA
|
42
|
Guy Bertin
|
2, 4–9, 11
|
Kawasaki
|
Kawasaki
|
44 47 2 31
|
Hervé Guilleux
|
1, 3–11
|
???
|
Yamaha
|
46
|
Teruo Fukuda
|
7–11
|
RK
|
Morena-Rotax
|
48 37
|
Jean-Marc Toffolo
|
2, 7, 9
|
Dalmac Racing
|
Yamaha
|
49 39
|
Donnie Mcleod
|
4–6, 8–11
|
???
|
54 50
|
Edwin Weibel
|
3–4
|
56 35
|
Harald Eckl
|
2–4, 6–11
|
Chevallier Elf
|
Chevallier
|
57 21
|
Thierry Espié
|
All
|
J.J. Moto Club
|
Cobas-Rotax
|
59 36
|
Carlos Cardús
|
1–2, 4–5, 8–11
|
Source:
|
|
Key
|
Regular Rider
|
Wildcard Rider
|
Replacement Rider
|
|
- Notes
- * The 250cc did not participate in round 12 of the championship, the San Marino GP.
500cc riders' standings
- Scoring system
Points are awarded to the top ten finishers. A rider has to finish the race to earn points.
Position
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
4th
|
5th
|
6th
|
7th
|
8th
|
9th
|
10th
|
Points
|
15
|
12
|
10
|
8
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
Place
|
Rider
|
Team
|
Machine
|
RSA
|
FRA
|
NAT
|
GER
|
ESP
|
AUT
|
YUG
|
NED
|
BEL
|
GBR
|
SWE
|
RSM
|
Points
|
1
|
Freddie Spencer
|
HRC-Honda
|
NS500
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
1
|
Ret
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
144
|
2
|
Kenny Roberts
|
Marlboro Agostini-Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
2
|
4
|
Ret
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
142
|
3
|
Randy Mamola
|
HB Sinclair-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
5
|
Ret
|
2
|
7
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
7
|
5
|
89
|
4
|
Eddie Lawson
|
Marlboro Agostini-Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
8
|
Ret
|
3
|
9
|
6
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
78
|
5
|
Takazumi Katayama
|
HRC-Honda
|
NS500
|
Ret
|
DNS
|
5
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
3
|
DNS
|
77
|
6
|
Marc Fontan
|
Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
6
|
64
|
7
|
Marco Lucchinelli
|
HRC-Honda
|
NS500
|
9
|
2
|
10
|
3
|
Ret
|
7
|
9
|
Ret
|
7
|
Ret
|
6
|
4
|
48
|
8
|
Ron Haslam
|
HRC-Honda
|
NS500
|
3
|
3
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
8
|
7
|
9
|
9
|
31
|
9
|
Franco Uncini
|
HB Gallina-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
6
|
Ret
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
31
|
10
|
Raymond Roche
|
Moto Club Paul Ricard
|
NS500
|
7
|
Ret
|
6
|
5
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
9
|
DNS
|
|
8
|
7
|
22
|
11
|
Boet van Dulmen
|
Shell Nederland-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
Ret
|
DNS
|
Ret
|
10
|
11
|
10
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
8
|
12
|
8
|
17
|
12
|
Jack Middelburg
|
Stichting Ned-Honda
|
NS500
|
|
10
|
Ret
|
11
|
8
|
8
|
11
|
6
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
DNS
|
Ret
|
12
|
13
|
Sergio Pellandini
|
Marlboro Tissot-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
12
|
9
|
8
|
Ret
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
Ret
|
10
|
Ret
|
|
|
11
|
14
|
Barry Sheene
|
Heron-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
10
|
7
|
9
|
Ret
|
|
13
|
13
|
Ret
|
DNS
|
9
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
9
|
15
|
Keith Huewen
|
Heron-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
|
5
|
Ret
|
17
|
10
|
12
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
11
|
11
|
11
|
Ret
|
7
|
16
|
Gianni Pelletier
|
HIRT Giapauto-Honda
|
RS500
|
|
|
Ret
|
13
|
12
|
11
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
17
|
Guido Paci
|
|
RS500
|
Ret
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
18
|
Anton Mang
|
HB Gallina-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
12
|
10
|
10
|
2
|
19
|
Paul Lewis
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
1
|
20
|
Mark Salle
|
Royal Cars Suzuki
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
12
|
14
|
|
|
1
|
|
Wolfgang von Muralt
|
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
11
|
17
|
21
|
Ret
|
23
|
15
|
Ret
|
15
|
Ret
|
17
|
12
|
0
|
|
Leandro Beccheroni
|
|
RG500
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
22
|
12
|
Ret
|
21
|
Ret
|
|
|
Ret
|
18
|
11
|
0
|
|
Virginio Ferrari
|
Cagiva
|
GP500
|
15
|
Ret
|
11
|
Ret
|
|
26
|
Ret
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Loris Reggiani
|
HB Gallina-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
15
|
DNS
|
0
|
|
Stu Avant
|
|
RG500
|
|
17
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
11
|
16
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Walter Magliorati
|
Moto Club Carate
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
16
|
12
|
14
|
|
25
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
0
|
|
Philippe Coulon
|
Marlboro-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
12
|
Ret
|
23
|
17
|
16
|
14
|
18
|
Ret
|
24
|
19
|
13
|
0
|
|
Norman Brown†
|
Hector Neill Racing
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
DNS
|
Ret†
|
|
|
0
|
|
Chris Guy
|
|
RG500
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
24
|
25
|
18
|
14
|
23
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
0
|
|
Peter Sjostrom
|
Jeb's Helmet Sweden
|
RG500
|
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
|
17
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
22
|
16
|
20
|
0
|
|
Maurizio Massimiani
|
Honda-Italia
|
RS500
|
13
|
14
|
|
|
|
15
|
Ret
|
|
|
23
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Gustav Reiner
|
Krauter-Vertrieb Racing
|
RG500
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
13
|
16
|
14
|
Ret
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Steve Parrish
|
Mitsui Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
20
|
Ret
|
15
|
18
|
15
|
20
|
|
Ret
|
DNQ
|
Ret
|
13
|
16
|
0
|
|
Eero Hyvarinen
|
|
RG500
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
15
|
13
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Didier de Radigues
|
Team Johnson Elf
|
RS500
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
DNQ
|
13
|
Ret
|
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
20
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Henk de Vries
|
Henk de Vries Motoren
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Fabio Biliotti
|
Moto Club Condor
|
RS500
|
14
|
|
|
22
|
16
|
19
|
18
|
17
|
DNS
|
DNQ
|
|
21
|
0
|
|
Franck Gross
|
|
RS500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16
|
Ret
|
14
|
18
|
|
19
|
0
|
|
Rob Punt
|
M. Woestenburg
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14
|
18
|
20
|
|
|
0
|
|
Louis-Luc Maisto
|
|
RG500
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Kevin Wrettom
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
0
|
|
Massimo Broccoli
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
0
|
|
Ernst Gschwender
|
MO Motul Racing Team
|
RG500
|
|
18
|
Ret
|
19
|
|
18
|
21
|
16
|
17
|
|
|
22
|
0
|
|
Marco Greco
|
|
RG500
|
16
|
Ret
|
18
|
31
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
|
0
|
|
Wayne Gardner
|
Honda Britain Racing
|
NS500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
16
|
|
|
0
|
|
Marco Papa
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Jon Ekerold
|
Cagiva
|
GP500
|
17
|
19
|
DNQ
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
DNQ
|
|
24
|
0
|
|
Steve Henshaw
|
Harold Coppock
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
0
|
|
Corrado Tuzii
|
Beton Bloc Racing
|
RS500
|
18
|
DNQ
|
23
|
28
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Paolo Ferretti
|
|
YZR500
|
|
Ret
|
20
|
29
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
18
|
0
|
|
Peter Huber†
|
|
RG500
|
|
DNQ
|
26
|
33
|
|
|
22
|
|
19
|
Ret†
|
|
|
0
|
|
Gary Lingham
|
Myers Motorcycles
|
RG500
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
0
|
|
Lorenzo Ghiselli
|
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Rinus van Kasteren
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Alan Irwin
|
D. McManus
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
0
|
|
Borge Nielsen
|
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
DNQ
|
|
Ret
|
|
28
|
Ret
|
20
|
20
|
|
29
|
23
|
0
|
|
Bent Slydal
|
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
20
|
|
Ret
|
DNQ
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Walter Hoffmann
|
Deutsche Tecalemit
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Francisco Rico
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Alfons Ammerschlager
|
Skoal Bandit Heron Suzuki
|
RG500
|
21
|
|
|
Ret
|
22
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Franz Kaserer
|
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
|
25
|
Ret
|
|
29
|
24
|
21
|
Ret
|
|
|
26
|
0
|
|
Andreas Hofmann
|
|
RG500
|
DNQ
|
Ret
|
21
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
27
|
0
|
|
Dennis Ireland
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
21
|
DNQ
|
|
|
0
|
|
Con Law
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
21
|
|
|
0
|
|
Carlos Morante
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Peter Skold
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
0
|
|
Johan van Eijk
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
22
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Wolfgang Schwarz
|
ES Motorradzubeh Racing Team
|
RG500
|
22
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Lars Johansson
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
0
|
|
Jose Parra
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Jean-Philippe Delers
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Ake Grahn
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
0
|
|
Josef Ragginger
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
24
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Steve Williams
|
DTR Fowler Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
24
|
|
0
|
|
Dimitrios Papandreou
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
0
|
|
Esko Kuparinen
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
0
|
|
Dave Dean
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
Ret
|
26
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
0
|
|
Timo Pohjola
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26
|
|
0
|
|
Kjeld Sorensen
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
|
0
|
|
Alf Graarud
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
0
|
|
Jan-Olof Odeholm
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30
|
|
0
|
|
Alain Roethlisberger
|
|
YZR500
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
32
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Dieter Klopfer
|
DIKO
|
|
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Jean Lafond
|
Claude Fior
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
DNS
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Michel Frutschi†
|
Honda Switzerland
|
RS500
|
Ret
|
Ret†
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Roger Marshall
|
Honda Britain Racing
|
RS500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
0
|
|
Klaus Klein
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Gerhard Treusch
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Marco Grino
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Bernard Denis
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Rob McElnea
|
Heron-Suzuki
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
0
|
|
John Pace
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
0
|
|
Graham Wood
|
DTR Fowler Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
0
|
|
Chris Fisker
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Peter Linden
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Risto Korhonen
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Peter Karlsson
|
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Attilio Riondato
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Carlos Lavado
|
Marlboro-Yamaha
|
YZR500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNS
|
0
|
|
Jean-François Baldé
|
|
NS500
|
DNQ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Cai Hedstrom
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Harry Heutmekers
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Simon Buckmaster
|
|
RG500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
|
0
|
† denotes the death of a rider
250cc standings
Place
|
Rider
|
Team
|
Machine
|
RSA
|
FRA
|
ITA
|
GER
|
ESP
|
AUT
|
YUG
|
NED
|
BEL
|
GBR
|
SWE
|
Points
|
1
|
Carlos Lavado
|
Venemotos-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
7
|
Ret
|
1
|
1
|
7
|
7
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
100
|
2
|
Christian Sarron
|
Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
7
|
2
|
4
|
2
|
Ret
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
73
|
3
|
Didier de Radiguès
|
Team Johnson Elf
|
Chevallier YZR250
|
2
|
4
|
9
|
3
|
Ret
|
2
|
Ret
|
7
|
1
|
9
|
8
|
68
|
4
|
Hervé Guilleux
|
Kawasaki
|
KR250
|
3
|
|
6
|
12
|
1
|
6
|
Ret
|
3
|
5
|
Ret
|
2
|
63
|
5
|
Thierry Espié
|
Chevallier-Elf
|
Chevallier YZR250
|
11
|
9
|
2
|
Ret
|
5
|
3
|
15
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
13
|
55
|
6
|
Martin Wimmer
|
Mitsui-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
8
|
Ret
|
4
|
Ret
|
3
|
5
|
Ret
|
5
|
6
|
5
|
10
|
45
|
7
|
Manfred Herweh
|
Massa Real Racing Team
|
Real-Rotax
|
6
|
|
3
|
Ret
|
21
|
1
|
3
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
40
|
8
|
Jean-François Baldé
|
TopCard Krauser
|
Chevallier YZR250
|
1
|
15
|
10
|
8
|
6
|
12
|
4
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
32
|
9
|
Jacques Cornu
|
Höstettler-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
5
|
2
|
5
|
Ret
|
|
9
|
|
9
|
7
|
|
18
|
32
|
10
|
Jacques Bolle
|
Pernod-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
Ret
|
7
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
18
|
Ret
|
6
|
|
|
1
|
9
|
26
|
11
|
Patrick Fernandez
|
Bartol-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
4
|
6
|
Ret
|
2
|
Ret
|
11
|
10
|
Ret
|
11
|
Ret
|
14
|
26
|
12
|
Alan Carter
|
Mitsui-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
Ret
|
1
|
Ret
|
13
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
DNS
|
Ret
|
DNQ
|
14
|
5
|
21
|
13
|
Ivan Palazzese
|
Venemotos-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
10
|
14
|
8
|
Ret
|
10
|
18
|
Ret
|
2
|
8
|
16
|
15
|
20
|
14
|
Thierry Rapicault
|
Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
9
|
3
|
7
|
21
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
13
|
Ret
|
13
|
8
|
Ret
|
19
|
15
|
Jean-Louis Guignabodet
|
Team Green
|
YZR250
|
13
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
13
|
7
|
4
|
9
|
21
|
7
|
18
|
16
|
Tony Head
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
CF250
|
16
|
5
|
13
|
18
|
DNQ
|
17
|
19
|
14
|
Ret
|
22
|
4
|
14
|
17
|
Reinhold Roth
|
Römer Racing Team
|
YZR250
|
|
18
|
11
|
5
|
15
|
8
|
Ret
|
|
|
6
|
16
|
14
|
18
|
Sito Pons
|
Kobas
|
Kobas-Rotax
|
15
|
13
|
Ret
|
9
|
4
|
DNS
|
|
|
|
DNS
|
|
10
|
19
|
Bruno Luscher
|
|
YZR250
|
|
16
|
12
|
4
|
Ret
|
14
|
14
|
22
|
23
|
27
|
Ret
|
8
|
20
|
Guy Bertin
|
|
MBA
|
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
13
|
10
|
5
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
7
|
21
|
Jean Michel Mattioli
|
|
YZR250
|
|
11
|
|
29
|
22
|
|
17
|
12
|
16
|
18
|
6
|
5
|
21
|
Roland Freymond
|
Elf Moto Racing Team
|
CF250
|
12
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
6
|
12
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
21
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
5
|
23
|
Jean Marc Toffolo
|
RK
|
Morena-Rotax
|
|
10
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
8
|
Ret
|
10
|
Ret
|
|
5
|
24
|
Teruo Fukuda
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
21
|
17
|
7
|
Ret
|
4
|
25
|
Christian Estrosi
|
Pernod-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
17
|
17
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
16
|
|
8
|
12
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
3
|
25
|
Donnie Robinson
|
Mitsui-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
8
|
DNS
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
25
|
Harald Eckl
|
|
YZR250
|
|
8
|
14
|
19
|
|
Ret
|
16
|
Ret
|
22
|
12
|
17
|
3
|
28
|
Carlos Cardus
|
Kobas
|
Kobas-Rotax
|
Ret
|
21
|
Ret
|
11
|
9
|
Ret
|
|
16
|
Ret
|
11
|
Ret
|
2
|
28
|
Massimo Matteoni
|
Team Forever
|
YZR250
|
|
|
Ret
|
17
|
14
|
|
9
|
Ret
|
15
|
|
|
2
|
30
|
Donnie McLeod
|
Dalmac Racing
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
25
|
Ret
|
15
|
|
10
|
24
|
19
|
12
|
1
|
30
|
Bernard Fau
|
TopCard Krauser
|
Chevallier YZR250
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
10
|
20
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
1
|
30
|
Graeme McGregoer
|
EMC
|
EMC-Rotax
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
26
|
10
|
|
1
|
|
Jean-Louis Tournadre
|
Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
14
|
11
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Alan North
|
|
YZR250
|
Ret
|
|
|
DNQ
|
23
|
|
|
11
|
20
|
15
|
|
0
|
|
Eilert Lundstedt
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
11
|
0
|
|
Siegfried Minich
|
|
Rotax
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
Ret
|
12
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Pierre Bolle
|
|
YZR250
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Herbert Bessendorfer
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
17
|
18
|
13
|
|
0
|
|
Edwin Weibel
|
|
YZR250
|
|
Ret
|
18
|
20
|
|
20
|
20
|
13
|
Ret
|
30
|
22
|
0
|
|
Peter Looijesteijn
|
|
Waddon
|
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
|
18
|
14
|
28
|
|
0
|
|
Jimmy Rodger
|
|
YZR250
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Paolo Ferretti
|
|
Rotax
|
18
|
20
|
DNQ
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
15
|
25
|
|
|
0
|
|
Maurizio Vitali
|
|
MBA
|
|
|
15
|
|
DNQ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Jürgen Schmid
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Karl-Thomas Grassel
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
17
|
16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Graham Young
|
EMC
|
EMC-Rotax
|
|
|
16
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
0
|
|
Michel Simeon
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
16
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Luis Miguel Reyes
|
Kobas
|
Kobas-Rotax
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Paul Tinker
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
0
|
|
Kiyotaka Sakai
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
25
|
|
0
|
|
Stephane Mertens
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
19
|
0
|
|
Tadasu Ikeda
|
|
YZR250
|
|
19
|
|
24
|
|
DNS
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Gabriel Gabria
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
28
|
Ret
|
19
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Robbie Petersen
|
|
YZR250
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Domingo Gil
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Con Law
|
EMC
|
EMC-Rotax
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
26
|
|
0
|
|
Kevin Hellyer
|
|
YZR250
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Micke Melander
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
0
|
|
Manfred Obinger
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Alan Labrosse
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
21
|
0
|
|
Warren Bristol
|
|
YZR250
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Massimo Broccoli
|
|
YZR250
|
22
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Herbert Hauf
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Leonard Dibon
|
|
YZR250
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Stefan Förtsch
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Chris Oldfield
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
CF250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
0
|
|
Anders Skov
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
0
|
|
Toni Garcia
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
24
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Danny Bristol
|
|
YZR250
|
24
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Andy Watts
|
EMC
|
EMC-Rotax
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24
|
|
0
|
|
Jarmo Liitia
|
|
Rotax
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24
|
0
|
|
Mike Crawford
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
CF250
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Mar Schouten
|
|
MBA
|
|
|
|
26
|
Ret
|
DNS
|
|
Ret
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Rene Delaby
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
CF250
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Eric Saul
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
29
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Angel Nieto
|
|
YZR250
|
DNQ
|
|
DNQ
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Bengt Elgh
|
|
MBA
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Leif Nielsen
|
|
Rotax
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Svend Andersson
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Steve Williams
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Dave Petersen
|
|
Rotax
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Mario Rademeyer
|
|
YZR250
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Richard Porter
|
|
Rotax
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Robert Larney
|
|
Rotax
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Patrick Chatelet
|
|
YZR250
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Philippe Robles
|
|
YZR250
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Jean Foray
|
|
YZR250
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Patrick Igoa
|
|
YZR250
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Marcellino Lucchi
|
SWM
|
SWM250
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Constant Pittet
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Stefan Klabacher
|
|
Rotax
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Roger Sibille
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Thomas Bacher
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Bozo Janezic
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
CF250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Jeffrey Sayle
|
Bartol-Yamaha
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Steve Tonkin
|
Armstrong-Rotax
|
CF250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Steve Wright
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Pete Wild
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Stefano Caracchi
|
|
MBA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
|
0
|
|
Per Jansson
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ret
|
0
|
|
Paul Ramon
|
|
YZR250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNQ
|
|
|
0
|
125cc standings
† denotes the death of a rider
50cc standings
References
Footnotes
- ^ Noyes, Dennis; Scott, Michael (1999), Motocourse: 50 Years of Moto Grand Prix, Hazleton Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-874557-83-7
- ^ DeWitt, Norm (September–October 2012). "Franco Uncini – World Champion – Team Manager – Top Official". Classic Racer (157): 22–28. ISSN 1470-4463.
- ^ Clifford, Peter (1983), Motocourse 1983–1984, Hazleton Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0-905138-26-0
- ^ Abrams, Henry Ray (November 1983). Fastest Freddie.
{{cite book}} : |work= ignored (help)
- "Michel Frutschi career profile". ozebook.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- "Motorcycle Racing Memorium". motorsportmemorial.org. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- "Second Le Mans death". The Glasgow Herald. 4 April 1983. p. 16.
- ^ "Kenny Roberts career statistics". motogp.com. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "Freddie Spencer career statistics". motogp.com. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "Two Motorcyclists Die in Race Crash". The New York Times. United Press International. 1 August 1983.
- ^ "Roberts says he will never again give an inch of track to Spencer". The Modesto Bee. Bee News Services. 12 August 1983. p. 15. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- "Roberts vs Spencer". cyclenews.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- """Alle Grand-Prix uitslagen en bijzonderheden, van 1973 (het jaar dat Jack begon met racen) tot heden". Archive.li. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
- "1983 World Motorcycle Championship". Motorsportmagazine.com. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
- "500cc Grand Prix entry list for 1983". Motorcycle Racing Online.
- "250cc Grand Prix entry list for 1983". Motorcycle Racing Online.
- "1983 500cc Final Standings". motogp.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- "1983 500cc Entries List". f1network.net. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- "1983 250cc Final Standings". motogp.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- "1983 250cc Entries List". f1network.net. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- "1983 50cc Final Standings". motogp.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
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