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1991 Turkmen independence referendum

26 October 1991 (1991-10-26)
Do you agree with the legislative establishment of Turkmenistan as an independent democratic state?
For   94.1% Against   5.9%
Do you support the statement of the President and Supreme Soviet of the Turkmenistan Soviet Socialist Republic "On the domestic and foreign policy of Turkmenistan" and the practical activity to implement it?
For   93.5% Against   6.5%

Politics of Turkmenistan
Constitution People's Council Chairperson: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow President Serdar Berdimuhamedow Cabinet Assembly Speaker: Dünýägözel Gulmanowa State Security Council Political parties Agrarian Party Democratic Party Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs Recent elections Presidential: 2012 2017 2022 Parliamentary: 2018 2021 2023 Administrative divisions Region Districts Cities Foreign relations Visa policy Human rights Ruhnama
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v t e

An independence referendum was held in the Turkmen SSR on 26 October 1991.

Background

The policies of demokratizatsiya and perestroika as enacted by Mikhail Gorbachev led to the gradual loss of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's iron grip over its constituent federal republics. Nationalistic sentiments were on the rise—often fomenting in widescale protests—across late 1980s, leading to the parade of sovereignties.

In Turkmenistan, the national conservative Agzybirlik (Unification) took up the cause of independence and gained a significant base among native Turkmens. Saparmurat Niyazov—then Secretary of the Supreme Soviet—had the party banned for anti-Soviet activities, and suppressed dissent. However, in what the first multi-party election to the Supreme Soviet (1990), multiple independent candidates won and propagated nationalist sentiments.

Despite this, in the March 1991 referendum, 98% of voters proposed to preserve the Turkmen SSR as an equal sovereign republic of the USSR. A treaty to the effect was agreed upon to be signed but a day before, hardline communists launched a coup in Russia. Niyazov remained ambivalent to the coup but once it failed and Russia made its intentions clear to leave USSR, he prepared for the inevitable disintegration of the USSR and independence of Turkmenistan. The independence referendum was held in this context, and with the aim of rebranding Niyazov as an able leader in the testing times of transition and to pave the way to eventual autocracy.

Questions

Voters were asked two questions:

1. Do you agree with the legislative establishment of Turkmenistan as an independent democratic state?
2. Do you support the statement of the President and Supreme Soviet of the Turkmenistan Soviet Socialist Republic "On the domestic and foreign policy of Turkmenistan" and the practical activity to implement it?

Results

Independence

Niyazovism

References

1. Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001-11-15). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019924958x.003.0022. ISBN 978-0-19-924958-9.

v t e Elections and referendums in Turkmenistan
Presidential elections	1990 1992 2007 2012 2017 2022
Assembly elections	1937 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1980 1984 1990 1994 1999 2004 2008–09 2013 2018 2023
People's Council elections	1992 1998 2003 2007 2010 2016 2018 2021
Local elections	2003 2006 2007 2010 2014 2016 2018
Referendums	1991 1994
See also: Elections and referendums in the Soviet Union

v t e Independence referendums in the Soviet Union
1991 Lithuania Estonia Latvia Georgia Armenia Turkmenistan Transnistria Gagauzia Ukraine Nagorno-Karabakh Azerbaijan Uzbekistan 1992 South Ossetia Tatarstan Autonomy referendum Transnistria (1989–1990) Soviet Union (1991) Ingushetia (1991) Narva and Sillamäe (1993)

• Dissolution of the Soviet Union
• 1991 referendums
• 1991 in Turkmenistan
• Referendums in Turkmenistan
• Independence referendums
• Referendums in the Soviet Union