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5535 Annefrank

Annefrank viewed by Stardust in 2002
Discovery
Discovered by	Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth
Discovery site	Heidelberg Obs.
Discovery date	23 March 1942
Designations
MPC designation	(5535) Annefrank
Named after	Anne Frank (Holocaust victim)
Alternative designations	1942 EM · 1978 EK6 1986 TV14 · 1991 BO2
Minor planet category	main-belt · Flora
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	75.02 yr (27,400 days)
Aphelion	2.3527 AU
Perihelion	2.0721 AU
Semi-major axis	2.2124 AU
Eccentricity	0.0634
Orbital period (sidereal)	3.29 yr (1,202 days)
Mean anomaly	23.021°
Mean motion	0° 17 58.2 / day
Inclination	4.2473°
Longitude of ascending node	120.64°
Argument of perihelion	9.1351°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	(6.6 x 5.0 x 3.4 km) 4.34±0.23 km 4.8 km 4.94 km (calculated)
Synodic rotation period	15.12 h 15.156±0.0474 h 21.33±0.990 h
Geometric albedo	0.21±0.03 0.24 (assumed) 0.279±0.092 0.311±0.056
Spectral type	S
Absolute magnitude (H)	13.650±0.120 (R) · 13.679±0.001 (R) · 13.7 · 13.88±0.32

5535 Annefrank (/ˌænˈfræŋk/ an-FRANK), provisional designation 1942 EM, is a stony Florian asteroid and suspected contact binary from the inner asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter. It was used as a target to practice the flyby technique that the Stardust space probe would later use on the comet Wild 2.

The asteroid was discovered 23 March 1942, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after Anne Frank, a victim of the Holocaust.

Orbit and classification

Annefrank is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional populations of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,202 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.

The body's observation arc begins at Crimea–Nauchnij in 1978, with its identification as 1978 EK6, 36 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.

Physical characteristics

Annefrank has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid.

Diameter, albedo and shape

On 2 November 2002, the Stardust space probe flew past Annefrank at a distance of 3079 km. Its images show the asteroid to be 6.6 × 5.0 × 3.4 km, twice as big as previously thought, and its main body shaped like a triangular prism with several visible impact craters. From the photographs, the albedo of Annefrank was computed to be between 0.18 and 0.24. Preliminary analysis of the Stardust imagery suggests that Annefrank may be a contact binary, although other possible explanations exist for its observed shape.

Rotation and poles

In October 2006, ground-based photometric observations were used in an attempt to measure Annefrank's rotational period. Analysis of the ambiguous lightcurve gave a period of 15.12 hours and a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude with two alternative period solutions of 12 and 22.8 hours, respectively (U=2).

In January 2014, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a rotation period of 15.156 and 21.33 hours with an amplitude of 0.17 and 0.20 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).

The lightcurve data suggests that Annefrank is not Lambertian, meaning that surface features, such as shadows from boulders and craters, play a role in the object's perceived brightness and not just the asteroid's relative size when seen from that orientation.

The body's shortest axis is approximately aligned perpendicular to its orbital plane.

Naming

This minor planet was named after Anne Frank, the German-Dutch-Jewish diarist who died in a Nazi concentration camp during the Second World War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 May 1995 (M.P.C. 25230).

References

1. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)" (2017-03-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
2. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(5535) Annefrank". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (5535) Annefrank. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 472. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5280. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. ^ "LCDB Data for (5535) Annefrank". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
4. ^ Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
5. ^ Schmidt, B. E.; Bauer, J.; Buratti, B. J.; Russell, C. T. (March 2007). "Rotational Light Curve and Rotation Period of 5535 Annefrank" (PDF). 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1338): 1859. Bibcode:2007LPI....38.1859S. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
6. ^ Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
7. ^ Chang, Chan-Kao; Ip, Wing-Huen; Lin, Hsing-Wen; Cheng, Yu-Chi; Ngeow, Chow-Choong; Yang, Ting-Chang; et al. (August 2015). "Asteroid Spin-rate Study Using the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 219 (2): 19. arXiv:1506.08493. Bibcode:2015ApJS..219...27C. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/219/2/27. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
8. ^ Duxbury, Thomas C.; Newburn, Ray L.; Acton, Charles H.; Carranza, Eric; McElrath, Timothy P.; Ryan, Robert E.; et al. (February 2004). "Asteroid 5535 Annefrank size, shape, and orientation: Stardust first results" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (E2): E02002. Bibcode:2004JGRE..109.2002D. doi:10.1029/2003JE002108. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
9. Hillier, John K.; Bauer, James M.; Buratti, Bonnie J. (January 2011). "Photometric modeling of Asteroid 5535 Annefrank from Stardust observations". Icarus. 211 (1): 546–552. Bibcode:2011Icar..211..546H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.009. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
10. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
11. ^ "5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
12. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

External links

• A page with images from the Stardust flyby Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
• Ted Stryk's Stardust page, including enhanced images of 5535 Annefrank
• Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 2017-12-16 at the Wayback Machine)
• Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
• Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
• Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
• 5535 Annefrank at the JPL Small-Body Database
  • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters

• Minor planet object articles (numbered)
• Flora asteroids
• Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth
• Named minor planets
• Minor planets visited by spacecraft
• Anne Frank
• S-type asteroids
• Astronomical objects discovered in 1942