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Bengali (বাংলা Bangla) is one of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, which evolved from Magadhi Prakrit, native to the eastern Indian subcontinent. The core of Bengali vocabulary is thus etymologically of Magadhi Prakrit origin, with significant ancient borrowings from the older substrate language(s) of the region. However, in medieval times, more borrowings have occurred, from Sanskrit, Arabic, Classical Persian, Turkish and other languages has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins; thus making the origins of borrowed words in the Bengali vocabulary numerous and diverse, due to centuries of contact with various languages.

Origins of words in Bengali

Bengali is typically thought to have around 100,000 separate words, of which 16,000 (16%) are considered to be তদ্ভব tôdbhôbô, or Tadbhava (inherited Indo-Aryan vocabulary), 40,000 (40%) are তৎসম tôtśômô or Tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit), and borrowings from দেশী deśi, or "indigenous" words, which are at around 16,000 (16%) of the Bengali vocabulary. The rest are বিদেশী bideśi or "foreign" sources, including Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and English among others, accounting for around 28,000 (28%) of all Bengali words, highlighting the significant influence that foreign languages and cultures have had on the Bengali language throughout Bengal's long history of contact with different peoples and the cultural exchanges that came with such interactions.

Persian had one of the most significant influence in terms of foreign loanwords, and numerous sources put this figure at around 10,000 words at a minimum, which includes words that were borrowed directly from Persian and words influenced by it. However, these figures do not reflect the average Bengali speaker's vocabulary, as this will vary greatly by dialect. For example, Muslims and Bangladeshis typically lean on more Persian and Arabic words in their Bengali than their Hindu and Indian Bengali counterparts. Persian influence was so significant throughout Bengal's history, and was the official language of the region for 600 years, until the British arrived and changed it to English in 1836. Persian influence was so extensive that during the medieval Bengal period, a register of highly Persianized Bengali formed, known as Dobhashi, which was used by administrative officials and for literary purposes.

Differences in vocabulary

This table below compares the differences of spoken and used Bengali vocabularies in Dhaka (Bangladesh) & Shantipur (West Bengal, India).

Examples of borrowed words

Due to centuries of contact with Mughals, Arabs, Persians, Central Asians, and Europeans the Bengali language has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. After centuries of contact from Persia and the Middle East, followed by the invasions of the Mughal Empire, numerous Turkic, Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, European colonialism brought words from Portuguese, French, Dutch, and most significantly English. Some very common borrowings are shown below.

Sanskrit (সংস্কৃত Sôṅskritô)

Substrate languages (দেশী Deśi "Native")

Foreign (বিদেশী Bideśi)

Classical Persian (ফারসি Farsi)

Arabic (আরবি Arbi)

Turkic (তুর্কি Turki)

Portuguese (পর্তুগিজ Pôrtugij)

Dutch (ওলন্দাজ Olôndaj)

English (ইংরেজি Iṅreji)

French (ফরাসি Phôrasi)

Chinese (চীনা Cīna)

Japanese (জাপানি Japani/নিহোঙ্গো Nihoṅgo)

Burmese (বর্মী Bôrmī)

German (জার্মান Jarman)

Italian (ইতালীয় Italīẏô)

References

1. "India - Magadhan ascendancy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
2. Dash, Niladri Sekhar (15 January 2015). A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-22268-3.
3. Nur, Tanjina Binte (January–June 2023). "Teaching and Learning Persian in Bangladesh: Relevance and Applicability". Sankalp Research Journal. 3 (1): 9–19.
4. "Persian in Bengali. : languagehat.com". languagehat.com. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
5. Bari, Sarah Anjum (12 April 2019). "A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali". The Daily Star. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
6. "Languages – Keys to Understanding the Middle East". ohiostate.pressbooks.pub. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
7. "BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2019.

v t e Bengali language
Written Bengali	Alphabet grammar consonant clusters Romanization Numerals Braille
Spoken Bengali	Phonology Vocabulary tôtsômô Dialects Bangali Chittagonian Dhakaiya Kutti Sylheti Manbhumi Rangpuri Rarhi Sadhu bhasha Varendri
Language movements	Bengali language movement (Bangladesh) Language Movement Day (Bangladesh) Shoheed Minar International Mother Language Day Bengali Language Movement in Assam Bengali Language Movement in India Bengali language movement (Manbhum)
Language institutions	Bangla Academy Shilpakala Academy PôshchimBônggô Bangla Akademi Bônggiyô Sahityô Pôrishôd Bishwô Sahityô Kendrô Pôshchim Bônggô Natyô Akademi
Literature	Folk literature Authors Poets
Literary awards	Bangla Academy Literary Award (1960) Ekushey Padak (1976) Rabindra Puraskar (1950) Sahitya Akademi Award (1955) Bankim Puraskar (1975) Ananda Puraskar (1958)
Personalities	Ram Mohan Roy Kazi Nazrul Islam Rabindranath Tagore Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Nathaniel Brassey Halhed John Beames Suniti Kumar Chatterji Muhammad Shahidullah Humayun Azad
Mega-events	Ekushey Book Fair Kolkata Book Fair
Cinema	Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of West Bengal
Other	Bengali input methods in computers States of India by Bengali speakers

• History of the Bengali language
• Languages of India
• Languages of Bangladesh