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Bukka Raya I
Pagoda of Bukka Raya I
Vijayanagara Emperor
Reign	January/February 1356 – January/February 1377
Predecessor	Harihara I
Successor	Harihara II
Born	1300-1310
Died	1377 CE Vijayanagar, Vijayanagara Empire (modern day Hampi, Karnataka, India)
Issue	Kumara Kampana Harihara II
House	Sangama
Father	Bhavana Sangama
Mother	Maravve Nayakiti
Religion	Hinduism (until 1323; 1334 - 1377) Sunni Islam (1323 - 1334)

Bukka Raya I (reigned 1356–1377 CE) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. He was a son of Bhavana Sangama, claimed by Harihara II to be of Yadava lineage..

Background

The early life of Bukka as well as his brother Hakka (also known as Harihara I) are relatively unknown and most accounts of their early life are based on various theories (see the Vijayanagara Empire article for more extended descriptions of these). The Father Heras theory states that Sangama brothers had a great devotion to the Karnataka deities like Virupaksha and Keshava. They signed only in Kannada letters like "Sri Virupaksha" in Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil records. Dr. Desai quotes that Ferishta called the emperors as "Roise of Carnatic". Carnatic means "Karnataka" hence shows their origin from Karnataka.

The second theory states that Bukka and Hakka were commanders in the army of the Kakatiya King of Warangal. After the King of Warangal was defeated by Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Bukka and his brother were taken prisoners and sent to Delhi, where they both converted to Islam. Bukka and his brother eventually escaped, reconverted to Hinduism under the influence of the sage Vidyaranya, and founded the Vijayanagara Empire.

Reign

Under Bukka Raya's 21-year reign (37, according to Nuniz) the kingdom prospered and continued to expand as Bukka Raya conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India, continually expanding the territory of the empire. He defeated the Shambuvaraya Kingdom of Arcot and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed. Bukka defeated the Sultanate of Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory into the south all the way to Rameswaram. His son, Kumara Kampana, campaigned with him and their efforts were recorded in the Sanskrit work Madura Vijayam(also known as Veerakamparaya Charitram) written by his wife Gangambika. By 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab and also took control of Goa, a small portion the kingdom of Eastern Ganga Dynasty of Odisha (Orya) were also captured and Bukka forced the Jaffna kingdom of Ceylon and the Zamorins of Malabar to pay tributes to him.

Clashes

During his reign Bukka would also have clashes with the Bahmani Sultans. The first was during the time of Mohammed Shah I and the other during the time of Mujahid Shah Bahmani. It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to China during his reign. Bukka died in about 1380 and was succeeded by Harihara II. It is also notable that under Bukka Raya's reign the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire established itself at Vijayanagara, on the south side of the river, which was more secure and defensive than their previous capital at Anegondi.

Cultural and welfare activities

Even with the wars and internal conflicts, Bukka still managed to help support internal improvements for the city. Important works of literature were also written during his rule. He appointed the famous Telugu poet Nachana Soma as his court poet. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of Vidyaranya and Sayana.

Under the patronage of Bukka and other early Vijayanagar kings, a group of scholars headed by Sayana produced commentaries on the Samhitas of the four Vedas, and several of the Brahmanas and Aranyakas.

Notes

1. between 25 January and 24 February 1377

References

1. Lakshmi, Kumari Jhansi (1958). "THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE SANGAMA DYNASTY". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 21. Indian History Congress: 290–297. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44145214. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
2. Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1975). A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press.
3. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). "Reflections on State-Making and History-Making in South India, 1500-1800". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 41 (3): 382–416. doi:10.1163/156852098323213147. JSTOR 3632419.
4. Wagoner, Phillip B. (1996). "Sultan among Hindu Kings": Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara". The Journal of Asian Studies. 55 (4): 851–880. doi:10.2307/2646526. JSTOR 2646526. S2CID 163090404.
5. Phrof A V Narasimha Murthy: Rare Royal Brothers: Hakka and Bukka Archived 13 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 103–106. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
7. Dhere, Ramchandra (2011). Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 243. ISBN 9780199777648.
8. "::Bellary District Official Website - NIC Bellary". Archived from the original on 9 November 2007.
9. "Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of Vijayanagar".
10. concise history of Karnataka : suryanath kamath PG 159
11. Office of the Registrar General (1962). 'Census of India, 1961, Volume 2, Part 6, Issue 21'. p. 16.
12. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). "Reflections on State-Making and History-Making in South India, 1500-1800". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 41 (3): 382–416. doi:10.1163/156852098323213147. ISSN 0022-4995. JSTOR 3632419.
13. Wagoner, Phillip B. (1996). ""Sultan among Hindu Kings": Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara". The Journal of Asian Studies. 55 (4): 851–880. doi:10.2307/2646526. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2646526. S2CID 163090404.
14. Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. p. 6. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.

• Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
• Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. ISBN 81-219-0153-7

External links

• AP Online: Medieval history

• 1377 deaths
• History of Karnataka
• 14th-century Indian monarchs
• Indian Hindus
• Vijayanagara emperors
• Hindu monarchs
• Sangama dynasty
• Veerashaiva kings