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Camalexin

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Camalexin
Names
Preferred IUPAC name 3-(1,3-Thiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.236.489 Edit this at Wikidata
PubChem CID
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C11H8N2S/c1-2-4-10-8(3-1)9(7-13-10)11-12-5-6-14-11/h1-7,13HKey: IYODIJVWGPRBGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/C11H8N2S/c1-2-4-10-8(3-1)9(7-13-10)11-12-5-6-14-11/h1-7,13HKey: IYODIJVWGPRBGQ-UHFFFAOYAV
SMILES
  • c1ccc2c(c1)c(c2)c3nccs3
Properties
Chemical formula C11H8N2S
Molar mass 200.26 g·mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references
Chemical compound

Camalexin (3-thiazol-2-yl-indole) is a simple indole alkaloid found in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers. The secondary metabolite functions as a phytoalexin to deter bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Structure

The base structure of camalexin consists of an indole ring derived from tryptophan. The ethanamine moiety attached to the 3 position of the indole ring is subsequently rearranged into a thiazole ring.

Biosynthesis

While the biosynthesis of camalexin in planta has not been fully elucidated, most of the enzymes involved in the pathway are known and involved in a metabolon complex. The pathway starts with a tryptophan precursor which is subsequently oxidized by two cytochrome P450 enzymes. The indole-3-acetaldoxime is then converted to indole-3-acetonitrile by another cytochrome P450, CYP71A13. A glutathione conjugate followed by a subsequent unknown enzyme is needed to form dihydrocamalexic acid. A final decarboxylation step by cytochrome P450 CYP71B15, also called phytoalexin deficient4 (PAD3) results in the final product, camalexin.

Biological activity

Camalexin is cytotoxic against aggressive prostate cancer cell lines in vitro.

References

  1. ^ Nafisi, Majse; Goregaoker, Sameer; Botanga, Christopher J.; Glawischnig, Erich; Olsen, Carl E.; Halkier, Barbara A.; Glazebrook, Jane (2007). "Arabidopsis Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase 71A13 Catalyzes the Conversion of Indole-3-Acetaldoxime in Camalexin Synthesis". The Plant Cell. 19 (6): 2039–2052. doi:10.1105/tpc.107.051383. PMC 1955726. PMID 17573535.
  2. Mucha, Stefanie; Heinzlmeir, Stephanie; Kriechbaumer, Verena; Strickland, Benjamin; Kirchhelle, Charlotte; Choudhary, Manisha; Kowalski, Natalie; Eichmann, Ruth; Hueckelhoven, Ralph; Grill, Erwin; Kuster, Bernhard; Glawischnig, Erich (2019). "The formation of a camalexin-biosynthetic metabolon". The Plant Cell. 31 (11): 2697–2710. doi:10.1105/tpc.19.00403. PMC 6881122. PMID 31511315.
  3. Glawischnig, E.; Hansen, B. G.; Olsen, C. E.; Halkier, B. A. (2004). "Camalexin is synthesized from indole-3-acetaldoxime, a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 8245–8250. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.8245G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0305876101. PMC 419588. PMID 15148388.
  4. Su, Tongbing; Xu, Juan; Li, Yuan; Lei, Lei; Zhao, Luo; Yang, Hailian; Feng, Jidong; Liu, Guoqin; Ren, Dongtao (2011). "Glutathione-Indole-3-Acetonitrile is Required for Camalexin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Cell. 23 (1): 364–380. doi:10.1105/tpc.110.079145. PMC 3051237. PMID 21239642.
  5. Geu-Flores, Fernando; Møldrup, Morten Emil; Böttcher, Christoph; Olsen, Carl Erik; Scheel, Dierk; Halkier, Barbara Ann (2011). "Cytosolic γ-Glutamyl Peptidases Process Glutathione Conjugates in the Biosynthesis of Glucosinolates and Camalexin in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 23 (6): 2456–2469. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.083998. PMC 3160024. PMID 21712415.
  6. Zhou, Nan; Tootle, Tina L.; Glazebrook, Jane (1999). "Arabidopsis PAD3, a Gene Required for Camalexin Biosynthesis, Encodes a Putative Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase". The Plant Cell. 11 (12): 2419–2428. doi:10.1105/tpc.11.12.2419. PMC 144139. PMID 10590168.
  7. Schuhegger, Regina; Nafisi, Majse; Mansourova, Madina; Petersen, Bent Larsen; Olsen, Carl Erik; Svatoš, Aleš; Halkier, Barbara Ann; Glawischnig, Erich (2006). "CYP71B15 (PAD3) Catalyzes the Final Step in Camalexin Biosynthesis". Plant Physiology. 141 (4): 1248–1254. doi:10.1104/pp.106.082024. PMC 1533948. PMID 16766671.
  8. Smith, Basil A.; Neal, Corey L.; Chetram, Mahandranauth; Vo, Baohan; Mezencev, Roman; Hinton, Cimona; Odero-Marah, Valerie A. (2013). "The phytoalexin camalexin mediates cytotoxicity towards aggressive prostate cancer cells via reactive oxygen species". Journal of Natural Medicines. 67 (3): 607–618. doi:10.1007/s11418-012-0722-3. PMC 3644009. PMID 23179315.
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