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Ceratodus Temporal range: 251.2–55 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Olenekian-Eocene (Ypresian)
Illustration of Ceratodus by Heinrich Harder
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sarcopterygii
Class:	Dipnoi
Order:	Ceratodontiformes
Family:	†Ceratodontidae
Genus:	†Ceratodus Agassiz, 1837
Type species
†Ceratodus latissimus Agassiz, 1837
Other species
Many more, see text

Ceratodus (from Greek: κέρας kéras, 'horn' and Greek: ὀδούς odoús 'tooth') is an extinct genus of freshwater lungfish that was found worldwide during the Mesozoic Era. It has been described as a "catch all", and a "form genus" used to refer to the remains (typically toothplates) of a variety of lungfish belonging to the extinct family Ceratodontidae. Fossil evidence dates back to the Early Triassic. A wide range of fossil species from different time periods have been found around the world in places such as the United States, Argentina, Greenland, England, Germany, Egypt, Madagascar, China, and Australia. Ceratodus is believed to have become extinct sometime around the beginning of the Eocene Epoch.

Species

The following species are known:

• C. latissimus Agassiz, 1837 (type species) - Late Triassic (Rhaetian) of England (Westbury Formation)
• C. eruciferus Cope, 1876 (nomen dubium)
• C. hieroglyphus Cope, 1876 (nomen dubium)
• C. robustus Knight, 1898 - Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian/Tithonian) of Wyoming, US (Morrison Formation)
• C. africanus Haug, 1905
• C. avus W. H. Ferguson 1906 - Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of Victoria, Australia (Wonthaggi Formation)
• C. humei Priem, 1914 - Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Egypt (Mut Formation)
• C. elegans Vollrath, 1923
• C. frazieri Ostrom, 1970 - Early Cretaceous (Aptian/Albian) of Wyoming & Montana, US (Cloverly Formation), potentially Campanian of New Jersey, US (Mount Laurel Formation)
• C. gustasoni Kirkland, 1987 - Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Utah, US (Naturita Formation)
• C. fossanovum Kirkland, 1998
• C. stewarti Milner & Kirkland, 2006 - Early Jurassic (Hettangian to Sinemurian) of Utah, US (Moenave and Kayenta Formations)
• C. texanus Parris et al., 2011 - Aptian/Albian of Texas, US (Antlers and Twin Mountains Formations)
• C. carteri Main et al., 2014 - Cenomanian of Texas, US (Woodbine Formation)
• C. kranzi Frederickson et al., 2016 - Albian of Maryland, US (Arundel Formation)
• C. kirklandi Frederickson & Cifelli, 2016 - Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) of Utah, US (Cedar Mountain Formation)
• C. molossus Frederickson & Cifelli, 2016 - Cenomanian of Utah, US (Cedar Mountain Formation)
• C. kempae Frederickson & Cifelli, 2016 - Valanginian of Utah, US (Cedar Mountain Formation)
• C. nirumbee Frederickson & Cifelli, 2016 - Albian of Montana, US (Cloverly Formation)
• C. tunuensis Agnolin et al., 2018 - Late Triassic (Norian) of Greenland (Fleming Fjord Formation)
• C. guanganensis Wang et al., 2022 - Late Jurassic of China (Shaximiao Formation)
• C. shishkini Minikh, 2023 - Middle/Late Triassic (Ladinian/Carnian) of Orenburg, Russia

Gallery

• Ceratodus tooth plates
• Ceratodus

References

1. Agassiz L., 1837. in Egerton, Catal. Foss. Fish. ; (1838), Poiss. Foss., 3, 129.
2. Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 28. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
3. Gottfried, Michael D.; Stevens, Nancy J.; Roberts, Eric M.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Chami, Remigius (January 2009). "A new Cretaceous lungfish (Dipnoi: Ceratodontidae) from the Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania". African Natural History. 5: 31–36. ISSN 2305-7963.
4. ^ Frederickson, Joseph A.; Cifelli, Richard L. (January 2017). "New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America". Journal of Paleontology. 91 (1): 146–161. Bibcode:2017JPal...91..146F. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.131. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 131962612.
5. Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. S2CID 5332637.
6. ^ Agnolin, F. L., Mateus O., Milàn J., Marzola M., Wings O., Adolfssen J. S., & Clemmensen L. B. (2018). Ceratodus tunuensis, sp. nov., a new lungfish (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) from the Upper Triassic of central East Greenland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e1439834
7. Woodward (1891). Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History).
8. "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
9. Cope E.D. (1876) Descriptions of some vertebrate remains from the Fort Union beds of Montana. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 1876, p. 248–261.
10. Knight W.C. (1898) Some new Jurassic vertebrates from Wyoming: American. Journal of Science, ser. 4, v. 5, p. 186.
11. Churcher, C. S.; De iuliis, G. (2001). "A new species of Protopterus and a revision of Ceratodus humei (Dipnoi: Ceratodontiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Mut Formation of eastern Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt". Palaeontology. 44 (2): 305–323. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00181. ISSN 0031-0239.
12. Ceratodus elegans n. sp. aus dem Stubensandstein. P Vollrath, Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen …, 1923
13. "†Ceratodus elegans Vollrath 1923 (lungfish)". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
14. Ostrom J.H. (1970) Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Montana and Wyoming: Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin, v. 35, 234 p.
15. Kirkland J.I. (1987) Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous lungfish tooth plates from the Western Interior, the last dipnoan faunas of North America. Hunteria, v. 2, p. 1–16.
16. Kirkland J.I. (1998) Morrison fishes. Modern Geology, v. 22, p. 503–533.
17. Milner A.C., and Kirkland J.I. (2006). Preliminary review of the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) freshwater Lake Dixie fish fauna in the Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, v. 37, p. 510–521.
18. Parris D.C., Grandstaff B.S., and Banks N.T. (2011). Lungfishes from the Trinity Group (Cretaceous) of North Texas. Texas Journal of Science, 63.
19. Main D.J., Parris D.C., Grandstaff B.S., and Carter B. (2014). A new lungfish (Dipnoi: Ceratodontidae) from the Cretaceous Woodbine Formation, Arlington Archosaur Site, north Texas. Texas Journal of Science, v. 63, p. 283–298.
20. Frederickson J.A., Lipka T. R., and Cifelli R.L. (2016). A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Online edition: e1136316. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1136316.
21. Wang, Z.; Jiang, X.; Wang, X.; Gao, J.; Zhu, S. (2022). "Tooth Plates of Ceratodus (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from the Upper Jurassic Shaximiao Formation of Guang'an, Sichuan Province, China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 96 (3): 766–775. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.14774. S2CID 237853795.
22. Minikh, A. O. (2022). "A New Species of the Genus Ceratodus (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from the Triassic of the Southern Cis-Urals". Paleontological Journal. 56 (11): 1385–1390. doi:10.1134/S0031030122110090. S2CID 256618440.

• Ceratodus at The Paleobiology Database

v t e Dipnomorpha
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Osteichthyes Clade: Sarcopterygii Clade: Rhipidistia Gnathostomata see Gnathostomata Dipnomorpha see below↓ Dipnomorpha
Dipnomorpha †Arquatichthys †Powichthys †Porolepiformes Duffichthys Durialepis Glyptolepis Hamodus Heimenia Holoptychius Laccognathus Porolepis Pseudosauripterus Quebecius Ventalepis Dipnoi †Ctenodus †Conchopoma †Diabolepis †Dianodipterus †Eoctenodus †Gosfordia †Ichnomylax †Iranorhynchus †Isityumzi †Janvierpaucidentes †Megapleuron †Oervigia †Orlovichthys †Proceratodus †Rhinodipterus †Sagenodus †Straitonia †Tarachomylax †Tranodis †Westollrhynchus †Youngolepis †Uranolophidae Melanognathus Uranolophus †Dipnorhynchidae Dipnorhynchus Ganorhynchus Speonesydrion †Stomiahykidae Archaeonectes Stomiahykus †Chirodipteridae Chirodipterus Gogodipterus Palaedaphus Pillararhynchus Sorbitorhynchus Sunwapta †Holodontidae Asthenorhynchus Griphognathus Holodipterus Iowadipterus Robinsondipterus Xeradipterus †Dipteridae Amadeodipterus Conchodus Dipterus Howidipterus †Fleurantiidae Barwickia Fleurantia †Rhynchodipteridae Rhynchodipterus Soederberghia †Phaneropleuridae Andreyevichthys Nielsenia Phaneropleuron Pentlandia Scaumenacia †Uronemidae Ganopristodus Uronemus Ceratodontoidei †Ferganoceratodus †Paraceratodus †Ptychoceratodus Neoceratodontidae †Archaeoceratodus †Asiatoceratodus †Mioceratodus Neoceratodus †Ceratodontidae Arganodus Ariguna Ceratodus Epiceratodus Lupaceratodus Metaceratodus Microceratodus? Potamoceratodus Retodus Tellerodus †Gnathorhizidae Beltanodus Gnathorhiza Microceratodus? Monongahela Namatozodia Palaeophichthys? Persephonichthys Lepidosirenidae Lepidosiren Protopterus

• Prehistoric lungfish genera
• Mesozoic bony fish
• Paleocene fish
• Eocene fish
• Cloverly fauna
• Triassic fish of Europe
• Jurassic fish of North America
• Cretaceous fish of North America
• Jurassic fish of Asia
• Late Cretaceous fish of Africa
• Cretaceous fish of Australia
• Fossils of the United States
• Fossils of England
• Fossils of China
• Fossils of Egypt
• Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
• Fossil taxa described in 1837