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China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303

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1994 aviation accident

China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303
B-2610, the aircraft involved, in CAAC livery in 1988
Accident
DateJune 6, 1994
SummaryIn-flight break up due to improper maintenance
SiteNear Xi'an, China
34°16′N 108°54′E / 34.267°N 108.900°E / 34.267; 108.900
Aircraft
Aircraft typeTupolev Tu-154M
OperatorChina Northwest Airlines
IATA flight No.WH2303
ICAO flight No.CNW2303
Call signCHINA NORTHWEST 2303
RegistrationB-2610
Flight originXianyang Airport, China
DestinationGuangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former), China
Occupants160
Passengers146
Crew14
Fatalities160
Survivors0

China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 was a domestic flight from Xi'an to Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. On June 6, 1994, the aircraft operating the flight, a Tupolev Tu-154M, broke up in-flight and crashed as a result of an autopilot malfunction which caused violent shaking and overstressed the airframe. All 160 people on board were killed. As of 2024, it remains the deadliest airplane crash ever in mainland China.

Aircraft

The aircraft was a Tupolev Tu-154M (registration B-2610, factory 86A740, serial no. 0740). It was completed by the Kuibyshev Aviation Plant (KuAPO) on December 22, 1986, and was immediately transferred to the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). On July 1, 1988, due to reorganization, CAAC transferred the aircraft to China Northwest Airlines. The aircraft was powered with three Soloviev D-30KU-154-II low-bypass turbofan engines from the Rybinsk Engine Plant. On the day of the accident, the aircraft had 12,507 flying hours and 6,651 takeoff and landing cycles.

Passengers and crew

Crew

The flight crew consisted of captain Li Gangqiang, instructor captain Xin Tiancai, first officer Yang Min, navigator Zhang Nanjing, and flight engineer Kang Youfa. There were also nine flight attendants on board.

Passengers

Nationality Passengers Crew Total
China 133 14 147
Italy 4 0 4
Hong Kong 3 0 3
United States 2 0 2
United Kingdom 2 0 2
Taiwan 1 0 1
Switzerland 1 0 1
Total 146 14 160

Accident

The aircraft took off from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport at 8:13 on June 6, 1994. At the time, it was raining, but this did not cause a delay in departure.

Twenty-four seconds after take-off, the crew reported that the aircraft was "floating" and making an abnormal sound, but were still able to maintain a speed of 400 km/h (220 kn; 250 mph). Three minutes after take-off, the plane flew over Xi'an City and turned southeast. The crew then reported an unstable pitch-up to 20° and 30° at 8:16:24 and 8:16:58, respectively.

At 8:17:06, while over Mingdu Township, Chang'an County, Shaanxi, the aircraft became unable to maintain its assigned altitude. The crew then temporarily engaged the autopilot, which unexpectedly caused the aircraft to turn right. At 8:22:27, with the aircraft travelling at 373 kilometres per hour (232 mph), the stall warning activated. The aircraft then banked dangerously to the left, and dropped from 4,717 metres (15,476 ft) to 2,884 metres (9,462 ft) in 12 seconds, at a speed of 747 km/h (403 kn; 464 mph).

At 8:22:42, the aircraft disintegrated in mid-air above the suburb of Tsuitou Village, Mingyu Township. All 146 passengers and 14 crew died, most on impact. Wreckage landed to the southeast of the airport, scattered over 18 miles (29 km) of farmland.

Investigation

Poor maintenance was the probable cause of the accident. The previous evening, the autopilot yaw-channel had been erroneously connected to the bank control, and the bank-channel to the yaw controls, while undergoing maintenance at an unapproved facility. After takeoff, the faulty damper immediately caused the plane to experience violent roll oscillations, overstressing the airframe beyond its structural limits. This led to its break up in mid-air.

Aftermath

This crash, as well as the crash of China Southwest Airlines Flight 4509 in 1999, resulted in China's decision to retire the Tupolev Tu-154. All Tu-154s in China were removed from service on October 30, 2002. In 2003, China Northwest airlines merged into China Eastern Airlines. Flight 2303 is still in use by China Eastern Airlines for their Xian-Guangzhou flight.

See also

References

  1. "Airline Crashes in China". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 6, 1994. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  2. ^ "Accident database". Airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  3. ^ Tyler, Patrick E (June 7, 1994). "Jet Crash in China Kills 160; Another Flight Is Hijacked". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  4. News report from the Kingston Gleaner. NewspaperArchive.com
  5. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
  6. ^ "✈ russianplanes.net ✈ наша авиация" [✈ russianplanes.net ✈ our aircraft]. russianplanes.net (in Russian). Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  7. "All 160 on board plane killed in China's worst air crash". New Straits Times. June 7, 1994. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  8. "西北航空公司Ty—154M型B2610号飞机空难事故" [China Northwest Airlines Tu-154M B-2610 aircraft crash] (in Chinese). China Safety Production Training Network. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  9. "6.6空难纪实" [6.6 Air crash documentary] (in Chinese). China Civil Aviation Maintenance Association. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  10. "首家报道"6·6"空难" [The first report "6·6" air crash] (in Chinese). Sanqin Metropolis Daily. December 28, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  11. Junhu, Deng (1996). "西安"六·六"空难的法医学鉴定" [Forensic Identification of the "June Six" Air Disaster in Xi'an]. Journal of Forensic Sciences (in Chinese) (1). Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  12. "央视《新闻调查》--关注飞行安全" [CCTV "News Investigation"--Focus on Flight Safety] (in Chinese). News survey. May 24, 2002. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  13. "曾是前苏联骄傲 图-154昨从中国民航"退役"" [Once the pride of the former Soviet Union, Tu-154 was "retired" from Chinese civil aviation yesterday.]. www.southcn.com (in Chinese). 南方網 (Southern Network). November 1, 2002. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  14. "(MU) China Eastern Airlines 2303 Flight Status". FlightStats. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  15. "China Eastern (MU) #2303 ✈ FlightAware". Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Aviation accidents and incidents in China
Before
1950
1950s–
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Accidents and incidents in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are not included.
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1994 (1994)
Jan 3 Baikal Airlines Flight 130Jan 7 United Express Flight 6291Feb 24 Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 9045Feb 28 Banja Luka incidentMar 8 Indira Gandhi Airport collisionMar 17 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdownMar 19 British Army Lynx shootdownMar 23 Aeroflot Flight 593Mar 23 Green Ramp disasterApr 4 KLM Cityhopper Flight 433Apr 6 Assassination of Habyarimana and NtaryamiraApr 7 Federal Express Flight 705Apr 14 Black Hawk shootdownApr 24 South Pacific Airmotive DC-3 crashApr 26 China Airlines Flight 140Jun 2 Mull of Kintyre Chinook crashJun 6 China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303Jun 24 Fairchild Air Force Base B-52 crashJun 30 Airbus Industrie Flight 129Jul 1 Air Mauritanie Flight 625Jul 2 USAir Flight 1016Jul 19 Alas Chiricanas Flight 00901Aug 10 Korean Air Flight 2033Aug 21 Royal Air Maroc Flight 630Sep 8 USAir Flight 427Sep 18 1994 Oriental Airlines crashSep 26 Vanavara air disasterOct 12 Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 746Oct 31 American Eagle Flight 4184Nov 3 SAS Flight 347Nov 22 TWA Flight 427Dec 11 Philippine Airlines Flight 434Dec 13 Flagship Airlines Flight 3379Dec 19 Nigeria Airways Flight 9805Dec 21 Air Algérie Flight 702PDec 24 Air France Flight 8969Dec 29 Turkish Airlines Flight 278
1993   ◄    ►   1995
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