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Colored lagoon cockle

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Colored lagoon cockle
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Cardiida
Family: Cardiidae
Genus: Monodacna
Species: M. colorata
Binomial name
Monodacna colorata
(Eichwald, 1829)

The colored lagoon cockle (Monodacna colorata), also known as the colored egg cockle or Azov-Black Sea cockle, is a fresh- and brackish-water bivalve mollusc of the family Cardiidae characterized by a broadly oval shell, with oblique triangular ribs and a length of up to 40 mm. Its coloration varies from whitish or yellowish to pinkish or grayish-lilac and is deeper on the interior. It is native to freshened zones and limans of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, but since the 1950s it has also been introduced to reservoirs of the Don, Manych and Volga rivers, as well as the Volga Delta, northern part of the Caspian Sea and some water systems of Kazakhstan including the Lake Balkhash. The species is a filter feeder that lives on sandy and sandy-silty sediments at depths up to 8–12 m. It is eaten by many commercial fishes and can also be used as food by humans.

Description

Shell of Monodacna colorata

The shell is broadly oval, with a weakly protruding umbo, thin but solid, moderately convex, gaping posteriorly and anteriorly (anterior gape may be weakly developed), up to 40 mm long and up to 32 mm high with convexity up to 19 mm. It is covered with 21–36 oblique triangular radial ribs which are sharply angled on the posterior margin and in the middle portion of the shell. The exterior is whitish, yellowish, pinkish-white, reddish-brown or grayish-lilac with thin greyish green periostracum. The internal coloration is deeper, often yellowish, brownish or grayish mauve. The hinge of each valve consists of one cardinal tooth developed to varying degrees. The pallial sinus is wide and shallow, extends up to 1/4–1/3 of the shell length or is slightly deeper.

Distribution

The Taganrog Bay is one of the natural habitats of Monodacna colorata

The colored lagoon cockle is native to freshened zones and limans of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It occurs in lakes Kagul, Yalpuh, Kugurlui, Katlabukh, Razelm, Golovita and Sinoe of the Danube Delta, in the Dniester, Kuchurgan and Dnieper-Bug limans, in the Taganrog Bay, the Don Delta, the Kirpilsky, Kurchanskiy, Konovalovskiy, Kulikovskiy, and Polyakov limans of the Kuban Delta and in the Temryuk Bay. The species has also spread into the Sasyk Lake when it became less saline after getting connected to the Danube river via a canal in 1978.

In the 20th century land conversion and eutrophication led to the disappearance of M. colorata from several lakes of the Danube Delta including Brates, Jijila, Crapina, Babadag, Murighiol and Dranov. In Tylihul Estuary the species went extinct due to salinity increase caused by construction of a canal which connected the liman with the Black Sea. In the early 20th century M. colorata lived in the Berezan Estuary and has since disappeared from some known localities although this area has not been fully studied. Its empty shells have been found in the Lake Varna in Bulgaria where it possibly lived before salinity increase in the first half of the 20th century. In Yeysk Liman the species was last recorded in the 2000s where it subsequently went extinct due to salinity increase and eutrophication. In the early 20th century the species was also recorded in Akhtanizovsky Liman, but it has not been found there in later studies.

Since the 1950s the species has spread over the lower course of the Don river and to the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, as well as to the Veselovsky Reservoir of the Manych river, the Karpovskoye, Bereslavskoye and Varvarskoye reservoirs of the Volga–Don Canal, the Volgograd, Saratov and Kuybyshev reservoirs of the Volga, the Bolshoy Irgiz river, the Volga Delta and the northern part of the Caspian Sea in the Volga avant-delta.

In Kazakhstan the colored lagoon cockle was intentionally introduced to the Lake Balkhash in 1965 and to the Kapchagay Reservoir in the 1970s. Since then it has spread into other water systems of the country such as the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal.

Ecology

The colored lagoon cockle lives in fresh and slightly brackish waters on sandy and sandy-silty sediments at depths up to 8–12 m. It occurs in waters with salinity of 0,03–7‰ but can also survive for some time at a salinity level of 12–16‰. As a filter feeder it consumes diatoms (Navicula, Coscinodiscus etc.) and detritus. In its native habitats this species forms communities with Dreissena mussels and with brackish water cockles Adacna fragilis and Hypanis plicata.

M. colorata usually starts maturing at the age of two years at a length of 10 mm. Three year old specimens with a length of 20 mm are considered adult. The species reproduces from late April to September. Females produce about 200,000 eggs and release from several dozen to 50–70 eggs at once. At a temperature of 11–24 °C development from embryo to veliger takes one day. After 14–30 days the veliger settles to the bottom.

An unidentified trematode is known to parasitize on M. colorata.

Uses

Colored lagoon cockles are eaten by many commercial fishes including Azov roach (Rutilus heckelii), common bream (Abramis brama), sturgeons and larvae of Clupeonella. In 1948 and in the 1960s it was proposed to introduce the species into the Caspian and Aral seas as an additional food source for fish. From 1951 to 1956 it was being released into the Veselovsky Reservoir. It has also been stocked in the Kuybyshev Reservoir for 3 years where it originally didn't survive and later has spread into the Volga on its own.

The species can also be used as food by humans.

Conservation

The conservation status of this species has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In the Razelm-Sinoe Lake complex M. colorata and other brackish water species are declining due to a salinity decrease caused by closing of Black Sea inlets and rerouting of Danube waters in the second half of the 20th century which in turn has increased the abundance of freshwater species. The Kuchurgan Liman population is included in the Red Book of Moldova under the "endangered" category as it is threatened by pollution and changes in hydrological cycles. In Russia the species is listed in the Red Data Book of Krasnodar Krai (2017) under the "vulnerable" category since the single surviving population in this region was only known from the Kirpilsky Liman. However, it has also been recorded in other areas of Krasnodar Krai in the south-eastern coast of the Sea of ​​Azov, although the current status of these populations is unknown.

Taxonomy

Drawings of Glycymeris colorata by Karl Eichwald (1829)

The species was first described by Karl Eichwald in 1829 as Glycymeris colorata. Its type locality is "Hab. Hypanin fluvium, ad nigrum usque mare" which, according to different authors, either refers to the Kuban River or to the lower course of the Yuzhny Bug River. Type specimens of M. colorata have not been traced.

Monodacna pontica differs from M. colorata by more rounded ribs and less vivid coloration. Wesselingh et al. (2019) treated M. pontica as a synonym of M. colorata attributing differences in shell characteristics to different substrate preferences. J. ter Poorten (2024) tentatively treated M. pontica as a distinct species pending further research.

I. Borcea (1926) described the species Adacna luciae and several varieties of M. colorata including ialpugensis, angusticostata, lucida and razelmiana. In the Black Sea basin most authors recognized 2 species of the genus Monodacna (which was sometimes treated as a subgenus of Hypanis): M. colorata and M. pontica. Scarlato and Starobogatov (1972) also included Hypanis ialpugensis, H. angusticostata and H. luciae while razelmiana was considered to be a partial synonym of H. angusticostata and H. colorata. Munasypova-Motyash (2006) only recognized H. colorata, H. pontica and H. angusticostata separating them by anatomical differences. Molecular studies by Popa et al. (2011) have shown that H. angusticostata is conspecific with H. colorata. All of the mentioned taxa introduced by Borcea as well as the variety tanaisiana described by Milaschewitsch (1916) are currently considered to be synonyms of M. colorata.

References

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Cited texts

  • Kijashko, P. V. (2013). "Mollyuski Kaspiyskogo morya" [Molluscs of the Caspian sea]. In Bogutskaya, N. G.; Kijashko, P. V.; Naseka, A. M.; Orlova, M. I. (eds.). Identification keys for fish and invertebrates of the Caspian Sea (in Russian). Vol. 1. Fish and molluscs. St. Petersburg; Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd. pp. 298–392. ISBN 978-5-87317-932-9.
  • Scarlato, O. A.; Starobogatov, Y. I. (1972). "Klass dvustvorchatyye mollyuski — Bivalvia" [Class bivalve molluscs – Bivalvia]. In Mordukhai-Boltovskoy, F. D. (ed.). Opredelitel' fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey [Guide to the fauna of the Black and Azov seas] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. p. 215.
  • Zhadin, V. I. (1952). Mollyuski presnykh i solonovatykh vod SSSR [Molluscs of the fresh- and brackish waterbodies of the USSR] (PDF). Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, izdavayemyye Zoologicheskim institutom AN (in Russian). Vol. 46. Moscow–Leningrad: The USSR Academy of Sciences Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2024.
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