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Cupan
Geographic distribution	southern California
Linguistic classification	Uto-Aztecan Northern Takic? Cupan
Subdivisions	Cupeño–Cahuilla Luiseño–Juaneño ? Nicoleño †
Language codes
Glottolog	cupa1239
Historical extent of Cupan languages

The Cupan languages are a branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family that comprises Cupeño, Ivilyuat (Cahuilla), Luiseño-Juaneño, and perhaps Nicoleño, all historically spoken in southern California.

The branch had long been considered to be part of the Takic subgroup, but there is doubt about the validity of Takic as a genetic unit, the similarities between the languages classed as Takic possibly being due primarily to borrowing.

Languages and dialects

• Luiseño-Juaneño language
  • Luiseño dialect cluster
  • Juaneño dialect †
• Ivilyuat (also known as Cahuilla)
  • Mountain Cahuilla dialect
  • Pass Cahuilla dialect (also known as Wanikik) †
  • Desert Cahuilla dialect
• Cupeño †
  • Cupa dialect †
  • Wilaqalpa dialect †
  • Paluqla dialect †

(†) – Extinct language

References

1. Munro, Pamela (2000). "Takic Foundations of Nicoleño Vocabulary" (PDF). Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium. Fifth California Islands Symposium. Santa Barbara: US Department of the Interior. pp. 659–668.
2. Shaul, D. L. (2014). A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages. UNM Press.
3. Hill, J. H. (2011). "Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan". Language Dynamics and Change, 1(2), 241-278.
4. ^ Golla, Victor (2011-08-02). California Indian Languages. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
5. Mamet, Ingo (2008). Man-bear travels to hell: aspects of the phonological description of a Cahuilla narrative. LINCOM GmbH. ISBN 9783895867866.
6. Hill, Jane H. (2005). A Grammar of Cupeño. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24637-9.

• Northern Uto-Aztecan languages
• Indigenous languages of California