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Dan language

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(Redirected from Dan-Santa language) Mande language of West Africa

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"Yacouba" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see Dan people. For the name, see Yacouba (name). ‹ The template Infobox language is being considered for merging. ›
Dan
Yacouba
Native toIvory Coast, Guinea, and Liberia
EthnicityDan people
Native speakers1.6 million (2012)
Language familyNiger–Congo?
Writing systemLatin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
dnj – Dan
lda – Kla
Glottologdann1241
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
A Dan speaker, recorded in Liberia.

Dan /ˈdæn/ is a Southern Mande language spoken primarily in Ivory Coast (~800,000 speakers) and Liberia (150,000–200,000 speakers). There is also a population of about 800 speakers in Guinea. Dan is a tonal language, with 9 to 11 contour and register tones, depending on the dialect.

Alternative names for the language include Yacouba or Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, and Da. Dialects are Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), and Kla. Kla is evidently a distinct language.

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Unrd. Rnd. Unrd. Rnd.
Close i ɯ u
Near-close ɪ ɯ̽ ʊ
Close-mid e ɵ ɤ o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ʌ ɔ
Open æ ɑ ɒ
Syllabic ŋ̍
  1. ^ Only in Eastern Dan when in the position of extra-high tone
  2. ^ Only in Liberian Dan
Nasal sounds in Eastern Dan
Front Back
Unrd. Rnd.
Close ĩ ɯ̃ ũ
Open-mid ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɔ̃
Open æ̃ ɑ̃ ɒ̃

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial-
velar
Glottal
plain lab.
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ ŋ͡m
Plosive voiceless p t k k͡p
voiced b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡ͡b
Implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative voiceless f s x h
voiced v z
Approximant j w
Lateral l
Trill (r)
  1. Not in Liberian Dan
  2. Only in Liberian Dan
  3. Not in Western Dan
  • /l/ is heard as [r] when preceded by alveolar or palatal consonants.
  • Consonant combinations /sl, zl/ are heard as lateral fricative sounds .

Writing system

The orthography of Liberia includes this alphabet:

Dan alphabet (Liberia)
A B Ɓ D Ɗ E Ɛ F G GB H I K KP KW L M N NW NY Ŋ O Ɔ Ə Ɵ P R S T U V W X Y Z
a b ɓ d ɗ e ɛ f g gb h i k kp kw l m n nw ny ŋ o ɔ ə ɵ p r s t u ɥ v w x y z
IPA value
a b ɓ d ɗ e ɛ f ɡ ɡ͡b h i k k͡p l m n ŋʷ ɲ ŋ o ɔ ə ɵ p r s t u ɯ v w x j z
Dan West alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire)
A B BH D DH E Ɛ Ë ƐA F G GB GW I K KP KW L M N NG O Ɔ Ö P R S T U Ü V W Y Z
a b bh d dh e ɛ ë ɛa f g gb gw i k kp kw l m n ng o ɔ ö p r s t u ü v w y z
IPA value
a ɒ b ɓ d ɗ e ɛ ʌ æ f ɡ ɡ͡b i k k͡p l m n ŋ o ɔ ɤ p r s t u ɯ v w j z
Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 1982
A B BH D DH E Ë Ɛ ƐA F G GB GW H I Ɩ K KP KW L M N O Ö Ɔ P R S T U Ü Ʋ Ʋ̈ V W Y Z
a b bh d dh e ë ɛ ɛa f g gb gw h i ɩ k kp kw l m n o ö ɔ p r s t u ü ʋ ʋ̈ v w y z
IPA value
a ɒ b ɓ d ɗ e ʌ ɛ æ f ɡ ɡ͡b h i ɪ k k͡p l m n o ɤ ɔ p r s t u ɯ ʊ ʉ v w j z
Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 2014
A Œ B BH D DH E Ʌ Ɛ Æ F G GB GW H I Ɩ K KP KW L M N O Ɔ P R S T U Ɯ Ʋ V W Y Z
a œ b bh d dh e ʌ ɛ æ f g gb gw h i ɩ k kp kw l m n o ɤ ɔ p r s t u ɯ ʋ v w y z
IPA value
a ɒ b ɓ d ɗ e ʌ ɛ æ f ɡ ɡ͡b ɡʷ h i ɪ k k͡p l m n o ɤ ɔ p r s t u ɯ ʊ v w j z

Tones are marked as follows: extra high tone: a̋; high tone: á; medium tone: ā; low tone: à; extra low tone: ȁ; high drop tone: â; extra low hanging tone: aʼ.

The digraphs ⟨bh, dh, gb gw, kp, kw⟩ keep the same values as in the spelling of 1982, and the nasal vowels are also indicated by appending the letter n after the letter of the vowel ⟨an, æn, ʌn, ɛn, in, ɔn, œn, un⟩.

References

  1. Dan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Kla at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  3. ^ Vydrin, Valentin (2020). "Dan". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–462. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.66. ISBN 9780199609895.
  4. "Dan". ScriptSource.
  5. "Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters" (PDF).

Further reading

External links

Languages of Ivory Coast
Official language
Indigenous
languages
Kru
Kwa
Mande
Senufo
Gur
Other
Immigrant languages
Languages of Guinea
Official language
National languages
Indigenous languages
Immigrant languages
Languages of Liberia
Official language
Indigenous languages
Manding
Kru
Other
Creole languages
Mande languages
Southeast Mande
South Mande
East Mande
West Mande
Bobo
Jogo
Manding
Mokole
Samogo
Soninke–Bozo
Soso–Jalonke
Southwest
Vai–Kono
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