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Southern Oceanic
Geographic distribution	Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Central–Eastern Southern Oceanic
Proto-language	Proto-Southern Oceanic
Subdivisions	North-Central Vanuatu South Vanuatu New Caledonian
Language codes
Glottolog	None
Southern Oceanic

The Southern Oceanic languages are a linkage (rather than family) of Oceanic languages spoken in Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It was proposed by John Lynch in 1995 and supported by later studies. It appears to be a linkage rather than a language family with a clearly defined internal nested structure.

Classification

Clark (2009) groups the North Vanuatu and Central Vanuatu languages together into a North-Central Vanuatu (NCV) group and also reconstructs Proto-North-Central Vanuatu, but this is not accepted by Lynch (2018).

In addition to the Temotu languages and the Northwest Solomonic languages of the western Solomon Islands, Geraghty (2017) notes that many Southern Oceanic languages are often lexically and typologically aberrant, likely with Papuan substrata - particularly the Espiritu Santo, Malakula, South Vanuatu, and New Caledonian languages, and perhaps also some Central Vanuatu languages of Ambrym and Efate. Nevertheless, languages in the eastern Solomon Islands, including Guadalcanal, Malaita, Makira, and a scattering of North Vanuatu languages including Mota, Raga, and Tamambo, are much more conservative.

Languages

Following Clark (2009) and Glottolog 4.0, three major groups can be delineated, which are North-Central Vanuatu, South Vanuatu, and New Caledonian. The first group is a linkage, while the others form genetic subgroups.

• North-Central Vanuatu
• South Vanuatu
• New Caledonian

Lynch (1995)

Lynch (1995) tentatively grouped the languages as follows:

• Banks–Torres family
• Northwest Santo family
• Southwest Santo family
• Sakao
• East Santo family
• Ambae–Maewo family
• Nuclear Southern Oceanic linkage
  • Central Vanuatu linkage
    • Malekula Coastal
    • Malekula Interior
    • Pentecost
    • Ambrym–Paama
  • Epi–Efate
    • Epi
    • Shepherds–North Efate
  • South Efate – Southern Melanesian linkage
    • South Efate dialect network
    • Southern Melanesian family
      • Southern Vanuatu family
      • New Caledonian family

The non-nuclear branches are subsumed under Northern Vanuatu.

Ross, Pawley, & Osmond (2016)

Ross, Pawley, & Osmond (2016) propose the following internal classification for Southern Oceanic.

• Southern Oceanic linkage
  • North Vanuatu linkage
  • Nuclear Southern Oceanic linkage
    • Central Vanuatu linkage
    • South Vanuatu languages
    • Loyalties-New Caledonia languages

See also

• Languages of Vanuatu

Notes and references

References

1. ^ Clark, Ross (2009). Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-603. ISSN 1448-8310.
2. Lynch, John (2018). "Final Consonants and the Status of Proto-North-Central Vanuatu". Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. 36. ISSN 0023-1959.
3. Geraghty, Paul (2017). "Languages of Eastern Melanesia". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 821–851. doi:10.1017/9781107279872.030. ISBN 9781107279872.
4. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019). "Glottolog". 4.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
5. Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002:112)
6. Ross, Malcolm; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds). The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Volume 5: People: body and mind. 2016. Asia-Pacific Linguistics (A-PL) 28.

Bibliography

• Clark, Ross (2009). Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-603. ISSN 1448-8310.
• François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu" (PDF), in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235
• Lynch, John, and Terry Crowley. 2001. Languages of Vanuatu: A New Survey and Bibliography. (Pacific Linguistics, 517.) Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
• Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley. 2002. The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.

• Southern Oceanic languages
• Central–Eastern Oceanic languages