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Rattus Temporal range: Early Pleistocene – Recent
The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Muridae
Tribe:	Rattini
Genus:	Rattus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803
Type species
Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758
Species
68 species
Synonyms
Stenomys Thomas, 1910 Acanthomys Gray, 1867 Christomys Sody, 1941 Cironomys Sody, 1941 Epimys Trouessart, 1881 Geromys Sody, 1941 Mollicomys Sody, 1941 Octomys Sody, 1941 Pullomys Sody, 1941 Togomys Dieterlen, 1989

Rattus is a genus of muroid rodents, all typically called rats. However, the term rat can also be applied to rodent species outside of this genus.

Species and description

The best-known Rattus species are the black rat (R. rattus) and the brown rat (R. norvegicus). The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats and originated in Asia. Rats are bigger than most Old World mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1.1 lb) in the wild.

Taxonomy of Rattus

The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily Murinae. Several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of Rattus: Lenothrix, Anonymomys, Sundamys, Kadarsanomys, Diplothrix, Margaretamys, Lenomys, Komodomys, Palawanomys, Bunomys, Nesoromys, Stenomys, Taeromys, Paruromys, Abditomys, Tryphomys, Limnomys, Tarsomys, Bullimus, Apomys, Millardia, Srilankamys, Niviventer, Maxomys, Leopoldamys, Berylmys, Mastomys, Myomys, Praomys, Hylomyscus, Heimyscus, Stochomys, Dephomys and Aethomys.

The genus Rattus proper contains 64 extant species. A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species.

Species

• incertae sedis
  • Enggano rat (Rattus enganus) – Indonesia (potentially extinct)
  • Philippine forest rat (Rattus everetti) – the Philippines
  • Polynesian rat or kiore (Rattus exulans) – originally native to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia, but now introduced throughout the Pacific (including most Polynesian, Melanesian, and Micronesian islands, most notably Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Easter Island and Hawaii), as well as the Philippines, Brunei, and Singapore, origin uncertain in Taiwan
  • Hainald's rat (Rattus hainaldi) – Indonesia
  • Halmahera Island rat (Rattus halmaheraensis) - Indonesia
  • Hoogerwerf's rat (Rattus hoogerwerfi) – Indonesia
  • Korinch's rat (Rattus korinchi) – Indonesia
  • †Maclear's rat (Rattus macleari) – Christmas Island (now extinct)
  • Nillu rat (Rattus montanus) – Sri Lanka
  • Molaccan prehensile-tailed rat (Rattus morotaiensis) – Indonesia
  • †Bulldog rat (Rattus nativitatis) – Christmas Island (now extinct)
  • Kerala rat (Rattus ranjiniae) – India
  • New Ireland forest rat (Rattus sanila) – New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (potentially extinct)
  • Andaman rat (Rattus stoicus) – the Andaman Islands, India
  • Timor rat (Rattus timorensis) – Timor
• R. norvegicus group
  • Himalayan field rat (Rattus nitidus) – originally native to Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam (presence uncertain in Bangladesh), but now introduced to Indonesia, the Philippines, and Palau
  • Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) – originally native to southeastern Siberia, northeastern China, and parts of Japan, but now introduced worldwide except Antarctica
  • Turkestan rat (Rattus pyctoris; obs. Rattus turkestanicus) – Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal and Pakistan
• R. rattus group
  • Sunburned rat (Rattus adustus) – Enggano Island, Indonesia
  • Sikkim rat (Rattus andamanensis) – Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam
  • Ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer) – Southeast Asia
  • Summit rat (Rattus baluensis) – Malaysia
  • Aceh rat (Rattus blangorum) – Indonesia
  • Nonsense rat (Rattus burrus) – the Nicobar Islands, India
  • Hoffmann's rat (Rattus hoffmanni) – Indonesia
  • Koopman's rat (Rattus koopmani) – Indonesia
  • Lesser ricefield rat (Rattus losea) – China, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam
  • Mentawai rat (Rattus lugens) – Indonesia
  • Mindoro black rat (Rattus mindorensis) – the Philippines
  • Little soft-furred rat (Rattus mollicomulus) – Indonesia
  • Osgood's rat (Rattus osgoodi) – Vietnam
  • Palm rat (Rattus palmarum) – the Nicobar Islands, India
  • Black rat (Rattus rattus) – originally native to western India and Pakistan, but now introduced worldwide except Antarctica
  • Little Indochinese field rat (Rattus sakeratensis) – Thailand and Laos
  • Sahyadris forest rat (Rattus satarae) – India
  • Simalur rat (Rattus simalurensis) – Indonesia
  • Tanezumi rat (Rattus tanezumi) – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam
  • Tawitawi forest rat (Rattus tawitawiensis) – the Philippines
  • Malayan field rat (Rattus tiomanicus) – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand
• R. xanthurus group
  • Bonthain rat (Rattus bontanus; obs. Rattus foramineus) – Indonesia
  • Lore Lindu xanthurus rat (Rattus facetus) – Indonesia
  • Opossum rat (Rattus marmosurus) – Indonesia
  • Peleng rat (Rattus pelurus) – Indonesia
  • Southeastern xanthurus rat (Rattus salocco) – Indonesia
  • Yellow-tailed rat (Rattus xanthurus) – Indonesia
• R. leucopus group (New Guinean group)
  • Vogelkop mountain rat (Rattus arfakiensis)
  • Western New Guinea mountain rat (Rattus arrogans)
  • Manus Island spiny rat (Rattus detentus) – Manus Island and potentially Los Negros, Papua New Guinea
  • Sula rat (Rattus elaphinus) – Indonesia
  • Spiny Ceram rat (Rattus feliceus) – Indonesia
  • Giluwe rat (Rattus giluwensis) – Papua New Guinea
  • Japen rat (Rattus jobiensis) – Indonesia
  • Cape York rat (Rattus leucopus) – Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  • Eastern rat (Rattus mordax) – Papua New Guinea
  • Gag Island rat (Rattus nikenii) – Indonesia
  • Moss-forest rat (Rattus niobe) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  • New Guinean rat (Rattus novaeguineae) – Papua New Guinea
  • Arianus's rat (Rattus omichlodes) – Indonesia
  • Pocock’s highland rat (Rattus pococki) – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
  • Large New Guinea spiny rat (Rattus praetor) – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
  • Glacier rat (Rattus richardsoni) – Indonesia
  • Stein's rat (Rattus steini) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  • Van Deusen's rat (Rattus vandeuseni) – Papua New Guinea
  • Slender rat (Rattus verecundus) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
• R. fuscipes group (Australian group)
  • Dusky rat (Rattus colletti) – Australia
  • Bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) – Australia
  • Australian swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus) – Australia
  • Dusky field rat (Rattus sordidus) – Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  • Pale field rat (Rattus tunneyi) – Australia
  • Long-haired rat (Rattus villosissimus) – Australia

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny of selected Rattus species is from Pagès et al. (2010).

Fossil species

In contrast to the large number of living species, as of 2024, just four fossil species have been placed in Rattus proper:

• Rattus baoshanensis - Late Pliocene China
• Rattus jaegeri - Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Thailand
• Rattus pristinus - Early Pleistocene China
• Rattus miyakoensis - Late Pleistocene Japan

References

1. "Rattus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
2. Thomson, Vicki; Wiewel, Andrew; Chinen, Aldo; Maryanto, Ibnu; Sinaga, M. H.; How, Ric; Aplin, Ken; Suzuki, Hitoshi (2018). "A perspective for resolving the systematics of Rattus, the vertebrates with the most influence on human welfare". Zootaxa. 4459 (3): 431–452. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4459.3.2. PMID 30314119. S2CID 52975664.
3. Pagès, Marie; Chaval, Yannick; Herbreteau, Vincent; Waengsothorn, Surachit; Cosson, Jean-François; Hugot, Jean-Pierre; et al. (2010). "Revisiting the taxonomy of the Rattini tribe: A phylogeny-based delimitation of species boundaries". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 184. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..184P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-184. PMC 2906473. PMID 20565819.
4. Chang, M.; Zhang, C.; et al. (January 2023). "A new Rattus species and its associated micromammals from the Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan, Western Yunnan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (1): e2249063. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2249063.
5. Kawaguchi, S.; Kaneko, Y.; Hasegawa, Y. (2009). "A new species of the fossil murine rodent from the Pinza-Abu Cave, the Miyako Island of the Ryukyo Archipelago, Japan". Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History. 13: 15–28. Retrieved 3 March 2024.

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• Rattus
• Rats
• Rodent genera
• Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim
• Extant Pleistocene first appearances