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February 24, 1920: German Workers' Party Deputy Chairman Hitler unveils platform of new Nazi PartyFebruary 10, 1920: Poland regains a seaportFebruary 13, 1920: U.S. Secretary of State Lansing fired by President WilsonFebruary 2, 1920: Soviet Union recognizes Estonian independence with treaty in Tartu
The Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia authorized the Central Union of Russian Cooperatives to resume trade with the Allied powers of World War I.
February 2, 1920 (Monday)
The Treaty of Tartu was signed between the Soviet Union and Estonia (referred to at the time as "Esthonia"), with the Soviets recognizing Estonia as an independent nation and renouncing claims to Estonian territory. The pact, signed at the city of Tartu in Estonia, brought a successful end to the Estonian War of Independence after more than a year of fighting. The Soviet government also agreed to pay five million gold rubles and permission to purchase 2.5 million acres of Russian timber, in return for use of the Narva River for development of hydroelectric power. Estonian independence would last for 20 years, but the nation would be annexed into the Soviet Union on August 6, 1940. The Republic of Estonia would remain part of the U.S.S.R. until August 20, 1991.
The U.S. Census Bureau announced that the death rate in the United States in 1918 was the highest on record, with 1,471,367 people dying, a rate of 18 per every 1,000 people. Of the total, nearly one-third—477,467—had died in the Spanish influenza epidemic from either the flu or from complications with pneumonia.
The Allies submitted a list to the German government, with the names of almost 1,000 accused German war criminals whose extradition for trial would be sought. Germany's Defense Minister, Gustav Noske commented to a London Daily Mail reporter, "the surrender of these men is virtually impossible, turn it how you will."
Died: Maurice "Moss" Enright, American gangster and labor racketeer, was killed in a drive-by shooting after stepping out of his car in front of his home on Chicago's Garfield Avenue. Enright's murder has been described as "the first of the important gangland 'hits' of the 1920s".
February 4, 1920 (Wednesday)
Australia's NRMA, an automobile owners group offering roadside assistance and travel advice to its members, was established as the National Roads and Motorists' Association.
The Hultschiner region of the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia, inhabited mostly by speakers of the Czech language, was turned over to Czechoslovakia pursuant to treaty. The 122.4 square miles (317 km) territory is now part of the Czech Republic. Among the villages renamed was Schreibersdorf, now called Hněvošice. The city of Hultschin itself was renamed Hlučín.
Born:
Gerardo Guerrieri, Italian playwright known for translating numerous foreign plays into the Italian language; in Rome (d. 1986)
O. C. Barber (Ohio Columbus Barber), 78, American industrialist known as "America's Match King" as owner of the Diamond Match Company, largest match company in the nation; he founded the town of Barberton, Ohio, in 1891.
Fifty-six officers and soldiers of the New Zealand Army, commanded by then-Major Edward Puttick were dispatched to the island of Fiji during a period of civil unrest, departing on the government-owned ship Tutanekai. The Fiji Expeditionary Force would serve as a peacekeeping unit as part of the first peacetime overseas deployment of New Zealand forces until April 18.
Smith College of Northampton, Massachusetts, began an unusual fundraising campaign by directing its alumni to call on every family in the United States with the surname "Smith" to donate one dollar "to perpetuate the name of the largest college for women in the world".
Sir James Grant, 89, the last surviving member of Canada's first House of Commons.
Earl Burgess, 30, American film stuntman, slipped and fell 700 feet from an airplane during the filming of a comedy in California
February 6, 1920 (Friday)
Sir James Grant (1831-1920
France's Prime Minister, Alexandre Millerand, called for a vote of confidence on his government's foreign policy of strict adherence to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and received an endorsement of 518 to 68.
The Commonwealth of Virginia became the third U.S. state to reject women's suffrage and the proposed 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, as the vote in the state Senate failed, 10 to 24. More than 30 years after the amendment had been ratified, Virginia's legislature would approve the amendment on February 21, 1952.
French aviator Joseph Sadi-Lecointe set a new record for fastest time to travel one kilometer — 13.05 seconds — with an average speed of 275.86 kilometres per hour (171.41 mph) in a Nieuport-Delage NiD 29 airplane.
Having recovered from a stroke that had kept him bedridden for several months, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson confronted his Secretary of State, Robert Lansing, asking, "Is it true, as I have been told, that during my illness you have frequently called the heads of the executive departments of government into conference?", adding that if it was true, "Under our constitutional law and practice, no one but the president has the right to summon" cabinet members to a meeting, "and no one but the president and the congress has the right to ask their views or the views of any one of them on any public question." Lansing responded two days later, conceding that he frequently called meetings "in view of the fact that we were denied communication with you." The response led Wilson to ask Lansing's resignation on February 11.
The Soviet government established an agency to audit its civil servants, Rabkrin (an acronym for Raboche-Krestyanskaya Inspektsiya (the Workers'—Peasants' Inspectorate).
Died: Richard Bullock, 75, Cornwall-born American trickshot artist who portrayed "Deadwood Dick" in vaudeville
February 8, 1920 (Sunday)
The first American film cartoon to be shown in color, The Debut of Thomas Katt, was released to American theaters by Bray Productions. The animated movie film used the Brewster Color process that had been patented by Percy Douglas Brewster in 1913.
Smirnova
In Albania, the Congress of Lushnjë proclaimed Tirana as the new nation's temporary capital, after the city of Durrës had served as the capital since 1918. Tirana would still be the Balkan nation's capital a century later.
Prima ballerina Elena Smirnova performed in Russia for the final time, as the production of Romance of the Roses closed. Smirnova and other artists subsequently fled from the Soviet Union. She would never return to Russia, and would die in 1934.
The Battle of Urfa began after a former Ottoman Empire official, Ali Saip Bey, had unsuccessfully demanded that a garrison of French occupation forces withdraw from the area that they were claiming as French territory. The 473 soldiers defending Urfa would withstand a siege by Turkish and Kurdish forces for 61 days; almost all of the defenders would be killed after having been promised that they would receive safe passage following a surrender.
The U.S. Senate voted, 63 to 9, to allow consideration of the Treaty of Versailles again and referred it to the Foreign Relations Committee.
The Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Workers, an American labor union, called for its 300,000 members to walk out on strike on February 17 if an agreement on wages could not be resolved with the U.S. Railroad Administration.
Five people in Lexington, Kentucky, were killed by the state National Guard after attempting to storm the city jail to lynch Will Lockett (alias for Petrie Kimbrough), an African-American serial killer who had confessed to the killing of three women and a child, 10-year old Geneva Hardman. Lockett would be executed by electric chair on March 11.
Born:
Herbert Bachnick, German Luftwaffe fighter ace with 80 shootdowns during World War II; awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross; in Mannheim (shot down and killed 1944)
In a plebiscite taken in the former northern portion of the German Duchy of Schleswig, residents voted by a 3 to 1 margin to become part of the Kingdom of Denmark. The formal transfer would take place on June 15 as the districts of Hadersleben, Apenrade, Sonderburg and Tondern became Haderslev, Aabenraa, Sønderborg and Tønder. The official results issued in Copenhagen were 75,023 Schleswig voters in favor of their land becoming part of Denmark, and 25,087 voting in favor of remaining part of Germany.
French Army troops, under the command of General Louis Albert Quérette, abandoned their garrison at the former Ottoman Empire city of Maraş and allowed the Turkish National Forces to reclaim the site, bringing an end to the Battle of Marash. The French forces had been protecting 20,000 Armenian civilians who had been relocated to Maraş following the Armenian Genocide, and although more than 4,000 fled with the French troops, more than 8,000 left behind were killed when the Turks entered the city. Of the Armenians who did depart with the French troops, only 1,500 survived the winter weather during the retreat to another French fortress at İslâhiye.
There ceremony of the "Wedding to the Sea" (Zaślubiny Polski z morzem) was carried out as Poland regained territory from Germany along the Baltic Sea. Lieutenant General Józef Haller of the Polish Army carried out the symbolic union of Poland to the sea at the seaport town of Puck, formerly Putzig.
February 11, 1920 (Wednesday)
The British House of Commons voted to reject a resolution for nationalization of the nation's coal mines. The vote, on whether to accept the recommendation of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry for nationlization, was defeated by a margin of 329 against and only 64 for.
Died:Gaby Deslys, 38, French singer and actress, died of a throat infection two months after becoming ill in the Spanish flu epidemic (b. 1881)
February 12, 1920 (Thursday)
The Parliament of the Ottoman Empire, published its final report, the Misak-ı Millî, after closing out its existence at a January 28 meeting in Constantinople (now Istanbul). The six point policy was alarming enough to the victorious Allies that they sent troops to occupy Istanbul on March 16, and sponsored the creation of a republic and a new parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, with its capital at Ankara.
Died: Aurore Gagnon, 10, Canadian child abuse victim, died of her injuries. Her stepmother, Marie-Anne Houde, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison.(b. 1909)
February 13, 1920 (Friday)
NNL Founder Foster
U.S. President Wilson fired Secretary of State Robert Lansing, two days after asking Lansing to resign, stating "I feel it is my duty to accept your resignation, to take effect at once." President Wilson reportedly stated in three letters that Secretary Lansing had usurped presidential authority by countermanding Wilson's foreign policy decisions. One day after Wilson wrote to Lansing that "I am very much disappointed" and stated "it would relieve me of embarrassment, Mr. Secretary... if you would give your present office up, and afford me an opportunity to select someone whose mind would more willingly go along with mine." On Thursday, Lansing formally presented his requested resignation.
Born: A. Maruthakasi (pen name for Ayyamperumal Maruthakasiudayar) Tamil-language Indian songwriter and poet; in Melakudikadu, Trichinopoly District, Madras Province, British India (d. 1989).
Most of the 515 suspected American subversives detained on Ellis Island were released after posting bail, while charges were dismissed on another 100 after the cases were processed. The others were held to await deportation.
Died:
Lt. General Konstantin Mamontov, 50, Russian military officer who commanded the Don Cossacks army during its fight against the Bolsheviks
The first Hakone Ekiden, Japan's annual marathon college relay race, was won by the University of Tokyo team, as Zensaku Motegi crossed the finish line first Created by Japanese Olympic runner Shizo Kanakuri, the two-day race began and ended at the Ōtemachi district of Tokyo, in front of the offices of Tokyo's Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper. The other relay teams in the first race represented Waseda University, Keio University, and Meiji University. Under the rules, each relay team had 10 runners, with five in the relay from Tokyo to Hakone on the first day, and the other five running on the next day's relay back to Tokyo. The average distance the handing off of a baton to the runner at the next station is now 21.6 kilometres (13.4 mi) on the first day and almost 22 kilometres (14 mi) the next day, for a total distance of 217.9 kilometres (135.4 mi). The race is now run as part of the New Year's Day holiday.
Died: Aleksander Aberg, 38, Estonian professional wrestler, from pneumonia
February 16, 1920 (Monday)
The Allies of World War I accepted a proposal, by Germany, that accused war criminals would be tried by German courts at Leipzig, with the understanding that the arrangement would continue for as long as it appeared that the trials were being conducted in good faith. The German government also agreed that the charges against each indicted defendant would be published by the government for use by the media.
The Supreme Court of Iceland, the Hæstiréttur, held its first session as the highest court in that nation. Previously, cases decided by the National High Court (the Landsyfirréttur of Reykjavik) were reviewable by the Supreme Court of Denmark.
Born:
Jagdish Chandra Kapur, Indian solar energy entrepreneur and social scientist (d. 2010)
Former French Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux, already imprisoned since 1919, was placed on trial for treason by the French Senate.
Maryland voted to reject the 19th Amendment in separate votes in the state House and state Senate. The vote in the House of Delegates was only 36 for and 64 against ratification, and lost 9 to 18 in the state Senate.
Tom Kelly, an Irish nationalist Sinn Féin member who had been elected Lord Mayor of Dublin while he was incarcerated in England, was conditionally released from Wormwood Scrubs prison near London because of ill health, with the provision that he make no attempt to return to Ireland.
Will H. Hays, Chairman of the Republican National Committee, announced at a rally in New York that the Party would not accept campaign contributions of more than $1,000. In 1920, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $1,000 had the buying power of a little less than $13,000 a century later.
Sammy Marks, 75, Lithuanian-born South African financier
Joseph M. Flannery, 53, American industrialist whose mining and processing company, the Vanadium Corporation, was the world's largest producer of radium.
February 19, 1920 (Thursday)
The Russian port of Arkhangelsk, part of the Severnaya Oblast region defended by the White Army of Admiral Kolchak, was entered and occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik army; Murmansk, the last bastion of the White Army, would fall on March 13. Most of the White Army government officials had evacuated to Norway the week before.
China's Foreign Minister Lu Zhengxiang and Vice Foreign Minister Chen Lu resigned in protest after interference by conservatives during negotiations with Japan over the Shandong peninsula.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that average wages had risen during 1919 by at least 25%, and in some cases, as high as 125%, in eleven leading industries. The BLS also concluded that the number of employees had risen by as much as 50% in some of the businesses surveyed.
Shareholders of the Grand Trunk Railway in Canada voted to turn operation of the system over to the Canadian government.
Khosrov bey Sultanov, assigned to be the Governor of Karabakh, a primarily Armenian area claimed by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, met with a council of Armenian leaders and demanded that they agree to the incorporation of the area into Azerbaijan. After the Armenians met and rejected the demand, Azerbaijan troops carried out a massacre of civilians on March 22.
The U.S. Navy demonstrated its new weapon to reporters, an artillery shell powerful enough to penetrate more than 13 inches (330 mm) of armor siding. The new shell, produced at the naval ordnance plant in South Charleston, West Virginia, was fired on the Navy's proving grounds at Indian Head, Maryland.
C. Z. Guest (stage name for Lucy Cochrane Guest), American fashion model, stage actress and socialite; in Boston (d. 2003)
Died: Georges Fragerolle, 64, French musician, composer, novelist and theatrical producer (b. 1855)
February 20, 1920 (Friday)
The Communist Party of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası), which favored a merger of the Azerbaijan Republic into a federation of Communist republics in the old Russian Empire, was formed at a meeting in Baku by delegates from four political parties (Hummet Party, Adalat Party, Ahrar Party and the Azerbaijan Bolsheviks), with Mirza Davud Huseynov of the Hummet party as its first General Secretary. By April, the Communists would have a majority in the Azerbaijan government; in 1922, they would join with parties in the Armenian and Georgian republics to create a federation and the independent nation would become part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at the end of that year. The Azerbaijan Communists would remain in power until 1991.
The city of Metapa, in Nicaragua, was renamed Ciudad Darío in honor of its most famous native, poet Rubén Darío.
U.S. Customs authorities made their first reported confiscation of imported liquor since Prohibition had gone into effect a few weeks earlier. The yacht Genesee, owned by playboy W. K. Vanderbilt Jr., had been carrying "about $1,800 worth of spirituous liquors" (almost $24,000 in current USD buying power) as it arrived at Key West, Florida, after its departure from Cuba.
Born: Sri Madhava Ashish, Scottish aeronautical engineer who converted to Hinduism after moving to India in 1939, and became an author and advocate; as Alexander Phipps in Edinburgh (d. 1997)
Robert E. Peary (1856-1920)
Died:
U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, 63, whose expedition in 1909 as the first to reach the North Pole
Saint Jacinta Marto, 9, Portuguese child in the village of Fátima who, with her brother and cousin, were the first persons to report the prophecy of the Miracle of Fátima. Jacinta, who died in the worldwide influenza pandemic, was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 2017, is the youngest Catholic saint who did not die as a martyr.
February 21, 1920 (Saturday)
Admiral Horthy
Admiral Nicholas Horthy was named as the Regent for the vacant throne of the Kingdom of Hungary, in a vote taken by the Hungarian Assembly. The monarchy had been vacant since the surrender of Austria-Hungary in 1918.
In the first standoff between the U.S. government and local level authorities since Prohibition went into effect, the U.S. Bureau of Prohibition, part of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (now the IRS) authorized the sending of prohibition agents to Iron County, Michigan, to suppress what the U.S. media described as a new "Whiskey Rebellion". Major A. V. Dalrymple, in charge of the central states, wired to his superiors at the B.O.P. for permission to have armed enforcement agents to deal with Iron County prosecutor Martin S. McDonough, who had taken seized alcohol back from B.O.P. agents on February 19. The "rebellion" ended with an angry confrontation between Dalrymple and McDonough at a hotel in Iron Mountain, after which Dalrymple and his 16 agents departed without violence.
Born:
Dr. George E. Moore, American oncologist who discovered the link between chewing tobacco and mouth cancer; in Minneapolis (d. 2008)
Died: Spencer Leigh Hughes, 61, popular British MP and journalist, renowned for his wit more than his political abilities. Described as "one of the cleverest after-dinner speakers of his time"; from a heart aneurysm suffered while he was speaking in public earlier in the month.
February 23, 1920 (Monday)
The Soviet Army completed its consolidation of northern Russia by taking control of Murmansk.
The UK's Secretary of War, Winston Churchill, announced that the British Army would be composed entirely of volunteers with the abolition of military conscription effective March 31. Churchill reported that the British had succeeded in recruiting enough new volunteers to reach 220,000 troops, around the world, with the exception of British India, and that persons who had been drafted would be released from the service by the end of April.
Dr. Louise Reiss, American pediatrician whose landmark survey showed proof that children born in 1963 had absorbed 50 times as much radioactive strontium-90 in their teeth as children born before atmospheric nuclear testing had become widespread in 1950; in Queens, New York City (d. 2011)
Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko, Soviet Russian historian and writer, prisoner in a labor camp during the rule of Stalin; in Moscow (d. 2013)
February 24, 1920 (Tuesday)
DAPNSDAPBritannica boss RosenwaldNazi Chairman Drexler
The National Socialist German Workers' Party, colloquially known as the Nazi Party, was founded at a meeting at the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in Munich. With over 2,000 people in attendance, German Workers' Party (DAP) Chairman and founder Anton Drexler introduced Adolf Hitler, who then presented his German nationalist "25-Point Program" that changed the DAP's mission statement, its flag and its name to the new NSDAP. The term "Nazi" derived from the abbreviation for Nationalsozialistische.
The Dairy Council, which has promoted the consumption of milk in the United Kingdom for over a century, was founded. During its first 63 years of existence, it was called the National Milk Publicity Council.
Soviet Army general Yakov Tryapitsyn and 4,000 troops entered the city of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, which had been occupied by the Japanese Army's 14th Infantry Division, a Russian White Army garrison, and 6,000 Russian and Japanese civilians. Outnumbered by 4,000 Soviet troops against the combined Japanese and White Russian force of 650, the Japanese commander allowed the Soviets to enter the city. General Trapitsyn's men then began a roundup of the White Russian troops for execution.
The League of Nations Supreme Council decided that it would not recognize the Soviet Union as the government of Russia until outrages by the Bolsheviks were halted, but said that the League nations would resume trade with Russia, and that neighboring nations would receive "every possible support" from the League if they were attacked by the Soviets.
Mathias Erzberger was forced to resign as Germany's Minister of Finance after his financial scandals were revealed in testimony during a lawsuit he had brought against Dr. Karl Helfferich for libel.
The U.S. state of Maryland rejected the 19th Amendment for women's suffrage nationwide. In 1941, Maryland would become the first of nine southern states to reverse its decision to reject the amendment.
Within a month of the beginning of Prohibition, the U.S. House rejected the Igoe proposal to repeal the Volstead Act, which provided for enforcement of the ban against liquor.
Directed by Robert Wiene, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, premiered in German cinemas. The German silent horror movie is considered a classic by film historians and marked the introduction of the film noir style.
Ontario, the most populous Province of Canada (2.9 million people), presented its first plan for a network of federally-funded provincial highways.
In Lwow, at the time a part of Poland and now Lviv, Ukraine, moved Jan Kazimierz University to its current location, the former legislative building for the Polish Republic. After 1939, when the area was annexed by the Soviet Union into the Ukrainian SSR, the institution was renamed Ivan Franko University and is now the University of Lviv.
Prime Minister Millerand of France issued an order drafting striking railroad workers into the French Army, after a nationwide walkout had stopped service on three of the nation's five railway lines. The strike ended three days later, on March 1.
The British government released the text of proposed legislation in the House of Commons providing for Irish Home Rule, with an autonomous government and a dual parliament.
French troops in Syria, formerly territory of the Ottoman Empire, were forced to retreat from Aleppo after heavy fighting. A French study concluded that at least 20,000 Armenians had been massacred by the Ottoman military.
U.S. Army Major R. W. Schroeder took off from McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio, and set a new world record for highest altitude obtained by a human being, but lost consciousness after reaching an altitude later determined to be 36,020 feet (10,980 m). His plane fell more than six miles before Schroeder was able to regain control of it 2,000 feet (610 m) before impact. Major Schroeder was trying to reach an altitude of 40,000 feet (12,000 m) in his unpressurized, open cockpit Packard-Le Père plane.
February 28, 1920 (Saturday)
The patent application for the mass production of silica gel was filed by its inventor, chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, under the title "Process of producing gels for catalytic and adsorbent purposes". U.S. Patent No. 1,577,186 was not granted until more than six years later, on March 16, 1926. Silica gel is now widely used in packaging as a means of keeping perishable products dry by removing moisture from the air within the package.
U.S. President Wilson signed the Esch–Cummins Act, returning control of the nation's railroads to their corporate owners, effective at 12:01 a.m. on March 1. "Thus ends twenty-six months of federal control and operation of the lines," a reporter noted.
President Wilson also said in a statement to U.S. Senate leaders that if the Senate failed to ratify all of the articles of the Treaty of Versailles, he would decline to sign the ratification bill, exercising the pocket veto of the legislation. At issue was Article 10 of the Treaty.
Italy began the blockade of the disputed city of Fiume.
Greece ratified the Treaty of Versailles.
The Emperor of Japan dissolved the nation's legislature, the Diet, because of disagreements between the Cabinet and the Diet over extended male suffrage. Under the law, new elections were required within five months.
Mexican bandits crossed the border into the U.S. state of Arizona and killed an American storekeeper at the mining town of Ruby.
February 29, 1920 (Sunday)
The freighter ship SS Cubadist (a tanker for the Cuba Distilling Company) made its last communication after departing from Havana en route to Baltimore with a cargo of molasses. At that time, it identified its position as 111 nautical miles (206 km; 128 mi) south-southwest of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The ship and its crew of 40 were never seen again, and was believed to have been lost in a gale that swept through that area of the Atlantic Ocean.
References
"Royal Canadian Mounted Police", in The Canadian Encyclopedia: Year 2000 Edition, ed. by James H. Marsh (McClelland & Stewart, 1999) p2044
^ "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews (March, 1920), pp246-249
"Russia Asks World Trade— Soviets Put O.K. on Deal with Allies", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 2, 1920, p1
"Russian Soviet Makes Peace With Esthonia", Washington Evening Star, February 2, 1920, p.1
Facts about Esthonia (Esthonian Consulate, 1923) p.22
"1918 Sets Death Rate Record in United States", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 3, 1920, p3
"High Germans in 900 Allies Call for Trial— From Crown Prince to Private on List", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 4, 1920, p1
"Germany Defies Allies", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 5, 1920, p1
"'Moss' Enright Slain in Labor War", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 4, 1920, p1
Richard Lindberg, To Serve and Collect: Chicago Politics and Police Corruption from the Lager Beer Riot to the Summerdale Scandal, 1855-1960 (Southern Illinois University Press, 1998) p151
Donald Crafton, Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) pp. 160-161
Patrick Robertson, Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011)
Owen Pearson, Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic and Monarchy, 1908–1939 (IB Taurus, 2006) p.140
"Spitzbergen Pact Signed by America— Treaty Giving Islands to Norway Receives Envoys' Names", The Washington Post, February 10, 1920, p2
^ Stanley E. Kerr, The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922 (SUNY Press, 1973) p214
"Bitter-Enders Beaten in First Test on Treaty— Senate Votes, 63 To 9, To Suspend Rules and Revive Pact", Baltimore Evening Sun, February 9, 1920, p1
"Rail Union Calls Strike of 300,000", New York Tribune, February 10, 1920, p1
"Martial Law Is Declared in Lexington; 5 Killed, 17 Wounded in Attack on Militia", Louisville Courier-Journal, February 10, 1920, p1
"Martial Law Trails Riot at Lexington, Ky.", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 10, 1920, p1
"Danes Victors in Plebiscite Vote in Schleswig", , Chicago Daily Tribune, February 11, 1920, p1
"Danes Victors 3 to 1 by Plebiscite in Schleswig", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 13, 1920, p3
"Haller, Józef", in Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, ed. by Wojciech Roszkowski and Jan Kofma (Routledge, 2008) p329
"Commons Rejects Mine Nationalizing", The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 11, 1920, p2
"Negro Base Ball League Enters Arena— Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, Kansas City and Dayton, O, to Arrange Schedule", Tulsa (OK) Star, February 14, 1920, p4
Šarūnas Liekis, 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History (Rodopi, 2010) p. 52
"Raid Vanderbilt Yacht; Seize Store of Liquor", Chicago Sunday Tribune, February 22, 1920, p1; the press described the action as "the first seizure of its kind".
"Hughes, Spencer Leigh ", in Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.), vol. 31, p. 404
"Conscription in Britain Comes to an End March 31", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 24, 1920, p1
"How a Speech Helped Hitler Take Power". Time. Retrieved 2020-09-11. Feb. 24, 1920 — that Adolf Hitler delivered the Nazi Party Platform to a large crowd in Munich, an event that is often regarded as the foundation of Nazism.
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