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Fifth line

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Fifth line or fifth record (Russian: Пятая графа), Fifth point (Russian: Пятый пункт), is an euphemism used in the Soviet Union for belonging to a certain ethnic group. In the Soviet Union, line number 5 for indicating person's ethnicity was in the form of the Personal Record Sheet for the personnel (Russian: Личный листок по учёту кадров) used by the passport departments of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs (and not in the Soviet passport itself, as is often mistakenly believed), on the basis of which the passport was issued; as well as in similar sheets of the departments and departments of personnel of all state organizations. In the passport itself, the data fields, including "национальность" (natsionalnost) were not numbered.

Most often it was euphemism for the Jewsish ethnicity in the expressions, such as "he has problems with his fifth line": due to anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union, people whose fifth record said "Jew" were discriminated in various ways.

History

The name of the fifth line was национальность (natsionalnost), which in this context meant "ethnic origin" (the other meaning being "nationality"). In the Soviet Union, indicating the ethnic origin in the internal passport and other identity documents was mandatory. The nationality (ethnicity) of a citizen was recorded in the fifth line based on the ethnicity of his parents (or one of them). If their ethnicities were different, then in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union "On the Passport System in the USSR" dated August 28, 1974, a citizen had the right to choose the ethnicity of his father or mother when receiving his first passport upon reaching the age of 16. After that, he had no right to change his ethnicity. For children under 16, ethnicity was determined (if necessary), as a rule, by the father.

A person could determine his ethnicity only from among the officially recognized peoples living on the territory of the Soviet Union, according to the List of Ethnicities of the Soviet Union, which was first compiled in 1924–1926.

Often, if the ethnicity of one of the parents was "problematic" (for example, Jewish, German, Crimean Tatar, etc.), a person chose the ethnicity of the other parent, which was more acceptable (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc.)

If in Stalin's Soviet "national policy" reached the point of repressions based on ethnicity or deportation of entire peoples, then in the post-Stalin era, the presence of the "ethnicity" column in documents allowed the state to tacitly and unofficially implement "soft forms" of discrimination and restrictions on entire ethnic groups in civil rights. This concerned primarily such areas of life as the right to reside in certain territories of the Soviet Union, the right to a profession, education and place of work. If local minorities (non-titular peoples in national republics) could be subject to discrimination in the territories of individual national republics, then throughout the entire territory of the USSR, representatives of such peoples as Jews, Germans, Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Meskhetian Turks, etc. were subjected to constant, unspoken oppression in terms of hiring, admission to universities, postgraduate studies, career advancement and holding leadership positions, awarding state awards and honorary titles, membership in government bodies and Soviet representative organizations, travel abroad, etc. This is where the ironic expression “disabled person of the fifth group” came from, meaning a person of “unsuitable” ethnicity.

In most post-Soviet States the indication of ethnicity in personal records is either abolished or no longer obligatory.

See also

References

  1. "ФОРМА ЛИЧНОГО ЛИСТКА ПО УЧЁТУ КАДРОВ КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В СССР В 1930—1950-х". Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  2. Leo Pevaner, The Fifth Record: Understanding The Last Jewish Exodus, 2019, ISBN 1643676873
  3. Постановление Совета Министров СССР от 28.08.1974 № 677|Постановление Совета Министров СССР от 28.08.1974 № 677
  4. Ин-т этнологии и антропологии РАН. — Предложение "о графе «национальность»: обзор дискуссии Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. 19.02.2015
  5. "Депортация народов". Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  6. Слёзкин, Юрий Львович Эра Меркурия. Евреи в современном мире. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2007. — ISBN 5-86793-355-5
  7. Государственный антисемитизм в СССР. От начала до кульминации. 1938—1953. Серия: Россия. XX век. Документы. — М: Материк, 2005 г. ISBN 5-85646-114-2
  8. Документ Московской Хельсинкской группы № 112 «Дискриминация евреев при поступлении в университеты» Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, 1978 год
  9. Дискриминация крымских татар продолжается Archived 2009-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Московская Хельсинкская группа, 1977 год
  10. Цаленко М. (2011-07-01). "Факты, о которых предпочитают не вспоминать". Заметки по еврейской истории. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  11. "Евгений Кудряц. "Инвалиды пятой группы"". Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
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