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Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2013)

Democratic Republic of Congo (abbreviated as DRC) formerly known as Zaire is a country located in central Africa. Its the second largest country in Africa and 11th in the world.

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Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo (at one time known as Zaire) a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses, Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Ugandan, Burundian, and Rwandan forces helping the rebel movement which occupies much of the eastern portion of the state.

One problem is the continuing theft of mineral resources, such as coltan, by occupying forces. One estimate has the Rwandan army making $350 million in 48 months from the sale of coltan, even though Rwanda has no coltan deposits. Not only can the DRC not make any money from its mineral wealth, due to its inability to tax anything in rebel-held areas, but the wealth is also used itself to finance insurgent activities.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo's President Félix Tshisekedi with Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Jerusalem, Israel, October 2021
Tshisekedi, French President Emmanuel Macron and European Commissioner Jutta Urpilainen in Kinshasa, 4 March 2023

Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan support the Kinshasa regime.

Furthermore, relations with surrounding countries have often been driven by security concerns. Intricate and interlocking alliances have often characterized regional relations. Conflicts in Sudan, Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi have at various times created bilateral and regional tensions. The current crisis in DRC has its roots both in the use of The Congo as a base by various insurgency groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a broad-based political system in the Congo.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S.-military (as covered under Article 98).

Disputes – international

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Uganda and Rwanda supporting the rebel movements that occupy much of the eastern portion of the state – Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema and other conflicting ethnic groups, political rebels, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda – heads of the Great Lakes states pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; most of the Congo River boundary with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite (no agreement has been reached on the division of the river or its islands, except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area).

On December 19, 2005, the International Court of Justice found against Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.

Illicit drugs

The DRC has some illicit production of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption. While rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center.

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which the Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Czech Republic 30 June 1960
2  Egypt 30 June 1960
3  France 30 June 1960
4  Germany 30 June 1960
5  Israel 30 June 1960
6  Japan 30 June 1960
7  Liberia 30 June 1960
8  Poland 30 June 1960
9  United States 30 June 1960
10  Ghana 1 July 1960
11  Belgium 2 July 1960
12  Portugal 7 July 1960
13  Russia 7 July 1960
14  United Kingdom 7 July 1960
15  Italy 21 July 1960
16  Netherlands 25 July 1960
17  Sudan 9 August 1960
18  India August 1960
19  Ivory Coast 1960
20  Tunisia 1960
21  Bulgaria 22 February 1961
22  Vietnam 13 April 1961
23  Mali 23 November 1961
24  Benin 1961
25  Serbia 1961
26  Canada 12 June 1962
27  Denmark 1 August 1962
28   Switzerland 12 October 1962
29  Sweden 1962
30  Uganda 4 March 1963
31  South Korea 1 April 1963
32  Algeria August 1963
33  Indonesia 6 September 1963
34  Burundi 1963
35  Ethiopia 1963
36  Nigeria 1963
37  Tanzania 30 May 1964
38  Zambia 24 October 1964
39  Spain 3 November 1964
40  Cameroon 29 June 1965
41  Luxembourg 7 September 1965
42  Republic of the Congo 5 November 1965
43  Central African Republic February 1966
44  Rwanda August 1966
45  Greece 15 June 1966
46  Romania 14 October 1966
47  Guinea 1966
48  Kenya 1966
49  Brazil 21 June 1968
50  Morocco 27 September 1968
51  Thailand 14 February 1969
52  Chad 2 April 1969
53  Libya June 1969
54  Norway 27 September 1969
55  Niger 1969
56  Gabon 28 January 1970
57  Finland 3 April 1970
58  Togo 14 July 1970
59  Chile 31 March 1972
60  Mauritania May 1972
61  Lebanon June 1972
62  Austria 24 July 1972
63  Argentina 4 October 1972
64  Cambodia 5 October 1972
65  China 24 November 1972
66  North Korea 12 December 1972
67  Somalia 28 January 1973
68  Iran 11 February 1973
69  Hungary 16 June 1973
70  Saudi Arabia 13 September 1973
71  Cuba 11 April 1974
72  Guinea Bissau 19 July 1974
73  Madagascar 26 July 1974
74  Sierra Leone 20 January 1975
75  Mongolia 4 February 1975
76  Mexico 31 July 1975
77  Peru 3 August 1975
78  Turkey 22 October 1975
79  Mauritius 19 June 1976
80  Mozambique 30 July 1976
—  Holy See 31 January 1977
81  Sri Lanka 13 May 1978
82  Eswatini June 1978
83  Angola 29 July 1978
84  Oman 1978
85  Seychelles 1978
86  Ecuador 29 February 1980
87  Bahrain 3 June 1980
88  Lesotho 6 November 1980
89  Malawi November 1980
90  Zimbabwe 1980
91  Gambia 7 January 1981
92  Singapore 23 March 1984
93  Uruguay 31 April 1984
94  San Marino 14 May 1984
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1984
95  Haiti 1 October 1986
96  Nicaragua 16 April 1987
97  Namibia 4 October 1990
98  Kuwait 27 November 1990
99  South Africa 30 September 1992
100  Slovakia 18 February 1993
101  Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 March 1995
102  Malaysia 1997
103  Ukraine 13 April 1999
104  North Macedonia 27 September 1999
105  Philippines 9 January 2000
106  Cyprus 20 June 2000
107  Ireland 2000
108  Jordan 16 September 2002
109  Venezuela 3 May 2005
110    Nepal 22 September 2006
111  Iceland 23 February 2007
112  Dominican Republic 26 September 2007
113  Croatia 19 October 2007
114  Montenegro 22 September 2010
115  Belarus 16 November 2010
116  Georgia 14 January 2011
117  Latvia 14 January 2011
118  Slovenia 25 February 2011
119  Azerbaijan 23 September 2011
120  Australia 2011
121  South Sudan 4 March 2013
122  Cape Verde 14 May 2014
123  Armenia 11 October 2015
124  United Arab Emirates 1 November 2017
125  Estonia 3 July 2018
126  Monaco 5 July 2018
127  Qatar 6 November 2019
128  Botswana 9 February 2023
129  Djibouti 19 October 2023
130  Bangladesh Unknown
131  Burkina Faso Unknown
132  Comoros Unknown
133  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
134  Iraq Unknown
135  Pakistan Unknown
136  Senegal Unknown
137  Trinidad and Tobago Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria
 Angola 29 July 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1978

See Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
 Benin 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1961 when has been accredited Mr. Paul Fabo as Charge d'Affaires of Dahomey to Leopoldville (Kinshasa) (1961-1963) and later ambassador to DRC (Zaire) (1963-1973).
 Burundi
  • Burundi has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Bujumbura.
 Central African Republic
  • CAR has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Bangui.
 Chad
  • Chad has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in N'Djamena and a consulate in Moundou.
 Côte d'Ivoire
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Abidjan.
 Egypt 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Republic of the Congo See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations
  • Congo has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Brazzaville.
 Kenya See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Kenya relations
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Namibia 4 October 1990 See Democratic Republic of the Congo-Namibia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1990.

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Nigeria
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Rwanda Main article: Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations

Rwandan President Paul Kagame met with the Democratic Republic of the Congo's President Joseph Kabila in Goma on 6 August 2009. It was the first presidential meeting between the two countries for 13 years, with the two countries having come to a disagreement in 1996 following an invasion by Rwanda into eastern Congo, a disagreement which was renewed in 1998 after a further invasion. The pair of presidents spent more than two hours in the company of each other and "reviewed all issues of common interest". Kabila referred to it as "the first giant step forward" in what was referred to as an "all new era". One month previous to the meeting both countries had appointed ambassadors to each other's capitals.

In August 2013, Rwanda accused Congolese forces of persistently shelling Congo's territory after a flare-up of fighting in the eastern Congo.

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Kigali.
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Senegal
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 South Africa 30 September 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1992
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
 Tanzania 30 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1964 when Andrew Tibandebage is appointed as Ambassador of Tanganyika to Congo (Leopoldville)
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Dar es Salaam and a consulate-general in Kigoma.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Togo 14 July 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1970 when Congo-Kinshasa's first Ambassador to Togo, Mr. Kondo Belan, presented his credentials to Head of State Etienne Eyadema.
 Uganda 4 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1963
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Zambia 24 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to chargé d'affaires
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Kinshasa.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 4 October 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1972
  • Argentina is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
 Brazil 21 June 1968 See Brazil–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1968

  • Brazil has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada 12 June 1962 See Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1962 Canada and the D.R. Congo share full membership in Francophonie. Canada was the D.R. Congo's ninth-largest country donor of official development assistance over 1960–2009, disbursing a total of US$0.89 billion in constant 2008 US dollars, or 2.4% of DRC's total bilateral aid receipts. In 2009, Cdn.$3.3 billion in assets were held by thirteen large-scale and junior Canadian mining companies in the DRC, a ten-fold increase from 2001.

  • Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.
 Cuba 11 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1974
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Havana.
 Mexico 31 July 1975 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Mexico relations

Both nations established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1975

  • DR Congo does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to DR Congo from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 United States 30 June 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo-United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960

The United States appointed its current ambassador to the D.R.C. in 2007. The D.R.C. appointed its current ambassador to the United States in 2000. The Congo has been on the State Department's travel advisory list since 1977.

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Uruguay 31 April 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 April 1984

In December 2021, President Luis Lacalle Pou paid a visit to Bukavu and Goma and visited with Uruguayan soldiers stationed there as part of MONUSCO in Eastern DR Congo.

  • DR Congo is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 23 September 2011 See Azerbaijan-Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2011

 China 24 November 1972 See China-Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1972

China is a large investor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, primarily in the secondary (manufacturing) and primary (resource extraction) markets.

  • China has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Beijing.
 India August 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in August 1960 when India had decided to open an embassy in Leopoldville (Kinshasa).

  • DR Congo has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Israel
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has a Honorary Consulate in Kinshasa.
 Japan 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Lebanon
  • DR Congo is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 South Korea 1 April 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Turkey 22 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1975

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belgium 2 July 1960 See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1960 when establishment of the Belgian diplomatic mission in Leopoldville and Jean Van den Bosch becomes the Belgian ambassador.

 France 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Germany 30 June 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Greece 15 June 1966 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Greece relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1966 when Ambassador of Democratic Republic of Congo to Greece M. Joseph Kahamba, presented his credentials to King Constantin.

Both countries are full members of Francophonie. In July 2009, the Greek government pledged US$500,000 through the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for humanitarian assistance to Congo.

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Athens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Italy 21 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Italy to Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Pietro Franca

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Netherlands 25 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1960
  • DR Congo has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Norway 27 September 1969 See [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relatio

ns]] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1969

  • DR Congo is accredited to Norway from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
  • Norway is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Luanda, Angola.
 Poland 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Luanda, Angola.
 Portugal 7 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Russia 7 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960

 Serbia 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1961
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Spain 3 November 1964 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1964

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Sweden 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 United Kingdom 7 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960 when Mr. Ian Dixon Scott, Consul-General of United Kingdom in Leopoldville has been appointed as the first British Ambassador to the Congo-Leopoldville.

  • DR Congo has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Kinshasa.

See also

References

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