| Holasteroida Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
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| Pourtalesia wandeli | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Subclass: | Euechinoidea |
| Infraclass: | Irregularia |
| Superorder: | Atelostomata |
| Order: | Holasteroida Durham & Melville, 1957 |
Holasteroida is an order of irregular sea urchins.
Characteristics
These irregular sea urchins are characterized by a particularly marked bilateral symmetry, including for the apical system, which is highly elongated. In some contemporary abyssal groups such as Pourtalesiidae, some species are even bottle-shaped. The mouth (peristome) does not contain an Aristotle's lantern. The anus (periproct) has migrated towards the periphery of the test. The plastron is never amphisternous.
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Fossile of Hemipneustes pyrenaicus (Hemipneustidae, Maastrichtian)
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Echinosigra amphora (Pourtalesiidae)
This order seems to have appeared at the lower Cretaceous.
List of families
According to World Register of Marine Species :
- † Family Disasteridae Gras, 1848
- genus † Disaster L. Agassiz, 1835
- Family Hemipneustidae (Lambert, 1917) †
- genus Hemipneustes L. Agassiz, 1835 †
- genus Medjesia Jeffery, 1997 †
- genus Opisopneustes Gauthier, 1889 †
- genus Plesiohemipneustes Smith & Wright, 2003 †
- genus Toxopatagus Pomel, 1883 †
- Suborder Meridosternata (Lovén, 1883)
- Infraorder Cardiasterina †
- Family Cardiasteridae Lambert, 1917 †
- Family Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917f †
- Family Echinocorythidae Wright, 1857 †
- Family Holasteridae Pictet, 1857 †
- Genus Salvaster Saucède, Dudicourt & Courville, 2012 †
- Infraorder Urechinina
- Family Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907
- Family Carnarechinidae Mironov, 1993
- Family Corystusidae Foster & Philip, 1978
- Family Plexechinidae Mooi & David, 1996
- Family Pourtalesiidae A. Agassiz, 1881
- Family Urechinidae Duncan, 1889
- Infraorder Cardiasterina †
- Family Pseudholasteridae (Smith & Jeffery, 2000) †
- genus Eoholaster Solovjev, 1989 †
- genus Giraliaster Foster & Philip, 1978 †
- genus Pseudholaster Pomel, 1883 †
- genus Taphraster Pomel, 1883 †
- Family Stenonasteridae (Lambert, 1922) †
- genus Stenonaster Lambert, 1922 †
References
- ^ "Holasteroida". Echinoid Directory.
- Holasteroida at the Natural History Museum
- Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Holasteroida". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species.
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