James Neilson may refer to:
- James Beaumont Neilson (1792–1865), Scottish inventor of iron-smelting processes
- James Crawford Neilson (1816–1900), Baltimore, Maryland architect
- James Neilson (director) (1909–1979), film and television director
- James Neilson (footballer) (1887–1917), Scottish footballer
- James Neilson (racing driver) (died 1953), Scottish racing driver
- Jim Neilson (born 1941), aka James Anthony "Chief" Neilson, professional ice hockey player
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