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The ji (pronunciation: , English approximation: /dʒiː/ jee, Chinese: 戟; pinyin: jǐ) was a Chinese polearm, sometimes translated into English as spear or halberd, though they are conceptually different weapons. They were used in one form or another for over 3000 years, from at least as early as the Zhou dynasty, until the end of the Qing dynasty. They are still used for training in many Chinese martial arts.

History

The ji was initially a hybrid between a spear and a dagger-axe. It was a relatively common infantry weapon in Ancient China, and was also used by cavalry and charioteers.

In the Song dynasty, several weapons were referred to as ji but developed from spears, not from ancient ji. One variety was called the qinglong ji (Chinese: 青龍戟; lit. 'cerulean dragon ji'), and had a spear tip with a crescent blade on one side. Another type was the fangtian ji (Chinese: 方天戟; lit. 'square sky ji'), which had a spear tip with crescent blades on both sides. They had multiple means of attack: the side blade or blades, the spear tip, plus often a rear counterweight that could be used to strike the opponent. The way the side blades were fixed to the shaft differs, but usually there were empty spaces between the pole and the side blade. The wielder could strike with the shaft, pulling the weapon back to hook with a side blade; or, he could slap his opponent with the flat side of the blade to knock him off his horse.

Popular legend

One of the earliest known appearances of the Ji in the historical record is the fangtian huaji (方天畫戟: "painted heavenly halberd") attributed to the warrior Lü Bu in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is unknown whether the peculiarity of his weapon was a literary device used by Luo Guanzhong, the author. Since this novel was based on earlier depictions of the era during the Song dynasty, the Song-era polearm may have been named based on its similarity to, or in honor of, the weapon that was attributed to Lü Bu in this famous novel. This would be comparable to the famous semi-mythological origin story of the yanyuedao (偃月刀; lit. "reclining moon blade"), the weapon wielded by Guan Yu (關羽), another character from the novel and a real historical person. The first historical or archaeological evidence of this polearm comes from an 11th-century illustration in the military manual Wujing Zongyao (武經總要). The yanyuedao came to be known as the guandao after its invention was anachronistically attributed to Guan Yu himself, due to his wielding the weapon throughout the Romance.

Gallery

• Scythed dagger-axe combined with a spear, forming a ji, Warring States period
• Double dagger-axe ji, Warring States period
• Ji with back hook, Eastern Zhou
• Axe halberd (yueji) variant, Han dynasty
• One piece ji, Han dynasty
• Ji, Han dynasty
• Ceremonial jis, Tang dynasty
• A ji dao on the left from the Wujing Zongyao
• Tomb figurines of a soldier and two men holding an axe and ji polearm, Ming dynasty
• Four jis (right), alongside two dagger-axes.

See also

• Kama-yari
• Lucerne hammer
• Poleaxe
• Halberd

References

1. Welch, Patricia Bjaaland (2012). Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery. Boston, US: Tuttle Publishing. p. 593. ISBN 9781462906895. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
2. Lorge 2011, p. 43.
3. Jiang Feng-wei (蔣豐維), Chinese weapons dictionary (中國兵器事典)
4. Sadaharu Ichikawa (市川定春), Dictionary of the Weapon (武器事典)
5. "鉞戟:鉞 [yuè]戟 [jǐ](axe一halberd)中國古代一種把 -百科知識中文網".
6. Note: Yueji is a term used in the present time to differentiate this weapon from the regular ji

Bibliography

• Lorge, Peter A. (2011), Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-87881-4

• Weapons of China
• Edged and bladed weapons
• Chinese polearms
• Spears