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KI polyomavirus

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(Redirected from KI virus) Species of virus
Human polyomavirus 3
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Papovaviricetes
Order: Sepolyvirales
Family: Polyomaviridae
Genus: Betapolyomavirus
Species: Human polyomavirus 3

KI polyomavirus (also known as KI virus, KIPyV, or Human polyomavirus 3) is a virus of the family Polyomaviridae. It was discovered in 2007 in stored samples of human respiratory secretions collected by the Karolinska Institute, after which the virus is named.

Discovery

KI virus was discovered in 2007 in samples of human respiratory secretions being systematically searched as part of a program for identifying novel human viruses. It was identified by sequence homology to known human polyomaviruses BK virus and JC virus, and simian polyomavirus SV40. KI virus was the third human polyomavirus described and the first to be discovered since BK and JC in 1971. A very similar respiratory virus, WU virus, was also reported later in 2007.

Genome

Genome structure of the WU virus. KI virus has a near-identical structure with a slightly different length of 5040 base pairs.

The complete genome of the KI virus has been sequenced and found to be a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 5040 base pairs containing genetic material characteristic of polyomaviruses, encoding five viral proteins: three capsid components, major capsid protein VP1, VP2, and VP3; and two additional proteins involved in replication, the large tumor antigen and small tumor antigen.

Prevalence

The prevalence of KI virus as detected by the presence of its DNA in human samples is generally estimated in the 1-5% range in various locations and populations, with some indication of age-dependence. The virus has been detected in the respiratory secretions of children with respiratory infections in multiple locations. By contrast, one 2009 study placed seroprevalence - that is, prevalence of antibodies against the virus (in this case the VP1 coat protein) - as high as 55% among a population of American adults and 56% among a population of American children. Another 2009 study found around 70% seroprevalence for adults, with age patterns indicating that infants may inherit maternal antibodies against both WU and KI. A 2016 study of polyomavirus seroprevalence found WU virus in 91.3% of samples from another American population. Primary infection is generally believed to occur in childhood.

Disease association

KI virus, like its close relative WU virus, is not known to be associated with any clinical disease despite its presence in respiratory secretions. The rate of co-infection with other respiratory viruses is high, so it is difficult to assign causality to KI virus even where clinical symptoms are present. Some polyomaviruses are well known as carcinogenic, including the human polyomavirus Merkel cell polyomavirus, but KI virus has also not been associated with cancer. While no clear association with clinical symptoms has been identified, there is weak indication that WU and KI viruses may have pathogenic potential in immunocompromised patients.

Nomenclature and classification

KI virus got its name from the Karolinska Institute, the institutional affiliation of the researchers who discovered and reported the virus.

Among the human polyomaviruses, KI is most similar to WU virus. A 2010 proposed classification recommended the division of the polyomaviruses into three genera, containing one genus of avian viruses and two of mammalian viruses; one of the latter was designated Wukipolyomavirus to indicate its two founding members. In an updated classification system for the polyomavirus family proposed in 2016, WU virus is classified as a member of the genus Betapolyomavirus along with BK, JC, and KI.

References

  1. ^ Allander, Tobias; Andreasson, Kalle; Gupta, Shawon; Bjerkner, Annelie; Bogdanovic, Gordana; Persson, Mats A. A.; Dalianis, Tina; Ramqvist, Torbjörn; Andersson, Björn (2007-04-01). "Identification of a third human polyomavirus". Journal of Virology. 81 (8): 4130–4136. doi:10.1128/JVI.00028-07. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 1866148. PMID 17287263.
  2. ^ Polyomaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of, Viruses; Calvignac-Spencer, S; Feltkamp, MC; Daugherty, MD; Moens, U; Ramqvist, T; Johne, R; Ehlers, B (June 2016). "A taxonomy update for the family Polyomaviridae". Archives of Virology. 161 (6): 1739–50. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2794-y. hdl:10037/13151. PMID 26923930.
  3. ^ Gaynor, AM; Nissen, MD; Whiley, DM; Mackay, IM; Lambert, SB; Wu, G; Brennan, DC; Storch, GA; Sloots, TP; Wang, D (4 May 2007). "Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections". PLOS Pathogens. 3 (5): e64. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030064. PMC 1864993. PMID 17480120.
  4. ^ Abedi Kiasari, B; Vallely, PJ; Corless, CE; Al-Hammadi, M; Klapper, PE (September 2008). "Age-related pattern of KI and WU polyomavirus infection". Journal of Clinical Virology. 43 (1): 123–5. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.003. PMC 7108349. PMID 18573691.
  5. Yuan, XH; Jin, Y; Xie, ZP; Gao, HC; Xu, ZQ; Zheng, LS; Zhang, RF; Song, JR; Hou, YD; Duan, ZJ (October 2008). "Prevalence of human KI and WU polyomaviruses in children with acute respiratory tract infection in China". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (10): 3522–5. doi:10.1128/jcm.01301-08. PMC 2566089. PMID 18667596.
  6. Bialasiewicz, S; Whiley, DM; Lambert, SB; Wang, D; Nissen, MD; Sloots, TP (September 2007). "A newly reported human polyomavirus, KI virus, is present in the respiratory tract of Australian children". Journal of Clinical Virology. 40 (1): 15–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.07.001. PMC 7172449. PMID 17706457.
  7. Kean, JM; Rao, S; Wang, M; Garcea, RL (March 2009). "Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses". PLOS Pathogens. 5 (3): e1000363. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000363. PMC 2655709. PMID 19325891.
  8. Nguyen, Nang L.; Le, Binh Minh; Wang, David (2009-08-01). "Serologic evidence of frequent human infection with WU and KI polyomaviruses". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 15 (8): 1199–1205. doi:10.3201/eid1508.090270. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC 2815979. PMID 19751580.
  9. ^ Gossai, A; Waterboer, T; Nelson, HH; Michel, A; Willhauck-Fleckenstein, M; Farzan, SF; Hoen, AG; Christensen, BC; Kelsey, KT; Marsit, CJ; Pawlita, M; Karagas, MR (1 January 2016). "Seroepidemiology of Human Polyomaviruses in a US Population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 183 (1): 61–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv155. PMC 5006224. PMID 26667254.
  10. Norja, P; Ubillos, I; Templeton, K; Simmonds, P (December 2007). "No evidence for an association between infections with WU and KI polyomaviruses and respiratory disease". Journal of Clinical Virology. 40 (4): 307–11. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.09.008. PMC 7172997. PMID 17997354.
  11. Dalianis, T; Hirsch, HH (15 March 2013). "Human polyomaviruses in disease and cancer". Virology. 437 (2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.015. PMID 23357733.
  12. Babakir-Mina, M; Ciccozzi, M; Perno, CF; Ciotti, M (August 2013). "The human polyomaviruses KI and WU: virological background and clinical implications". APMIS. 121 (8): 746–54. doi:10.1111/apm.12091. PMID 23782405. S2CID 38133334.
  13. Johne, R; Buck, CB; Allander, T; Atwood, WJ; Garcea, RL; Imperiale, MJ; Major, EO; Ramqvist, T; Norkin, LC (September 2011). "Taxonomical developments in the family Polyomaviridae". Archives of Virology. 156 (9): 1627–34. doi:10.1007/s00705-011-1008-x. PMC 3815707. PMID 21562881.
Human polyomaviruses
Taxon identifiers
KI polyomavirus
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