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-yllion (pronounced /aɪljən/) is a proposal from Donald Knuth for the terminology and symbols of an alternate decimal superbase system. In it, he adapts the familiar English terms for large numbers to provide a systematic set of names for much larger numbers. In addition to providing an extended range, -yllion also dodges the long and short scale ambiguity of -illion.

Knuth's digit grouping is exponential instead of linear; each division doubles the number of digits handled, whereas the familiar system only adds three or six more. His system is basically the same as one of the ancient and now-unused Chinese numeral systems, in which units stand for 10, 10, 10, 10, ..., 10, and so on (with an exception that the -yllion proposal does not use a word for thousand which the original Chinese numeral system has). Today the corresponding Chinese characters are used for 10, 10, 10, 10, and so on.

Details and examples

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In Knuth's -yllion proposal:

• 1 to 999 still have their usual names.
• 1000 to 9999 are divided before the 2nd-last digit and named "foo hundred bar." (e.g. 1234 is "twelve hundred thirty-four"; 7623 is "seventy-six hundred twenty-three")
• 10 to 10 − 1 are divided before the 4th-last digit and named "foo myriad bar". Knuth also introduces at this level a grouping symbol (comma) for the numeral. So 382,1902 is "three hundred eighty-two myriad nineteen hundred two."
• 10 to 10 − 1 are divided before the 8th-last digit and named "foo myllion bar", and a semicolon separates the digits. So 1,0002;0003,0004 is "one myriad two myllion, three myriad four."
• 10 to 10 − 1 are divided before the 16th-last digit and named "foo byllion bar", and a colon separates the digits. So 12:0003,0004;0506,7089 is "twelve byllion, three myriad four myllion, five hundred six myriad seventy hundred eighty-nine."
• etc.

Each new number name is the square of the previous one — therefore, each new name covers twice as many digits. Knuth continues borrowing the traditional names changing "illion" to "yllion" on each one. Abstractly, then, "one n-yllion" is ${\displaystyle 10^{2^{n+2}}}$. "One trigintyllion" (${\displaystyle 10^{2^{32}}}$) would have 2 + 1, or 42;9496,7297, or nearly forty-three myllion (4300 million) digits (by contrast, a conventional "trigintillion" has merely 94 digits — not even a hundred, let alone a thousand million, and still 7 digits short of a googol). Better yet, "one centyllion" (${\displaystyle 10^{2^{102}}}$) would have 2 + 1, or 507,0602;4009,1291:7605,9868;1282,1505, or about 1/20 of a tryllion digits, whereas a conventional "centillion" has only 304 digits.

The corresponding Chinese "long scale" numerals are given, with the traditional form listed before the simplified form. Same numerals are used in the Ancient Greek numeral system, and also the Chinese "short scale" (new number name every power of 10 after 1000 (or 10)), "myriad scale" (new number name every 10), and "mid scale" (new number name every 10). Today these Chinese numerals are still in use, but are used in their "myriad scale" values, which is also used in Japanese and in Korean. For a more extensive table, see Myriad system.

Latin- prefix

In order to construct names of the form n-yllion for large values of n, Knuth appends the prefix "latin-" to the name of n without spaces and uses that as the prefix for n. For example, the number "latintwohundredyllion" corresponds to n = 200, and hence to the number ${\displaystyle 10^{2^{202}}}$.

Negative powers

To refer to small quantities with this system, the suffix -th is used.

For instance, ${\displaystyle 10^{-4}}$ is a myriadth. ${\displaystyle 10^{-16777216}}$ is a vigintyllionth.

Disadvantages

Knuth's system wouldn't be implemented well in Polish due to some numerals having -ylion suffix in basic forms due to rule of Polish language, which changes syllables -ti-, -ri-, -ci- into -ty-, -ry-, -cy- in adapted loanwoards, present in all thousands powers from trillion upwards, e.g. trylion as trillion, kwadrylion as quadrillion, kwintylion as quintillion etc. (nonilion as nonnillion is only exception, but also not always), which creates system from 10 upwards invalid.

See also

• Nicolas Chuquet – Mathematician
• Jacques Pelletier du Mans – Humanist, Poet, Mathematician
• Knuth's up-arrow notation – Method of notation of very large integers
• The Sand Reckoner – Work by Archimedes

References

1. "Large Numbers (Page 2) at MROB".
2. "Wielkie liczby — nazwy, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy".

• Donald E. Knuth. Supernatural Numbers in The Mathematical Gardener (edited by David A. Klarner). Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 1981. 310—325.
• Robert P. Munafo. The Knuth -yllion Notation ( Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine 2012-02-25), 1996–2012.

• Scientific suffixes
• Numerals
• Mathematical notation
• Large integers
• Donald Knuth