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Land surface models (LSMs) use quantitative methods to simulate the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models. Over the past two decades, they have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation models (GCMs), to complex models that can be used alone or as part of GCMs to investigate the biogeochemical, hydrological, and energy cycles at the Earth's surface.

It has been suggested that "terrestrial biosphere models" (TBMs) is a more inclusive term than land surface models (LSMs). The representation of roots in TBMs (or LSMs), however, remains relatively crude. Particularly, the dynamic functions of roots and phylogenetic basis of water uptake remain largely absent in LSMs.

See also

• CLASS
• JULES
• NCAR LSM 1.0

References

1. Flato, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Evaluation of climate models. In IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 741–866.
2. Ménard, C.B., J. Ikonen, K. Rautiainen, M. Aurela, A.N. Arslan, and J. Pulliainen, 2015: Effects of Meteorological and Ancillary Data, Temporal Averaging, and Evaluation Methods on Model Performance and Uncertainty in a Land Surface Model. J. Hydrometeor., 16, 2559–2576, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0013.1
3. Pitman, A. J. (2003). "The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models". International Journal of Climatology. 23 (5): 479–510. Bibcode:2003IJCli..23..479P. doi:10.1002/joc.893. S2CID 40273012.
4. Warren, Jeffrey M.; Hanson, Paul J.; Iversen, Colleen M.; Kumar, Jitendra; Walker, Anthony P.; Wullschleger, Stan D. (January 2015). "Root structural and functional dynamics in terrestrial biosphere models – evaluation and recommendations". New Phytologist. 205 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1111/nph.13034. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 25263989.
5. Iversen, Colleen M. (August 2014). "Using root form to improve our understanding of root function". New Phytologist. 203 (3): 707–709. doi:10.1111/nph.12902. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 25040729.
6. Knighton, James; Fricke, Evan; Evaristo, Jaivime; Boer, Hugo Jan; Wassen, Martin Joseph (2021-09-28). "Phylogenetic Underpinning of Groundwater Use by Trees". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (18). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4893858K. doi:10.1029/2021GL093858. ISSN 0094-8276.

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