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Saxifragales, Vitales and Zygophyllales are three orders of flowering plants with a total of 18 families. They belong to the superrosids, a group of around 150 related families, including the rose family. They are the only such orders that are not included in three large subgroups of the superrosids: the COM clade, the nitrogen-fixing clade and the malvids.

The order Saxifragales includes fruit-bearing shrubs, woody vines, succulents, aquatics, and many ornamental trees and garden plants, including stonecrops, currants and witch-hazels. Peonies are bred by horticulturists and widely cultivated in temperate gardens. The antiseptic resin of sweetgum trees has been used as a balm since biblical times. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, the largest tree species native to Japan, is used to make boards for the game of Go. Redcurrants, rich in pectin, are used in jams and juices.

Vitales and Zygophyllales include trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants. Krameria triandra is used as an astringent in mouthwash and toothpaste. Wine, juices and jellies are made from grapes, and the leaves are also edible. Guaiacum, in the twinleaf family, yields exceptionally hard lumber.

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

• annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
• basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
• deciduous: shedding or falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals
• herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
• perennial: not an annual or biennial
• succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy
• unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs
• woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous

The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.

Saxifragales is the only superrosid order that is not also a member of the rosids. Although the Saxifragales families are quite diverse, there are a few visible traits that can be linked to many of them. The plants have relatively small seeds, except in the family Peridiscaceae. Flowers tend to have separate, unfused petals, without nectar-secreting glands. The pollen-bearing anthers are often attached by their bases. Most fruits are follicles (seed pods). There are often two distinct ovaries, each with a hypanthium, a tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens.

Vitales and Zygophyllales

Vitales and Zygophyllales families

Family and a common name	Type genus and etymology	Total genera; global distribution	Description and uses	Order	Type genus images
Krameriaceae (ratany family)	Krameria, for Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer (1724–1765), a German physician and naturalist	1 genus, in southern North America and dry parts of South America	Parasitic shrubs and herbaceous perennials	Zygophyl­lales	Krameria erecta
Vitaceae (grapevine family)	Vitis, from a Latin plant name	18 genera, in the tropics and warm temperate zones	Small trees, shrubs, and woody and herbaceous vines	Vitales	Vitis vinifera
Zygophyllaceae (twinleaf family)	Zygophyllum, from Greek for "yoked leaves"	22 genera, scattered worldwide, mostly in dry tropical to temperate zones	Shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, frequently with jointed branches, sometimes with thorns	Zygophyl­lales	Zygophyllum fabago

Saxifragales

Saxifragales families

Family and a common name	Type genus and etymology	Total genera; global distribution	Description and uses	Type genus images
Altingiaceae (sweetgum family)	Liquidambar. Altingia, an earlier synonym, was named for Willem Arnold Alting (1724–1800), a Dutch colonial administrator.	1 genus, in North America and southern, eastern and Southeast Asia	Evergreen and deciduous trees. Several species are harvested for timber. The wood of L. styraciflua is used to make furniture.	Liquidambar styraciflua
Aphanopetala­ceae (gum-vine family)	Aphanopetalum, from Greek for "inconspicuous petals"	1 genus, in Australia	Shrubs, some twining like vines. The stems have extensive lenticels (ruptures in the bark) for gas exchange.	Aphanopetalum resinosum
Cercidiphylla­ceae (caramel-tree family)	Cercidiphyllum, from Greek for "leaves like Cercis" (that is, Cercis siliquastrum)	1 genus, in China and Japan	Deciduous trees. The autumn leaves of C. japonicum have a caramel scent.	Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Crassulaceae (stonecrop family)	Crassula, from Latin for "little thick" (leaves)	36 genera, scattered worldwide	Usually herbaceous perennials and annuals, sometimes shrubby, always with succulent stems. Some species of Crassula, Kalanchoe, Hylotelephium, Phedimus and Sempervivum are widely popular as potted ornamentals or rock garden plants. Sedum acre has been used as a pot-herb and a salad green.	Crassula perfoliata
Cynomoriaceae (tarthuth family)	Cynomorium, from Greek for "dog penis"	1 genus, in arid regions near the Mediterranean and in central and eastern Asia	Reddish-brown herbaceous parasites, lacking chlorophyll. C. coccineum has been harvested in deserts for millennia for food and dyes.	Cynomorium coccineum
Daphniphylla­ceae (laurel-leaf family)	Daphniphyllum, from Greek for "leaves like Daphne"	1 genus, in southern, eastern and Southeast Asia	Unisexual evergreen shrubs and trees	Daphniphyllum macropodum
Grossularia­ceae (gooseberry family)	Ribes. Grossularia, an earlier synonym, is from a Latin plant name.	1 genus, in the temperate Northern Hemisphere and South America	Usually deciduous shrubs, frequently spiny. Most species have edible fruits. Blackcurrant, redcurrant and gooseberry fruits are mixed into juices, preserves and baked goods.	Ribes rubrum (redcurrant)
Haloragaceae (water-milfoil family)	Haloragis, from Greek for "salt berries"	8 genera, distributed almost worldwide	Shrubs, small trees and herbaceous plants, growing in soil and water. Myriophyllum can be cultivated as a pond or aquarium plant.	Haloragis heterophylla
Hamamelida­ceae (witch-hazel family)	Hamamelis, from a Greek plant name	26 genera, scattered worldwide	Deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Some genera are common garden ornamentals, and some are harvested for furniture-making.	Hamamelis japonica
Iteaceae (sweetspire family)	Itea, from a Greek plant name	2 genera, in North America, southeastern Africa, and eastern and Southeast Asia	Shrubs and trees, usually evergreen. Three species of Itea are grown as garden ornamentals.	Itea virginica
Paeoniaceae (peony family)	Paeonia, from a Greek plant name	1 genus, in temperate western North America and throughout Eurasia	Shrubs and herbaceous perennials. They are widely cultivated as garden ornamentals. P. suffruticosa and P. lactiflora are especially popular in China and Japan.	Paeonia officinalis
Penthoraceae (ditch-stonecrop family)	Penthorum, from Greek for "five" (fruit sections)	1 genus, in eastern North America and temperate parts of East Asia	Herbaceous perennials. The plants are edible after cooking, but may have a laxative effect.	Penthorum sedoides
Peridiscaceae (ringflower family)	Peridiscus, from Greek for (stamens) "around the disk"	4 genera, in northeastern South America and West and Central Africa	Large shrubs and small trees	Peridiscus lucidus
Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family)	Saxifraga, from Latin for "stone-breaking"	40 genera, distributed widely in the Northern Hemisphere, the Andes and New Guinea	Herbaceous perennials, usually, often with rhizomes. Ornamental genera include Astilbe, Bergenia, Darmera, Heuchera, Mukdenia, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tellima and Tiarella.	Saxifraga granulata
Tetracarpaea­ceae (delicate-laurel family)	Tetracarpaea, from Greek for "four-fruited"	1 genus, in Tasmania	Low bushes with erect branches	Tetracarpaea tasmannica

See also

• List of plant family names with etymologies

Notes

1. The taxonomy (classification) in this list follows Plants of the World (2017) and the fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. Total counts of genera for each family come from Plants of the World Online. (See the POWO license.) Extinct taxa are not included.
2. A clade is a subgroup of related species.
3. Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.

Citations

1. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 267.
2. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 268.
3. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
4. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
5. POWO.
6. Stevens 2023, Summary of APG IV.
7. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 231–247.
8. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 231–244, 415.
9. Wang et al 2009, p. 3853.
10. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 233.
11. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 234.
12. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 236.
13. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 244.
14. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 244–247.
15. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 246.
16. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 244–245.
17. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 247.
18. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 638–670.
19. Stevens 2023, Saxifragales.
20. Carlsward et al 2011.
21. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 244–247.
22. POWO, Krameriaceae.
23. ^ POWO, Neotropikey.
24. Stearn 2002, p. 309.
25. Coombes 2012, p. 303.
26. IPNI, Vitaceae, Type.
27. POWO, Vitaceae.
28. POWO, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
29. IPNI, Zygophyllaceae, Type.
30. POWO, Zygophyllaceae.
31. ^ POWO, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
32. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 231–244.
33. ICN, art. 18.
34. Burkhardt 2018, p. A-22.
35. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 233–234.
36. POWO, Altingiaceae.
37. Endress 1993, p. 325.
38. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 241.
39. POWO, Aphanopetalaceae.
40. Coombes 2012, p. 89.
41. Stearn 2002, p. 88.
42. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 235–236.
43. POWO, Cercidiphyllaceae.
44. Coombes 2012, p. 109.
45. Stearn 2002, p. 106.
46. IPNI, Crassulaceae, Type.
47. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 239–241.
48. POWO, Crassulaceae.
49. Thiede & Eggli 2007, p. 96.
50. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 243–244.
51. POWO, Cynomoriaceae.
52. POWO, Flora of Somalia.
53. Coombes 2012, p. 120.
54. Stearn 2002, p. 113.
55. POWO, Daphniphyllaceae.
56. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 237–239.
57. POWO, Grossulariaceae.
58. Weigend 2007, p. 174.
59. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 243.
60. IPNI, Haloragaceae, Type.
61. POWO, Haloragaceae.
62. POWO, Flora of Zambesiaca.
63. Coombes 2012, p. 161.
64. Stearn 2002, p. 160.
65. IPNI, Hamamelidaceae, Type.
66. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 234–235.
67. POWO, Hamamelidaceae.
68. Coombes 2012, p. 178.
69. Stearn 2002, p. 177.
70. IPNI, Iteaceae, Type.
71. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 236–237.
72. POWO, Iteaceae.
73. Kubitzki 2007, p. 203.
74. Coombes 2012, p. 222.
75. Stearn 2002, p. 228.
76. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 232.
77. POWO, Paeoniaceae.
78. Tamura 2007, p. 268.
79. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 242–243.
80. POWO, Penthoraceae.
81. Quattrocchi 2019, p. 2010.
82. IPNI, Peridiscaceae, Type.
83. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 231–232.
84. POWO, Peridiscaceae.
85. IPNI, Saxifragaceae, Type.
86. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 238–239.
87. POWO, Saxifragaceae.
88. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 242.
89. POWO, Tetracarpaeaceae.

References

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
• Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See the licence.
• Carlsward, Barbara S.; Judd, Walter S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Manchester, Steven; Soltis, Pamela S. (2011). "Putative Morphological Synapomorphies of Saxifragales and Their Major Subclades". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 179–196. ISSN 1934-5259. JSTOR 41972505.
• Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226536705.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
• Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
• Endress, P. K. (1993). "Hamamelida". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 325. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02899-5_37. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
• IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
• Kubitzki, K. (2007). "Iteaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. Vol. IX. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 203. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_25. ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6.
• POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2023. See their terms-of-use license.
• Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) . CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9.
• Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5.
• Stevens, P.F. (2023) . "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
• Tamura, M. (2007). "Paeoniaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. Vol. IX. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 268. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_34. ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6.
• Thiede, J.; Eggli, U. (2007). "Crassulaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. Vol. IX. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 96. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_12. ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6.
• Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
• Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D. (March 10, 2009). "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (10): 3853–3858. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106. PMC 2644257. PMID 19223592.
• Weigend, M. (2007). "Grossulariaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. Vol. IX. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 174. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_20. ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6.

v t e Orders of flowering plants (APG IV)
Supergroup Plant: Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Polypodiophyta Acrogymnospermae Angiospermae
Angiosperms	Amborellales¹ Nymphaeales¹ Austrobaileyales¹ Mesangiosperms Chloranthales Ceratophyllales Magnoliids Canellales Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Monocots Acorales² Alismatales² Petrosaviales³ Dioscoreales³ Pandanales³ Liliales³ Asparagales³ Commelinids Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Eudicots Ranunculales Proteales Trochodendrales Buxales Core eudicots Gunnerales Dilleniales Superrosids Saxifragales Rosids Vitales Fabids Zygophyllales Celastrales Malpighiales Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Malvids Geraniales Myrtales Crossosomatales Picramniales Sapindales Huerteales Brassicales Malvales Superasterids Berberidopsidales Santalales Caryophyllales Asterids Cornales Ericales Campanulids Aquifoliales Asterales Escalloniales Bruniales Apiales Dipsacales Paracryphiales Lamiids Icacinales Metteniusales Garryales Boraginales Gentianales Lamiales Solanales Vahliales
¹Basal angiosperms ²Alismatids ³Lilioids Category

• Etymologies
• Taxonomic lists (families)
• Gardening lists
• Lists of plants