A conglomerate is a combination of multiple business entities operating in entirely different industries under one corporate group, usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries.
Conglomerates are typically large and multinational corporations that manage diverse business operations across various sectors.
Africa
Algeria
Kenya
Main article: List of conglomerates in Kenya- Centum Investments
- Co-operative Bank Group
- Equity Bank Group
- I&M Bank Group
- KCB Bank Group
- Nation Media Group
- Olympia Capital Holdings
- Sameer Group
- TransCentury Limited
Morocco
Nigeria
- Dangote Group
- John Holt Plc
- Transnational Corporation of Nigeria
- United Africa Company of Nigeria
- GTCO
South Africa
- ABSA
- Anglo American Platinum Ltd
- Bidvest Group
- Capitec
- Cell C
- Denel
- DStv
- eNCA
- Eskom
- FirstRand Limited
- Investec
- MTN
- Naspers
- Nedbank
- Old Mutual
- Remgro
- SABC
- Sanlam
- Sasol
- Shoprite Holdings
- Standard Bank
- Super Sports
- Telkom
- Transnet
- Vodacom
Uganda
Main article: List of conglomerates in Uganda- Alam Group
- Aya Group
- BMK Group
- DFCU Group
- Ham Group
- International Medical Group
- Madhvani Group
- Mara Group
- Mukwano Group
- Mulwana Group
- New Vision Group
- ROKO Construction Company
- Ruparelia Group
- Simba Group
- Tirupati Group
- Wavah Group
Asia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
- A K Khan & Company
- Advanced Chemical Industries
- Akij
- Bashundhara Group
- Beximco
- City Group
- Concord Group
- Confidence Group
- Grameen
- Habib Group
- KDS Group
- M. M. Ispahani Limited
- Nasir Group
- Nassa Group
- Navana Group
- Orion Group
- Partex Group
- PRAN-RFL Group
- Summit Group
- T K Group of Industries
- Transcom Group
- United Group
China, Mainland
- Beijing Enterprises
- Beijing North Star
- BYD
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
- China Everbright Group
- China Huaneng Group
- China Merchants Group
- China Metallurgical Group Corporation
- China Poly Group Corporation
- China Resources
- CIMC
- CITIC Group
- Comac
- COSCO
- CRRC Group
- Dalian Wanda Group
- Fosun International
- Founder Group
- Guangxi Guitang Group
- Hasee
- Huawei
- Hytera
- JXD
- Legend Holdings
- Liaoning Chengda
- Maoye International
- Meizu
- Nepstar
- Orient Group
- Ping An Bank
- Ping An Insurance
- Shanghai Industrial Holdings
- Shenzhen Media Group
- Shougang Concord International
- Sinochem Group
- Sinomach
- TCL
- Tencent
- Tianjin Development
- Tianjin Teda Company
- TP-Link
- Vanke
- Yatai Group
- Zhujiang Beer
- ZTE
Hong Kong
- Chow Tai Fook Enterprises
- CK Hutchison Holdings
- Dah Chong Hong
- First Pacific
- Henderson Investment
- Hong Kong Ferry
- Jardine Matheson
- Lai Sun Group
- Melco International Development
- Miramar Hotel and Investment
- NWS Holdings
- Swire Group
- The Wharf (Holdings)
State-owned conglomerates, China
- Beijing Enterprises
- China Resources
- China Travel International Investment Hong Kong
- CITIC Pacific
- COSCO (Hong Kong) Group
- Guangdong Investment
- Shougang Concord International
India
- ACG Group
- Action Group
- Adani Group
- Aditya Birla Group
- Ador Group
- Adventz Group
- Ajanta Group
- Alchemist Group
- Amalgamations Group
- Amara Raja Group
- Apeejay Surrendra Group
- Arvind
- Avantha Group
- Bajaj Group
- Baldota Group
- Bannari Amman Group
- Bharti Enterprises
- Binani Industries
- Bird Group of Companies
- Chettinad Group
- CK Birla Group
- Dabur Group
- Dalmia Group
- Elecon Group
- Emami
- Enso Group
- Escorts Limited
- Essar Group
- Essel Group
- Financial Technologies Group
- Finolex Group
- Firodia Group
- Future Group
- GMR Group
- Godrej Group
- GVK Power & Infrastructure
- Hero Group
- Hinduja Group
- India Today Group
- Indiabulls
- Info Edge
- Inox Group
- ITC Limited
- Jaypee Group
- JBM Group (Jay Bharat Maruti)
- JSW Group
- Jubilant Bhartia Group
- Kalyani Group
- Karvy Group
- Khoday Group
- Kirloskar Group
- Lanco Infratech
- Larsen & Toubro
- The Leela Group
- Mahindra Group
- Manipal Education and Medical Group
- Max Group
- Mehta Group
- Modi Enterprises
- M.P Birla Group
- MRF
- Murugappa Group
- The Muthoot Group
- Muthoot Pappachan Group
- National Dairy Development Board
- Peerless Group
- Piramal Group
- Poonawalla Group
- Raheja Group
- Ramoji Group
- Rane Group
- Raymond Group
- Rebel Foods
- Reliance Group
- Reliance Industries Limited
- RPG Group
- RPSG Group
- Sakthi Group
- Samvardhana Motherson Group
- Shapoorji Pallonji Group
- Shriram Group
- Sonalika Group
- S.R.S Group
- SUN Group
- Supreme Industries
- Tata Group
- TCG Group
- Thapar Group
- Thermax
- The Times Group
- Torrent Group
- Triveni Group
- TTK Group
- TVS Group
- United Breweries Group
- UTL Group
- V H Group
- V-Guard Industries
- Vadilal
- Vardhman Group of Companies
- Vedanta Group
- Videocon Group
- VRL Group
- Wadia Group
- Walchand group
- Wave Group
- Welspun Group
- Yash Birla Group
Indonesia
- Astra International
- Bakrie Group
- Bumi Laut Group
- CT Corp
- Elang Mahkota Teknologi
- Harita Group
- Kalbe Farma
- Kompas Gramedia Group
- Lion Air
- Lippo Group
- Mayapada Group
- MNC Corporation
- Rajawali Corpora
- Salim Group
- Sinar Mas Group
Iran
- Aabsal
- Defense Industries Organization
- Ghadir Investment Company
- IDRO Group
- Iran Electronics Industries
- Maadiran Group
Israel
Japan
- Asahi Breweries
- Asahi Kasei
- Bandai Namco Holdings
- Furukawa Group
- Hitachi
- Itochu
- Japan Post Holdings
- Japan Railways Group
- Japan Tobacco
- JX Holdings
- Kadokawa Dwango
- Kao Corporation
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries
- Kirin Company, Limited
- Kodenshi AUK Group
- Konami
- Kubota
- Lotte
- Marubeni
- Mitsubishi
- Mitsui
- NEC
- Nintendo
- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
- Nomura Group
- Panasonic
- Rakuten
- Sapporo Brewery
- Sega Sammy Holdings
- Seiyu Group
- Showa Denko
- Sojitz
- Sony
- Square Enix (Taito)
- Subaru Corporation
- Sumitomo Group
- Suntory
- Tokyu Group
- Toray Industries
- Toshiba
- Toyota Group
- Ube Industries
- Yamaha Corporation
Korea, South
- Aju Group
- CJ Group
- Daelim Group
- Dongbu Group
- Doosan Group
- Eugene Group
- GS Group
- Halla Group
- Hanjin
- Hansol
- Hanwha Group
- HYBE Corporation
- Hyosung
- Hyundai Group
- Hyundai Motor Group
- ILJIN Group
- Isu Group
- KT Corporation
- Kumho Asiana Group
- LG Corp
- Lotte
- LS Group
- Nongshim
- POSCO
- Samsung
- Shinsegae
- SK Group
- SPC Group
- SsangYong Group
- STX Corporation
- Taekwang Group
- Tongyang Group
- YTN Group
Macau
- Galaxy Entertainment Group
- Melco International Development
- Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau
Malaysia
- Berjaya Group
- DRB-HICOM
- Genting Group
- Hong Leong Group
- IOI Group
- Johor Corporation
- Media Prima
- Naza
- Petronas
- Sime Darby
- Sunway Group
- UMW Holdings
- Usaha Tegas
- YTL Corporation
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
- ARY Digital Network
- Atlas Group
- Bahria Town
- Dawood Group
- Dewan Mushtaq Group
- Fecto Group
- Hashoo Group
- House of Habib
- Jahangir Siddiqui Group
- Lakson Group
- Nishat Group
- Saif Group
Philippines
- Aboitiz Equity Ventures
- ABS-CBN Corporation
- Ayala Corporation
- Filinvest
- GMA Network, Inc.
- GT Capital Holdings
- JG Summit Holdings
- Lopez Group of Companies
- LT Group
- Metro Pacific Investments Corporation
- Motortrade
- San Miguel Corporation
- SM Investments Corporation
- Top Frontier Investment Holdings
Qatar
- Al Jazeera Media Network
- Industries Qatar
- Nehmeh
- Qatar Investment & Projects Development Holding Company
- Seashore Group
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
- LOLC Holdings
- Aitken Spence
- Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka
- Hayleys
- Hemas Holdings
- John Keells Holdings
Taiwan
- 85C Bakery Cafe
- Acer
- Asus
- Bank of Kaohsiung
- Chatime
- Chunghwa Telecom
- Evergreen Marine
- Faraday Technology
- Giant Bicycles
- HTC
- Maxxis
- MediaTek
- Microtek
- MSI
- Taiwan Beer
- Taiwan Mobile
- TKK Fried Chicken
- TSMC
- UMC
- Zyxel
Thailand
- Central Group
- Charoen Pokphand Group
- The Erawan Group
- Intouch Holdings
- Minor International
- PTT Group
- Samart Group
- Siam Cement Group
Turkey
- Doğan Holding
- Doğuş Holding
- Eczacıbaşı
- Koç Holding
- Sabancı Holding
- Ugur Group Companies
- Yıldız Holding
- Zorlu Holding
United Arab Emirates
- Al-Futtaim Group
- Al-Ghurair Group
- Aster DM Healthcare
- Dubai World
- Landmark Group
- LuLu Group International
- RP Group
- Stallion Group
Vietnam
Europe
Austria
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
- Alstom
- Areva
- AXA
- Bolloré
- Bouygues
- Danone
- Dassault Group
- Engie
- Groupe Casino
- Groupe SEB
- Kering
- Lactalis
- Lagardère Group
- Louis Dreyfus Group
- LVMH
- Pernod Ricard
- PSA Peugeot Citroën
- Renault
- Safran
- Schneider Electric
- Technicolor SA
- Total S.A.
- Veolia Environment
- Vivendi
Germany
- BASF
- Bayer
- Bertelsmann
- Evonik Industries
- Fresenius
- Freudenberg Group
- GEA Group
- Linde
- Mercedes-Benz Group
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- Schaeffler Group
- Siemens
- ThyssenKrupp
- Volkswagen
Gibraltar
Greece
Ireland
Italy
- Assicurazioni Generali
- Barilla Group
- CIR Group
- CNH Industrial
- Enel
- Eni
- Exor
- Ferrero SpA
- Fincantieri
- Fininvest
- Gruppo Campari
- Italcementi
- Leonardo
- Luxottica
- Mediaset
- RCS MediaGroup
- ST Microelectronics
- Techint
- UniCredit
Netherlands
Norway
- Aker ASA
- Bonheur
- Fred. Olsen & Co.
- Ganger Rolf ASA
- Kongsberg Gruppen
- Norsk Hydro
- Orkla Group
- Telenor
- Tomra
Portugal
- Altri
- Cofina
- Corticeira Amorim
- EDP
- Galp Energia
- Grupo José de Mello
- Grupo RAR
- Grupo Salvador Caetano
- Impresa
- Jerónimo Martins
- Media Capital
- Mota-Engil
- Semapa
- Soares da Costa
- Sogrape
- Sonae
- Sumol + Compal
- Teixeira Duarte
- Unicer
- Visabeira
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Spain
- Abengoa
- Abertis
- Acciona
- Altadis
- Endesa
- Ferrovial
- Grupo Vocento
- Iberdrola
- Inditex
- Mediaset España Comunicación
- Mondragon Corporation
- PRISA
- Repsol
- Santander Group
- SENER
- Telefónica
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
- Acromas Holdings
- Anglo American plc
- Anime Limited
- Associated British Foods
- BAE Systems
- Bestway
- British American Tobacco
- Caparo
- Co-operative Group
- Diageo
- easyGroup
- Experian
- IHG Hotels & Resorts
- Imperial Tobacco
- Invensys
- Johnson Matthey
- Libra Group
- Merlin Entertainments
- Reckitt Benckiser
- Rio Tinto
- Rolls-Royce Holdings
- Seamark Group
- Smiths Group
- Swire Group
- Tomkins
- Unilever
- Virgin Group
- Weir Group
North America
Canada
- Anthem Sports & Entertainment
- Argus Corporation
- Barrick Gold
- Bell
- Blackberry Limited
- Boat Rocker Media
- Bombardier Inc.
- CAE Inc.
- Calfrac Well Services
- Calian
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- Canadian Utilities
- CGI Inc.
- Cineplex Entertainment
- Corus Entertainment
- Empire Company
- Fairfax Financial
- Franco-Nevada
- J. D. Irving
- Jim Pattison Group
- Loblaw Companies
- Mindgeek
- Power Corporation of Canada
- Quebecor
- Rogers Communications
- Royal Bank of Canada
- Shaw Communications
- TC Energy
- Telus Corporation
- Thomson Reuters
- Toronto-Dominion Bank
- Torstar
- Triple Five Group
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Jamaica
Mexico
- ALFA
- América Móvil
- Arca Continental
- Cervecería de Baja California
- Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery
- FEMSA
- Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte
- Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico
- Grupo Aeroportuario del Sureste
- Grupo Bimbo
- Grupo Carso
- Grupo Elektra
- Grupo Empresarial Ángeles
- Grupo Lala
- Grupo México
- Grupo Modelo
- Grupo Salinas
- Grupo Tampico
- MVS Comunicaciones
- Pemex
- Soriana
- Televisa
United States
- 3M
- Access Industries
- Advanced Micro Devices
- Alphabet
- Altra Industrial Motion
- Altria
- Amazon
- Amblin Partners
- AMC Networks
- AMC Theatres
- Ametek
- Analog Devices
- Apple
- AT&T
- Authentic Brands Group
- Berkshire Hathaway
- Blackstone
- Boeing
- Brunswick Corporation
- Carlisle Companies
- Cascade Investment
- Cedar Fair
- Charter Communications
- Cinemark
- Colgate-Palmolive
- Comcast
- Crane
- Danaher Corporation
- Dell Technologies
- Discotek Media
- Dover Corporation
- Dow Chemical Company
- DuPont
- DXC Technology
- Eaton Corporation
- EDGE Tech
- Emerson Electric
- Entertainment Studios
- Ford
- Fox Corporation
- Gannett
- General Dynamics
- General Electric
- General Mills
- General Motors
- Gray Television
- Griffon Corporation
- Hearst Corporation
- Hendricks Holding Company
- Herschend Family Entertainment
- The Hershey Company
- Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- Honeywell
- Hormel
- HP
- Hubbard Broadcasting
- IAC
- Ilitch Holdings
- Illinois Tool Works
- InFocus
- Intel Corporation
- ITT Corporation
- Jarden
- Johnson & Johnson
- Johnson Controls
- Kellogg's
- KEMET Corporation
- Keurig Dr Pepper
- Kino Lorber
- Koch Industries
- Kohler
- Kraft Heinz
- Leonard Green & Partners
- Leucadia National
- Liberty Media
- Libra Group
- Lockheed Martin
- Loews Corporation
- M&F Worldwide
- Magnavox
- Mandalay Entertainment Group
- Mars
- Meta Platforms
- MGA Zapf Creation GmbH
- Microsoft
- Mondelēz International
- Motorola Solutions
- NACCO Industries
- National Presto Industries
- Newell Brands
- News Corp
- Nexstar Media Group
- Nike
- Northrop Grumman
- Nvidia
- Olin Corporation
- Paramount Global
- Parker Hannifin
- Pentair
- PepsiCo
- PerkinElmer
- Philip Morris International
- Procter & Gamble
- Qurate Retail Group
- Raven Industries
- Raytheon Technologies
- Red Apple Group
- Regal Entertainment Group
- Renco Group
- Reynolds American
- Right Stuf
- Roper Technologies
- S.C. Johnson
- Seaboard Corporation
- SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment
- Sentai Filmworks
- Sinclair Broadcast Group
- SPX Corporation
- Spyglass Media Group
- Starbucks
- Tegna
- Teledyne Technologies
- TelevisaUnivision
- Textron
- Timken Company
- TKO Group Holdings
- Tribune Publishing
- Trinity Industries
- Viz Media
- Vizio
- The Walt Disney Company
- Warner Bros. Discovery
- Wonderful Company
- Xerox
- Xylem
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
- AmBev
- Andrade Gutierrez
- Banco Bradesco
- Banco do Brasil
- BRF
- Camargo Corrêa
- Cosan
- EBX Group
- Eletrobras
- Embraer
- GPA
- Grupo Abril
- Grupo Bandeirantes de Comunicação
- Grupo Folha
- Grupo Globo
- Grupo Petrópolis
- Grupo RBS
- Grupo Record
- Grupo Silvio Santos
- Hypermarcas
- Itaúsa
- JBS
- Marfrig
- Odebrecht
- Petrobras
- Safra Group
- Souza Cruz
- Synergy Group
- Ultrapar
- Vale
- Votorantim Group
Chile
- AntarChile
- Banco de Chile
- CCU
- Cencosud
- Concha y Toro
- Empresas Copec
- Enersis
- Falabella
- Quiñenco
- Sigdo Koppers
Colombia
- Alpina Productos Alimenticios
- Bavaria
- Ecopetrol
- EPM
- Grupo Argos
- Grupo Aval Acciones y Valores
- Grupo Bancolombia
- Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño
- Grupo Éxito
- Grupo Nutresa
- Grupo Sura
- Organización Ardila Lülle
- Organizacion Corona
- Quala
- Synergy Group
Paraguay
Peru
- Ajegroup
- Corporación Lindley S.A.
- Enrique Cassinelli and Sons
- Grupo Breca de Alex Fort Brescia, Ana Maria Brescia Cafferata, etc.
- Grupo Gloria de Vito Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Grupo Romero (familia Romero): Alicorp, Credicorp, Banco de Crédito del Perú, Primax, etc.
- Intercorp de Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor: Interbank, Supermercados Peruanos, GlobalNet, etc.
Venezuela
- CANTV
- Corporación Venezolana de Guayana
- Empresas 1BC
- Empresas Polar
- Grupo Cisneros
- Mercantil Servicios Financieros
- PDVSA
Oceania
Australia
- BHP
- Foster's Group
- Madman Entertainment
- Pacific Dunlop
- Rio Tinto
- Siren Visual
- Soul Patts
- Toll Group
- Village Roadshow
- Wesfarmers
- Woolworths
New Zealand
Defunct conglomerates
Argentina
Australia
- Adelaide Steamship Company
- Bond Corporation
- BTR Nylex
- Clyde Industries
- Howard Smith Limited
- Johns Perry
- Mayne Group
- Pacific Dunlop
- Southcorp
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
- Alliance Atlantis Communications
- Alliance Films
- Astral Media
- CanWest
- Peace Arch Entertainment
- Phase 4 Films
- Seagram
- Shaw Communications
China
Colombia
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Korea, South
Ukraine
United States
- 21st Century Fox
- The 3DO Company
- ACME Communications
- American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres
- Atari Corporation
- Atari Games
- Beatrice Foods
- Cablevision
- Cadence Industries
- Carolco Pictures
- CBS Corporation
- Combustion Engineering
- Cox Enterprises
- Defy Media
- Discovery Inc.
- Douglas Aircraft Company
- General Cinema
- General Foods
- Goodtimes Entertainment
- Grumman
- Gulf and Western Industries
- Heinz
- Heublein
- Hewlett-Packard
- Kinney National Company
- Kraft Foods
- Kraft Foods (1903–2012)
- Level 3 Communications
- Ling-Temco-Vought
- Lockheed Corporation
- Lorimar-Telepictures
- Martin Marietta
- MCA Inc.
- McDonnell Aircraft
- McDonnell Douglas
- Midway Games
- Motorola
- News Corporation
- Northrop Corporation
- Paramount Communications
- Raycom Media
- RJR Nabisco
- RKO General
- Spelling Entertainment Group
- Standard Oil
- Time Warner Cable
- Tribune Broadcasting
- Tribune Media
- TRW Inc.
- TVX Broadcast Group
- TW Telecom
- US West
- Viacom (1952–2006)
- Viacom (2005–2019)
- Warner Communications
- WarnerMedia
- The Weinstein Company
See also
References
- "AF Holding built its own plastic factory and put into service". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- Winkeljohann, N. (2010). Wirtschaft in Familienhand: Die Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Unternehmerdynastien (in German). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Campus Verlag GmbH. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-593-39095-6.
- Menipaz, E.; Menipaz, Amit (2011). International Business: Theory and Practice. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 231–233. ISBN 978-1-4129-0348-6.
- Peng, M. W. (29 June 2010). Global Business. Cengage Learning. p. 293. ISBN 978-1439042243.
- Zhang, W.; Alon, Ilan (2010). A Guide to the Top 100 Companies in China. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. pp. 36–40. ISBN 978-981-4291-46-0.
- Hsu, R. C. (1999). The MIT encyclopedia of the Japanese economy (2nd ed.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 307–309. ISBN 9780262082808.
- "Nomura Group – conglomerate of financial services in Tokyo, Japan". Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- McCurry, Justin (26 June 2008). "Sony looks to emerging markets for new start". Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- McIntyre, Douglas A. (22 January 2009). "Sony (SNE): The Disadvantages of Being A Conglomerate". 24/7 Wall St. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- "Industrial conglomerates – Aju Group". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- Chung, K. H.; Yi, Hak-chong; Jung, Kyu Hyun (1997). Korean management: global strategy and cultural transformation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 225. ISBN 3-11-014669-X.
- Kanda, H. (2008). Transforming Corporate Governance in East Asia. Oxon / New York: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-0-415-45099-7.
- Gómez, E. T. (2002). Political business in East Asia. New York: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 199. ISBN 0-415-27148-7.
- "Tong Yang Group Signs Deal To Sell Tong Yang Life Insurance Co., Ltd.'s 46.5% Stake To Vogo Fund-DJ". Reuters. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- "SKorea's Tongyang Group seeks sale of Sakes in Life Insurance unit". Insurance Day. 5 November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Suryadinata, L. (2006). Southeast Asia's Chinese businesses in an era of globalization: coping with the rise of China. ISEAS Publications. pp. 208–211. ISBN 978-981-230-398-1.
- "Comparative Privatization Experience in Pakistan: Employee and private ownership". Canadian Journal of Development Studies. 17 (2–3). University of Ottawa Press: 477 + 481. 1996. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- "Keppel Corp Q3 net profit rises 32% on property earnings". Asia One. 18 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- "LOLC leapfrogs 'going global' for more value creation as SL battles crises". Daily FT. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- "Aitken Spence's 9-month profits up 24% to Rs. 3 b". Daily FT. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- "Hayleys becomes first listed Sri Lankan company to cross USD1bn turnover". Daily FT. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- Huang, Y. (2003). Selling China: foreign direct investment during the reform era. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-521-81428-6.
- "Al Ghurair Group of Companies, LLC". Bloomberg. 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- Blythe, J (2005). Sales & key account management. Thomson Learning. p. 24. ISBN 1-84480-023-7.
- "The Jim Pattison Group". FundingUniverse. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- "Jim Pattison Group". Soylent Communications. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Miller, Matthew (12 January 2004). "Best Big Companies: Conglomerates". Forbes. Retrieved 25 May 2011.