The Lushootseed-speaking peoples, sometimes known as the Lushootseed people, are a group of peoples Indigenous to the Pacific Northwest who are linguistically related along the Lushootseed dialect continuum.
Lushootseed-speaking groups were traditionally politically autonomous at the local, or village, level, so there was no historical term to refer to all Lushootseed-speaking peoples. Words like (dxʷ)ləšucid ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ or ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ kʷi gʷədxʷləšucideb (lit. "Lushootseed peoples" or "Peoples who speak Lushootseed") are sometimes used in modern times.
All historically-attested extended village groups or bands are listed, grouped by modern-day tribal units, sub-units, and further sub-units:
Northern Lushootseed
Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid) is spoken by peoples living generally in Island, Skagit, Snohomish, and parts of Whatcom counties. Northern Lushootseed-speaking communities include:
- Upper Skagit – sqaǰətabš
- Nuwhaha – dxʷʔaha
- Lake Whatcom village – sx̌ačuʔabš
- Lake Samish village – stiksabš
- Nookachamps – duqʷəčabš
- Mount Vernon village – dᶻalqahabš
- Big Lake village - cəlaɬabš
- Mesekwegwils – bəsikʷigʷilc
- Chobaabish – čubəʔabš
- Baslo'alo – baslux̌ʔalux̌
- Smaliwhu – sbaliʔxʷ
- Silayucid – sʔilayucid
- Beskayucid – bəsq̓ixʷucid
- Miskaiwhu – bəsq̓ixʷixʷ
- Kwabatsabsh – k̓ʷabacabš
- Nuwhaha – dxʷʔaha
- Sauk – saʔqʷəbixʷ
- Suiattle – suyaƛ̕bixʷ
- Stillaguamish – stuləgʷabš
- Quadsack – qʷacaʔkʷbixʷ
- Swinomish – swədəbš
- Squinamish – sqʷədəbš
- Kikiallus – kikiyalus
- (Lower) Skagit – sqaǰətabš
- Snohomish – sduhubš
- Quil Ceda – qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš
- Whidbey Island Snohomish – dəgʷasx̌abš
- Sdodohobsh – sduduhubš
- N'Quentlmamish – dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš
Southern Lushootseed
Southern Lushootseed, otherwise known as Twulshootseed (txʷəlšucid) is spoken by the various peoples, historical and contemporary, located in King, Pierce, Thurston, Mason, and Kitsap counties. Southern Lushootseed communities include:
- Skykomish – sq̓ixʷəbš
- Staktalijamish – st̕aq̓taliǰabš
- Upper Skykomish/Index people – bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
- Duwamish – dxʷdəwʔabš
- Suquamish – dxʷsəq̓ʷəbš
- Saktamish – sx̌aq̓tabš
- Puyallup – spuyaləpabš
- Hylebos Creek band – sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš
- Clarks Creek band – txʷskʷaqʷabš
- Simons Creek band – sqʷədabš
- Homamish – sxʷəbabš
- Shotlemamish – dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əbabš
- Steilacoom – č̓tilqʷəbabš
- Clover Creek band
- Nisqually – dxʷsqʷaliʔabš
- Sequalitchew – sčəgʷaličabš
- Lower Nisqually
- Clear Creek band
- Nisqually Lake band
- Muck Creek band
- Meshal/Mashel – bəšalabš
- Squaxin Island – sqʷax̌sədəbš
- Sahewamish – shiʔwəbš
- T'Peeksin – təpikʷšədabš
- Squiatl – sk̓ʷəyaiɬəbš
- Stechass – st̕č̓asəbš
- Nusechatl – dəxʷč̓ič̓aʔaɬabš
Whulshootseed
Whulshootseed (xʷəlšucid) refers to the large subdialect of Southern Lushootseed spoken by the Snoqualmie and Muckleshoot peoples.
- Snoqualmie – sdukʷalbixʷ
- Tolt band – x̌alalʔtxʷabš
- Upper Snoqualmie/North Bend band – baqʷababš
- Fall City band
- Muckleshoot – bəqəlšuɬ
- Skopamish – sxʷq̓ʷupabš
- Yilalkoamish – ʔilalqʷuʔabš
- Soos/Susabsh – sʔusabš
- Smulkamish – sbalqʷuʔabš
- Stuck River band – stəx̌ʷabš
- Upper Puyallup
- Tkwakwamish – dxʷxʷaq̓ʷabš
- South Prairie Creek band
- Skopamish – sxʷq̓ʷupabš
See also
References
- Hess, Thom, "Introduction", Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.
- Miller, Jay (1997). "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound". Ethnohistory. 44 (2): 375–387. doi:10.2307/483373. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 483373.
- ^ Collins, June M. (1974). Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington.
- Waterman, T.T. (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ – Puget Sound Geographical Names. Seattle: Lushootseed Press.
- ^ Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97323-4.
- Richardson, Allan; Galloway, Brent (2011). Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- ^ "Sauk-Suiattle – Index". sauk-suiattle.com. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- "Puyallup Tribal Language – Home". www.puyalluptriballanguage.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- "The Suquamish Tribe – Home of the Suquamish People". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ Smith, Marian W. (1941). "The Coast Salish of Puget Sound". American Anthropologist. 43 (2): 197–211. doi:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050. JSTOR 662952.
- Hutchinson, Chase (March 1, 2021). "Estuary has new name, honoring tribe; you'll need to watch a video to pronounce it". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ":: Nisqually Indian Tribe Home Page". www.nisqually-nsn.gov. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ "Who We Are – Squaxin Island Tribe". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1987). "The Snoqualmie: A Puget Sound Chiefdom". Ethnology. 26 (2): 124. doi:10.2307/3773450. JSTOR 3773450.
Bibliography
- Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763117. LCCN 95-060060.
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