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Mahan
Han-Paekche, Old Paekche, Japanese Paekche, Aristocratic Paekche, Mahan Paekche
Native to	Mahan confederacy
Region	Korea
Era	1st century BC to 7th century AD
Language family	Koreanic?/Japonic? Han Mahan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None
Map of the Han languages, including Mahan.   Mahan   Gaya   Sillan   Tamna   Usan

Mahan is the presumed ancient language of the Mahan confederacy in southern Korea. It is virtually unattested.

Denomination

This language can be referred to as Mahan, Han-Paekche, Old Paekche, Japanese Paekche or Aristocratic Paekche.

Some believe that the Mahan can be subdivided into two periods:

• Mahan (literal): From the 1st to 4th centuries AD;
• Mahan Paekche: From the 4th to 7th centuries AD

Ki-Moon Lee assumes that this is just Baekje with a substrate of Buyeo language. This is different to Martine Robbeets, who believes that Mahan Paekche is separate from the Baekje and Buyeo language.

Classification

From Chinese texts, Lee and Ramsey separate the languages of the Dong Yi into three groups:

• The Suksin languages (or Suksinic): Suksin, Umnu, Mulgil and Malgal. They perhaps could have been Tungusic
• The Puyŏ languages: Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo and Ye-Maek;
• The Han languages: Chinhan (became Silla), Byeonhan (became Gaya), Mahan (became Baekje).

They consider the Puyŏ languages and Han languages as a part of the same family.

However, this language connection is not accepted by everyone. Furthermore, some consider it a Koreanic languages, while others believe it is a Peninsular Japonic language.

Alexander Vovin notes that the Japonic-origin toponyms of Samguk Sagi are mainly concentrated in the Han River basin's region, formerly part of Baekje and later annexed by Goguryeo. Furthermore, he finds that Mahan is very similar to pseudo-Goguryeo, so he concludes that such a differentiation may be artificial.

Soo-Hee Toh, while taking toponyms into account, hypothesizes that Mahan, Ye-Maek and Gaya were the same language.

Lexical comparison

Vovin, who supports a Japonic origin for Mahan, compares words from this language to words from islander Japonic.

See also

• Gaya confederacy
• Silla

References

1. ^ Lee and Ramsey (2011), p. 44.
2. ^ Robbeets (2020), p. 6
3. ^ Lee and Ramsey (2011), p. 35
4. Robbeets (2007), p. 19
5. Toh (2005), p. 12
6. Vovin (2017), p. 6; 12
7. Vovin (2014), p. 10
8. Soo-Hee Toh (1986). Chungham National University (ed.). "The Paekche Language: Its Formation and Features". Korean Linguistics. 4 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1075/kl.4.04sht. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
9. Lee and Ramsey (2011), p. 34-35
10. Logie (2012)
11. Lee and Ramsey (2011), p. 49-50
12. Robbets (2007), p. 19-20; Robbeets (2020), p.3-5
13. Vovin (2013), p. 224; Vovin (2017), p. 5-6
14. Vovin (2017), p. 32
15. Toh (2005), p. 19
16. Vovin (2017), p. 12

Bibliography

• Vovin, Alexander (2013), Korean Linguistics (ed.), From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Vovin, Alexander (2017), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics (ed.), Origins of the Japanese Language, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Alexander Vovin (2014), EHESS/CRLAO (ed.), Out of Southern China?, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Andrew Logie (13 October 2012), Koreanology (ed.), Notes on the languages of the Three Kingdoms, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language (PDF), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Martine Robbeets (2020), Oxford University Press (ed.), Archaeolinguistic evidence for the farming/language dispersal of Koreanic, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Martine Robbeets (2007), Korea in the Middle (ed.), Koguryo as a Missing Link, retrieved 10 September 2024
• Soo-Hee Toh (2005), Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies (ed.), About Early Paekche Language Mistaken as Being Koguryŏ Language (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009, retrieved 10 September 2024

v t e Korean language
History	Proto-Koreanic Han Puyŏ Ye-Maek Old Korean (?–10th century) Baekje Buyeo Gaya Goguryeo Mahan Silla Middle Korean (10–16th century) Goryeo Joseon Early modern Korean (17–18th century) Joseon Modern Korean (19th century–present) Joseon North Korea South Korea
Standard	South Korea Pyojuneo North Korea Munhwaŏ
Dialects	South Korea Chungcheong dialect Gangwon dialect Yeongdong dialect Yeongseo dialect Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect Gyeongsang dialect Jeolla dialect North Korea Hamgyŏng dialect Hwanghae dialect Pyongan dialect Yukjin dialect China Chinese Korean Central Asia Koryo-mar Japan Zainichi Korean
Koreanic languages	Jeju language
Writing system	Korean Braille Hangul Consonant and vowel tables Punctuation Hanja Gugyeol Hyangchal Idu Mixed script Transcription into Korean Cyrillization and Romanization ISO/TR 11941 Cyrillization of Korean McCune-Reischauer Revised Yale
Grammar	Phonology Count word Honorifics Numerals Postpositions Pronouns Speech levels Verbs
Literature	Gasa Hyangga Sijo Yongbieocheonga Samguk sagi Placename glosses
Other topics	Koreanic languages International Circle of Korean Linguistics Konglish List of Konglish terms List of English words of Korean origin National Institute of the Korean Language North–South differences in the Korean language Sino-Korean vocabulary

• Han languages
• History of the Korean language
• Languages of Korea
• Koreanic languages
• Languages extinct in the 7th century
• Languages of South Korea
• Extinct languages of Asia