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Mycobacterium marinum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinomycetota
Class:	Actinomycetia
Order:	Mycobacteriales
Family:	Mycobacteriaceae
Genus:	Mycobacterium
Species:	M. marinum
Binomial name
Mycobacterium marinum Aronson 1926 (Approved Lists 1980)

Mycobacterium marinum is a slow growing fresh and saltwater mycobacterium (SGM) belonging to the genus Mycobacterium and the phylum Actinobacteria. It was formerly known as Mycobacterium balnei. The strain marinum was first identified by Joseph D. Aronson in 1926 and it is observed as a pathogenic mycobacterium causing tuberculosis-like infections in fish (mycobacteriosis) and skin lesions in humans. The bacteria grows optimal at a temperature around 30 °C.

Human infection

See aquarium granuloma

Mycobacterium marinum is an acid-fast, aerobic bacterium which can infect humans. Infection is usually associated either with swimming, preparing sea food, or with keeping or working with aquarium fish. Infections of humans are rare due to the chlorination of water. The bacteria penetrate the skin through trauma, usually from bites, injuries from fins, and penetration from foreign objects. The infection is not transmittable from person to person.

The bacteria invade macrophages, preventing the fusion of phagosome-lysosome and replicating inside.

A rare case of human infection was detected when a three year old American child was bitten by an iguana in Costa Rica in March 2022. It is the first bite related infection as most infections develop when an open wound comes into contact with contaminated water. The case was part of the programme of a scientific congress in Copenhagen in April 2023.

Phylogeny

Initial phylogenetic studies using the gene 16S rDNA sequence data shows M. marinum is close to M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans. 

Whole genome sequence of M. marinum (M strain) was first published in 2008 and later with the emergence of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), marinum type strain or patient isolates genome sequences were published. 

References

1. ^ Whitman W, Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Busse HJ, Trujillo M, Ludwig W, Suzuki K, Parte A, eds. (2012). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 5: The Actinobacteria (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-95043-3.
2. ^ Bhatty MA, Turner DP, Chamberlain ST (March 2000). "Mycobacterium marinum hand infection: case reports and review of literature". British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 53 (2): 161–5. doi:10.1054/bjps.1999.3245. PMID 10878841.
3. ^ Aronson JD (1926). "Spontaneous Tuberculosis in Salt Water Fish". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 39 (4): 315–320. doi:10.1093/infdis/39.4.315. ISSN 0022-1899. JSTOR 30083276.
4. ^ Hashish, Emad; Merwad, Abdallah; Elgaml, Shimaa; Amer, Ali; Kamal, Huda; Elsadek, Ahmed; Marei, Ayman; Sitohy, Mahmoud (2018-01-01). "Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management; a review". Veterinary Quarterly. 38 (1). Informa UK Limited: 35–46. doi:10.1080/01652176.2018.1447171. ISSN 0165-2176. PMC 6831007. PMID 29493404.
5. "Une enfant se fait mordre par un iguane et développe une infection rare". 11 April 2023.
6. Stinear TP, Seemann T, Harrison PF, Jenkin GA, Davies JK, Johnson PD, et al. (May 2008). "Insights from the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium marinum on the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Genome Research. 18 (5): 729–41. doi:10.1101/gr.075069.107. PMC 2336800. PMID 18403782.
7. Yoshida M, Fukano H, Miyamoto Y, Shibayama K, Suzuki M, Hoshino Y (May 2018). "T, Obtained Using Nanopore and Illumina Sequencing Technologies". Genome Announcements. 6 (20). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00397-18. PMC 5958268. PMID 29773624.
8. Das S, Pettersson BM, Behra PR, Mallick A, Cheramie M, Ramesh M, et al. (August 2018). "Extensive genomic diversity among Mycobacterium marinum strains revealed by whole genome sequencing". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 12040. Bibcode:2018NatSR...812040D. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30152-y. PMC 6089878. PMID 30104693.

• Nontuberculous mycobacteria
• Fish diseases