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Neo-Calvinism, a form of Dutch Calvinism, is a theological movement initiated by the theologian and former Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper in the first years of the twentieth century. James Bratt has identified a number of different types of Dutch Calvinism: The Seceders, split into the Reformed Church "West" and the Confessionalists; the neo-Calvinists; and the Positives and the Antithetical Calvinists. The Seceders were largely infralapsarian and the neo-Calvinists usually supralapsarian.
Kuyper wanted to awaken the church from what he viewed as its pietistic slumber. He declared:
No single piece of our mental world is to be sealed off from the rest and there is not a square inch in the whole domain of human existence over which Christ, who is sovereign over all, does not cry: 'Mine!'
This refrain has become something of a rallying call for neo-Calvinists.
Key Theological Points
Source:
- Jesus is Lord over all of creation. Jesus’ Lordship extends through every area and aspect of life – it is not restricted to the sphere of church or of personal piety.
- The idea that all of life is to be redeemed. The work of Jesus on the cross extends over all of life – no area is exempt from its impact. All knowledge is affected by the true knowledge of God through redemption in Christ.
- Cultural Mandate. Genesis 1:26–28 has been described as a cultural mandate. It is the mandate to cultivate and develop the creation. There is a historical development and cultural unfolding. Some neo-Calvinists hold that the Cultural Mandate is as important as the Great Commission.
- Creation, fall and redemption. God's good creation has been disrupted by the fall. Redemption is a restoration of creation.
- Sphere sovereignty (Soevereiniteit in eigen kring). Each sphere (or sector) of life has its own distinct responsibilities and authority as designed by God – for instance, communities dedicated to worship, civil justice, agriculture, family, etc. – and no one area of life is sovereign over another. Hence, neither faith-institutions nor an institution of civil justice (that is, the state) should seek totalitarian control or any regulation of human activity outside their limited competence.
- A rejection of dualism. Dualisms are (purportedly false) bifurcations, dichotomies, contrasts, or oppositions, such as the dualism between nature and grace that dominated much of Scholasticism. In the neo-Calvinist view, nature is the God-created and sustained cosmic order, not a "non-supernatural" category, and grace is God's means of renewing the cosmic order, it is not something "non-creational" added onto nature (albeit eschatological in consummated glorification of bodily resurrection to eternal life and cosmic transformation of the new heavens and earth).
- Structure and direction. Structure denotes created laws and norms for (other) created things. Direction denotes relative deviation or conformity to norms; primarily regarding the central orientation of the human heart toward or away from God in Christ.
- Common grace. God providentially sustains the created order, restraining of possible evils and giving non-salvific good gifts to all humanity despite their fall into sin, God's curse, and his eventual condemnation of the unredeemed.
- Presuppositional apologetics. The only framework in which any fact about the world is intelligible is the Christian worldview in general, and the theologically Reformed worldview in particular. The principles of logic and the use of reason assume the existence of God. Presuppositionalism is a reductio ad absurdum approach to Christian apologetics, in that it argues that all non-Christian worldviews are internally inconsistent.
- The antithesis. There is a struggle in history and within every person – between submission to and rebellion against God; between the kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness; between the age to come (already inaugurated in Christ) and this present evil age (of sin).
- World views. Neo-Calvinists reject the notion that theoretical thought can be religiously neutral. All thinking and practice is shaped by world views and religious ground motives. For the neo-Calvinist, life in all its aspects can be shaped by a distinctively Christian world view.
- The role of law. For neo-Calvinists, "Law" is more than the Mosaic Decalogue, or even the entire abiding moral will of God. Law is, rather, the order for creation (or creation ordinances) established by God and includes a variety of types of cultural norms including physiological, psychological, logical, historical, linguistic, social, economic, aesthetic, juridical, and faith norms.
Key individuals associated with neo-Calvinism
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- Abraham Kuyper
- Albert Wolters
- Auguste Lecerf
- Chuck Colson
- Cornelius Van Til
- Cornelius Plantinga
- Craig Bartholomew
- D. H. Th. Vollenhoven
- E. L. Hebden Taylor
- George Marsden
- Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer
- Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer
- Hans Rookmaaker
- H. Evan Runner
- James K.A. Smith
- Herman Bavinck
- Herman Dooyeweerd
- Klaas Schilder
- Mark Noll
- Nancy Pearcy
- Nathan O. Hatch
- Nicholas Wolterstorff
- Richard Mouw
- Stephanus Jacobus du Toit
Neo-Calvinist institutions and organizations
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- Arrowhead Christian Academy in Redlands, California
- Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States
- The Center for Public Justice
- Dordt University, Sioux Center, Iowa, USA
- Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Theological University of the Reformed Churches in Kampen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Kuyper College
- Geneva College, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States
- Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, Georgia, United States
- Redeemer University, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada
- Trinity Christian College, Palos Heights, Illinois, United States
Key texts
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- Bavinck, Herman, Reformed Dogmatics.
- Kuyper, Abraham, Calvinism: Stone Lectures.
- Wolters, Albert M., Creation Regained: Biblical Basics for a Reformational Worldview.
- Sutanto, N. Gray and Brock, Cory C., Neo-Calvinism: A Theological Introduction.
- Plantinga, Cornelius, Engaging God's World: A Christian Vision of Faith, Learning, and Living.
- Goheen, Michael W., and Bartholomew, Craig, Living at the Crossroads: An Introduction to Christian Worldview.
References
Footnotes
- Bratt 2002.
- McGoldrick 2000.
- Inaugural Lecture. Free University of Amsterdam. 1880.
- Bishop, Steve (27 October 2005). "Neocalvinst Distinctives". An Accidental Blog.
- Frey et al. 1983.
- Spykman 1992, p. 109.
- Colson & Pearcey 1999, p. 295.
- Melleby, Derek. "Neo-Calvinism 101". Vanguard Church. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009.
- Kuyper 1998.
- Wolters 2005, chap. 5.
- Mouw 2002.
- Spykman 1992, p. 65.
- Marshall, Griffioen & Mouw 1989.
Bibliography
- Bratt, James D. (2002) . Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781592441228.
- Colson, Chuck; Pearcey, Nancy (1999). How Now Shall We Live?. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House.
- Frey, Bradshaw; et al. (1983). All of Life Redeemed: Biblical Insights for Daily Obedience. Jordan Station, Ontario: Paideia Press.
- Kuyper, Abraham (1998). "Sphere Sovereignty". Abraham Kuyper: A Centennial Reader. By Kuyper, Abraham. Bratt, James D. (ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 461–490. ISBN 978-0-8028-4321-0.
- Marshall, Paul A.; Griffioen, Sander; Mouw, Richard J., eds. (1989). Stained Glass: Worldviews and Social Science. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. hdl:10756/607241. ISBN 978-0-8191-7253-2.
- McGoldrick, James E. (2000). Abraham Kuyper: God's Renaissance Man. Welwyn, England: Evangelical Press.
- Mouw, Richard (2002). He Shines in All That's Fair. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
- Spykman, Gordon J. (1992). Reformational Theology: A New Paradigm for Doing Dogmatics. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
- Wolters, Albert M. (2005). Creation Regained: Biblical Basics for a Reformational Worldview (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-2969-6.
Further reading
- Bratt, James D. (1985). "The Dutch Schools". In Wells, David F. (ed.). Reformed Theology in America: A History of Its Modern Development. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802800961.
- Dennison, William D. (1999). "Neo-Calvinism and the Roots for Transformation: An Introductory Essay" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 42 (2): 271–291. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- Mouw, Richard J. (1989). "Dutch Calvinist Philosophical Influences in North America". Calvin Theological Journal. 24 (1): 93–120. ISSN 0008-1795.
External links
- Melleby, Derek, Neocalvinism 101, CCO jubilee, archived from the original on 7 February 2005.
- Wolters, Al (December 2005), What is to be done ...towards a neocalvinist agenda?, WRF.
- Kuyper Foundation.
- Kuyperian.
- All of life redeemed, UK.
- The Center for Public Justice.
- Dutch Treat, Calvin fox, archived from the original (Web log) on 2 April 2015, retrieved 5 November 2008 – a Neocalvinist commentary.
- Friend of Kuyper (blog), Google – Neo-Calvinist resources.
- You Should Know Neo-Calvinism, 11 February 2021.
- You Should Know Abraham Kuyper, 27 February 2020. by Mike Wagenman