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In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. Ontology languages are usually declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of frame languages, and are commonly based on either first-order logic or on description logic.

Classification of ontology languages

Classification by syntax

Traditional syntax ontology languages

• Common Logic - and its dialects
• CycL
• DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications)
• F-Logic (Frame Logic)
• FO-dot (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
• KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format)
  • Ontolingua based on KIF
• KL-ONE
• KM programming language
• LOOM (ontology)
• OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language)
• OKBC (Open Knowledge Base Connectivity)
• PLIB (Parts LIBrary)
• RACER

Markup ontology languages

These languages use a markup scheme to encode knowledge, most commonly with XML.

• DAML+OIL
• Ontology Inference Layer (OIL)
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• RDF Schema (RDFS)
• SHOE

Controlled natural languages

• Attempto Controlled English

Open vocabulary natural languages

• Executable English

Classification by structure (logic type)

Frame-based

Three languages are completely or partially frame-based languages.

• F-Logic
• OKBC
• KM

Description logic-based

Description logic provides an extension of frame languages, without going so far as to take the leap to first-order logic and support for arbitrary predicates.

• KL-ONE
• RACER
• OWL.

Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of:

• relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
• relation types for relations between individuals
• relation types for relations between individuals and classes

It also contains constructs to express queries and communicative intent.

First-order logic-based

Several ontology languages support expressions in first-order logic and allow general predicates.

• Common Logic
• CycL
• FO-dot (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
• KIF

See also

• Domain theory
• Formal concept analysis
• Galois connection
• Lattice (order)
• Modeling language
• OntoUML

Notes

1. Kuhn, Tobias. "Attempto Controlled English as ontology language." REWERSE Annual Meeting. 2006.
2. www.executable-english.com

References

• Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, A Roadmap to Ontology Specification Languages (2000)
• Introduction to Description Logics – DL course by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy

• Ontology languages
• Modeling languages