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Panamuwa II inscription

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Ancient Samalian royal inscription
The inscription, in stretched form
The Panamuwa II inscription
Panamuwa II inscription

The Panamuwa II inscription is a 9th-century BC stele of King Panamuwa II, from the Kingdom of Bit-Gabbari in Sam'al. It currently occupies a prominent position in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.

The 23 line inscription was discovered in 1888 during the 1888-1902 German Oriental Society expeditions led by Felix von Luschan and Robert Koldewey.

Similar to the Hadad Statue, the inscription is on the base of a pillar-shaped statue. It was written by Panamuwa II's son Bar Rakib in the Samalian language, considered to be on a dialect continuum between Phoenician and Aramaic. The inscription mentions Tiglath-Pileser III.

Text

The text of the inscription below is presented in George Albert Cooke's 1903 "Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish".

1. ๐ค๐ค‘๐ค ยท ๐ค†๐ค ยท ๐ค”๐คŒ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐ค“๐คŠ๐ค ยท ๐ค‹๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค‹๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐ค‘๐ค“ ๐คŒ๐ค‹ฬ‡๐คŠฬ‡ .....๐ค ยท ๐ค”๐ค๐ค•.๐ค’ฬ‡๐ค‹..๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐คฬ‡๐ค๐คŒฬ‡๐ค…ฬ‡ ๐ค..๐ค’‎

2. ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค๐ค‹๐คˆ๐ค…๐ค„ ยท ๐ค€๐ค‹๐ค„ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค€๐คƒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค”๐ค‡๐ค•๐ค„ ยท ๐ค€๐ค‹๐ค„ ยท ๐ค„ฬ‡๐ค…๐ค• ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค…๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค’๐คŒ ยท ๐ค€ฬ‡๐ค‹ฬ‡๐ค„ ยท ๐ค„๐คƒฬ‡...๐ค’...๐คŒ๐ค”๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐คฬ‡๐ค‹ ๐ค…..๐ค…..๐ค€.๐ค…๐ค”๐ค.๐ค….๐ค”๐ค‡๐ค•...‎
3. ๐ค๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค“๐ค‚ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐ค‘๐ค“ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค“๐ค‚ ยท ๐ค”๐ค๐ค๐ค‰ ::: ยท ๐ค€๐ค‰๐ค‡๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท .... ยท .๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค“๐คŠ๐ค ยท .๐ค„ฬ‡ ยท ......๐ค๐คŠ ยท ๐ค๐ค‹๐คŒฬ‡.....๐คŠ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ....๐ค‡๐ค‹.๐ค‹..๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ....‎
4. ๐ค…๐ค‰๐ค•๐ค“๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐ค€ ยท ๐คŒ๐คŽ๐ค‚๐ค“๐ค• ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐คŠ๐ค๐ค“ ยท ๐ค’๐ค‰๐ค“๐ค• ยท ๐ค‡๐ค“๐ค๐ค• ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค’๐ค‰๐ค“๐ค• ยท ๐ค‰๐ค”๐ค๐ค• ยท ๐ค…..๐ค...........๐ค’ฬ‡...................ยท ๐ค”.... ยท ๐ค•๐ค”๐คŒ.‎
5. ๐ค‡๐ค“๐ค ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‰๐ค•๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค•๐ค„๐ค“๐ค‚๐ค… ยท ๐ค‡๐คƒ ยท๐ค๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐ค‚๐คŒ ยท ๐ค„๐ค…๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค‡๐ค“๐ค ยท ๐ค๐ค€๐ค“๐ค’ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค€๐คƒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‡ฬ‡๐ค‹..๐ค€๐ค‹ ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ๐ค๐ค“ ๐ค’๐ค“๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค€... ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰...๐คŒ ยท ๐ค.๐ค“ฬ‡ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐คƒ....‎
6. ๐ค”๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‡๐คˆ๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐ค๐ค“๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค’๐คŒ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐คŽ ยท ๐ค๐ค”๐ค’๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐คˆ๐ค“๐ค.ยท ...๐ค๐ค”๐ค’๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐คŽ๐ค๐ค ยท ๐คŒ๐ค”๐ค• ยท ๐ค๐ค”๐ค’๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‰๐ค๐ค‹ ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค“ฬ‡... ยท ..‎
7. ๐ค๐คƒ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐ค…๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ๐ค„ ยท ๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค“๐ค‚ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐คฬ‡ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค ยท ๐ค”๐ค‡๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„....๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค€๐ค‘๐ค“...ยท ๐ค€๐ค“๐ค’ฬ‡ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค€๐คƒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค....‎
8. ๐ค…๐ค๐ค”๐ค” ยท ๐คŒ๐คŽ๐ค‚๐ค“๐ค• ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค“๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค”๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค€๐คƒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค’ ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค“๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค”๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐คŽ........ยท ..๐ค๐ค€. ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค’๐ค•๐ค‰๐ค‹๐ค• ยท ๐ค…๐ค’๐ค๐ค…๐ค€๐ค‹..๐ค..‎ 9. ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค‰๐คˆ๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค’๐คƒ๐คŒ๐ค•๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐คŠ๐ค๐ค“๐ค• ยท ๐ค‡๐คˆ๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐ค๐ค“๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“๐ค„ ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค…๐คŒ๐ค‰๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐ค† ๐ค€๐คŠ๐ค‹๐ค• ๐ค…๐ค”ฬ‡๐ค•ฬ‡....‎
10. ๐ค†๐ค‹๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค…๐คŠ๐ค“๐ค… ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค‰๐ค…๐คŒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค”๐คŒ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค• ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‹๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŠ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค“๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค๐ค‹๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค“๐คŠ๐ค ยท ๐ค….๐ค‡.๐ค ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐คŒ๐ค‘๐ค๐ค•ฬ‡ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹ฬ‡๐คŠ๐ค‰ ๐คŠฬ‡๐คฬ‡๐ค“ฬ‡...‎
11. ๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค‹๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐คŠ๐คŽ๐ค ยท ๐ค„๐ค€ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‹๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค†๐ค„๐ค ยท ๐ค๐ค‡๐คŠ๐คŒ๐ค•๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค‘๐คƒ๐ค’๐ค„ ยท ๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค€๐ค‡๐ค† ยท ๐ค๐คŠ๐ค๐ค ยท ๐คŒ๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐ค“....‎
12. ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐ค‡๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐ค‡๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค€๐คƒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‡๐ค๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŠ๐ค๐ค“ ๐ค๐ค“๐ค”.....‎
13. ๐ค๐ค‚๐ค‹๐ค‚๐ค‹ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐ค•๐ค‚๐ค‹๐ค•๐ค๐ค‹๐คŽ๐ค“ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‡๐ค๐ค• ยท ๐ค•ฬ‡. ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐คŒ๐ค…๐ค’๐ค€ ยท ๐ค”๐คŒ๐ค” ยท ๐ค…๐คฬ‡๐คƒ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค๐ค“๐ค ยท ๐ค… ยท ...‎
14. ๐ค“๐ค๐ค๐ค•๐ค€๐ค“๐ค’ ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค…๐ค’๐ค€ ยท ๐ค”๐คŒ๐ค” ยท ๐ค‰๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค๐ค“๐ค ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค๐ค“๐ค ยท ๐ค‰๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค…๐คŒ๐ค” ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐ค[๐ค‰....‎
15. ๐ค‚๐ค๐ค‹๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐ค•๐ค‚๐ค‹๐ค•๐ค๐ค‹๐คŽ๐ค“ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐ค’๐ค‰๐ค“๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค‚๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค‚๐ค“๐ค‚๐คŒ ยท ...๐ค…ฬ‡๐ค‰ฬ‡.๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค“ฬ‡ ยท ๐คฬ‡..‎
16. ๐ค”๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค‚ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‚๐คŒ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค• ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค‹๐ค‚๐ค“๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐ค•๐ค‚๐ค‹๐ค•๐ค๐ค‹๐คŽ๐ค“ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐คŒ๐ค‡๐ค๐ค• ยท ๐ค‚๐คŒ....‎
17. ๐ค…๐ค๐คŠ๐ค‰๐ค„ ยท ๐ค€๐ค‰๐ค‡๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ๐ค… ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐คŠ๐ค‰๐ค•๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‡๐ค๐ค• ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“ ยท ๐คŠ๐ค‹๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค‹๐ค’๐ค‡ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ๐ค€๐ค”๐ค…๐ค“...‎
18. ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค”๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค’๐คŒ ยท ๐ค‹๐ค„ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค”๐ค•ฬ‡๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค€๐ค“๐ค‡ ยท ๐ค…๐ค„๐ค๐ค๐ค“ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐คƒ๐คŒ๐ค”๐ค’ ยท ๐ค‹๐ค€๐ค”๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค…๐คŒ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค”๐ค“....‎
19. ๐ค‰๐ค„ ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค•๐ค„ ยท ๐คŠ๐ค‹๐ค„ ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐ค๐คŠ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐คŠ๐ค ยท ๐ค๐ค“ฬ‡ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค’ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค‘๐คƒ๐ค’๐ค‰ ๐ค„๐ค…๐ค”๐ค๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐คŒ๐ค“๐ค€[๐ค‰...‎
20. ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐ค‘๐ค“ ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐คŒ๐ค• ยท ๐ค๐ค‘๐ค ยท ๐ค†๐ค ยท .๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค‹๐ค๐ค๐คŒ๐ค… ยท ๐ค๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐ค“๐ค‘๐ค“ ยท ๐ค…๐คŒ..๐ค•ฬ‡ ยท ๐ค๐คˆฬ‡...‎
21. ๐ค…๐ค€๐คŒ๐ค“ ยท ๐ค๐คŒ๐ค”๐ค…๐ค• ยท ๐ค…๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค€๐คŒ๐ค ยท ๐ค‰๐คŽ๐คŒฬ‡.. ยท ๐คŒ๐ค‹๐คŠ ยท ..... ยท ๐ค…๐ค‰๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค….๐ค€ ยท ๐ค’๐คƒฬ‡๐คŒฬ‡ ๐ค’๐ค๐ค“ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค...‎
22. ๐ค…๐ค†๐คŠ๐ค“ ยท ๐ค†๐ค๐ค„ ยท ๐ค„๐ค€ ยท ๐ค๐ค€ ยท ๐ค„๐คƒ๐คƒ ยท ๐ค…๐ค€๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค…๐ค“๐คŠ๐ค๐ค€๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค๐ค๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค๐ค‰๐ค• ยท ๐ค…๐ค”๐คŒ๐ค” ยท ๐ค…๐คŠ๐ค‹ ยท ๐ค€๐ค‹๐ค„๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค‰๐ค€๐คƒ๐ค‰...‎

23. ๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค’๐คƒ๐คŒ ยท ๐ค€๐ค‹๐ค„๐ค‰ ยท ๐ค…๐ค’๐คƒ๐คŒ ยท ๐ค€๐ค๐ค” ยท ‎

References

  1. Craig, J.A., "The Panammu Inscription of the Zinjirli Collection" The Academy 43 (1893): 351โ€“52, 441
  2. Cooke, George Albert. A Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. Clarendon Press, 1903, pp. 171-173.

Bibliography

  • Halรฉvy, J., "Procรจs-verbal de la sรฉance gรฉnรฉrale du 26 juin 1891." JA ser. 8, vol. 18 (1891): 5โ€“9.
  • Sachau, E., "Zur historischen Geographie von Nordsyrien." SPAW 21 (1892): 313โ€“38
  • Belger, C., "Sendschirli II." Berliner philologische Wochenschrift 13 (1893): 355โ€“56, 385-88
  • Derenbourg, H., "Pรฎnamou, fils de Karรฎl." REJ 26 (1893): 135โ€“38
  • Halรฉvy, J., "Deux inscriptions sรฉmitiques de Zindjรฎrlรฎ." RevSรฉm 1 (1893): 77โ€“90
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