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Phenotypic switching

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Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies. David R. Soll described two such systems: the first high frequency switching system between several morphological stages and a second high frequency switching system between opaque and white cells. The latter is an epigenetic switching system

Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is often used to refer to the epigenetic white-to-opaque switching system. C. albicans needs this switch for sexual mating. Next to the two above mentioned switching systems many other switching systems are known in C. albicans.

A second example occurs in melanoma, where malignantly transformed pigment cells switch back-and-forth between phenotypes of proliferation and invasion in response to changing microenvironments, driving metastatic progression.

See also

References

  1. Zordan, R. E.; Galgoczy, D. J.; Johnson, A. D. (2006). "Epigenetic properties of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans are based on a self-sustaining transcriptional feedback loop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (34): 12807–12812. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605138103. PMC 1535343. PMID 16899543.
  2. Slutsky, B; Buffo, J; Soll, D. R. (1985). "High-frequency switching of colony morphology in Candida albicans". Science. 230 (4726): 666–9. Bibcode:1985Sci...230..666S. doi:10.1126/science.3901258. PMID 3901258.
  3. Rikkerrink E, Magee B, Magee P (1988). "Opaque-white phenotype transition: a programmed morphological transition in Candida albicans". J. Bacteriol. 170 (2): 895–899. doi:10.1128/jb.170.2.895-899.1988. PMC 210739. PMID 2828333.
  4. Soll DR (2014). "The role of phenotypic switching in the basic biology and pathogenesis of Candida albicans". J Oral Microbiol. 6 (2): 895–9. doi:10.3402/jom.v6.22993. PMC 3895265. PMID 24455104.
  5. Hoek KS, Eichhoff OM, Schlegel NC, Dobbeling U, Kobert N, Schaerer L, Hemmi S, Dummer R (2008). "In vivo switching of human melanoma cells between proliferative and invasive states" (PDF). Cancer Res. 68 (3): 650–6. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2491. PMID 18245463.
  6. Hoek KS, Goding CR (2010). "Cancer stem cells versus phenotype-switching in melanoma". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 23 (6): 746–59. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00757.x. PMID 20726948.
  7. Saez-Ayala M, Montenegro MF, Sanchez-del-Campo L, Fernandez-Perez MP, Chazarra S, Freter R, Middleton M, Pinero-Madrona A, Cabezas-Herrera J, Goding CR, Rodriguez-Lopez JN (2013). "Directed phenotype switching as an effective antimelanoma strategy". Cancer Cell. 24 (1): 105–19. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.009. PMID 23792190.

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