A pinkes (Hebrew: פִּנְקֵס, also pinkas, פִּנְקָס; plural: pinkasim, פִּנְקָסִים) is the ledger of a Jewish community, in which the proceedings of and events relating to the community are recorded. Such record book were used to co-ordinate and document organizations in Jewish towns and villages throughout the early modern period in Europe.
Origin
The term pinkes is derived from the Greek word πίναξ, meaning a board or writing-tablet. It originally referred to a physical writing-tablet, as described in the Mishnah, which came in three types:
- A tablet covered with dust, primarily used for arithmetical calculations, and large enough to serve as a seat;
- A tablet covered with a layer of wax, where writing was done using a stylus; and
- A smooth tablet written upon with ink.
Over time, the term evolved to refer to a book composed of such tablets, and eventually any written record. The use of "pinkes" to denote a register is found in the Mishnah: "The pinkes is open, and the hand writes."
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Seligsohn, M. (1905). "Pinḳes". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 46–47.
- Bell, Dean Phillip (2016). Jewish Identity in Early Modern Germany: Memory, Power and Community. Routledge. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-1-317-11104-7.
- Talmud, b. Kelim 24:7
- Talmud, b. Shabbat 12:4–5
- Talmud, b. Avot 3:16
External links
- The Eastern European Pinkas Kahal: Image and Reality
- Pinkas of the Jewish Community of Pinczow
- Pages from the pinkas of the Vilna Gaon kloyz
- Pinkas of the Talmud Torah Religious School from Kopychintsy
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