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In mathematics, Ratner's theorems are a group of major theorems in ergodic theory concerning unipotent flows on homogeneous spaces proved by Marina Ratner around 1990. The theorems grew out of Ratner's earlier work on horocycle flows. The study of the dynamics of unipotent flows played a decisive role in the proof of the Oppenheim conjecture by Grigory Margulis. Ratner's theorems have guided key advances in the understanding of the dynamics of unipotent flows. Their later generalizations provide ways to both sharpen the results and extend the theory to the setting of arbitrary semisimple algebraic groups over a local field.

Short description

The Ratner orbit closure theorem asserts that the closures of orbits of unipotent flows on the quotient of a Lie group by a lattice are nice, geometric subsets. The Ratner equidistribution theorem further asserts that each such orbit is equidistributed in its closure. The Ratner measure classification theorem is the weaker statement that every ergodic invariant probability measure is homogeneous, or algebraic: this turns out to be an important step towards proving the more general equidistribution property. There is no universal agreement on the names of these theorems: they are variously known as the "measure rigidity theorem", the "theorem on invariant measures" and its "topological version", and so on.

The formal statement of such a result is as follows. Let ${\displaystyle G}$ be a Lie group, ${\displaystyle {\mathit {\Gamma }}}$ a lattice in ${\displaystyle G}$, and ${\displaystyle u^{t}}$ a one-parameter subgroup of ${\displaystyle G}$ consisting of unipotent elements, with the associated flow ${\displaystyle \phi _{t}}$ on ${\displaystyle {\mathit {\Gamma }}\setminus G}$. Then the closure of every orbit ${\displaystyle \left\{xu^{t}\right\}}$ of ${\displaystyle \phi _{t}}$ is homogeneous. This means that there exists a connected, closed subgroup ${\displaystyle S}$ of ${\displaystyle G}$ such that the image of the orbit ${\displaystyle \,xS\,}$ for the action of ${\displaystyle S}$ by right translations on ${\displaystyle G}$ under the canonical projection to ${\displaystyle {\mathit {\Gamma }}\setminus G}$ is closed, has a finite ${\displaystyle S}$-invariant measure, and contains the closure of the ${\displaystyle \phi _{t}}$-orbit of ${\displaystyle x}$ as a dense subset.

Example: ${\displaystyle SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )}$

The simplest case to which the statement above applies is ${\displaystyle G=SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )}$. In this case it takes the following more explicit form; let ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ be a lattice in ${\displaystyle SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )}$ and ${\displaystyle F\subset \Gamma \backslash G}$ a closed subset which is invariant under all maps ${\displaystyle \Gamma g\mapsto \Gamma (gu_{t})}$ where ${\displaystyle u_{t}={\begin{pmatrix}1&t\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}}$. Then either there exists an ${\displaystyle x\in \Gamma \backslash G}$ such that ${\displaystyle F=xU}$ (where ${\displaystyle U=\{u_{t},t\in \mathbb {R} \}}$) or ${\displaystyle F=\Gamma \backslash G}$.

In geometric terms ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ is a cofinite Fuchsian group, so the quotient ${\displaystyle M=\Gamma \backslash \mathbb {H} ^{2}}$ of the hyperbolic plane by ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ is a hyperbolic orbifold of finite volume. The theorem above implies that every horocycle of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} ^{2}}$ has an image in ${\displaystyle M}$ which is either a closed curve (a horocycle around a cusp of ${\displaystyle M}$) or dense in ${\displaystyle M}$.

See also

• Danzer set
• Equidistribution theorem

References

Expositions

• Morris, Dave Witte (2005). Ratner's Theorems on Unipotent Flows. Chicago Lectures in Mathematics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. arXiv:math/0310402. ISBN 978-0-226-53984-3. MR 2158954.
• Einsiedler, Manfred (2009). "What is... measure rigidity?" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 56 (5): 600–601.

Selected original articles

• Ratner, Marina (1990). "Strict measure rigidity for unipotent subgroups of solvable groups". Invent. Math. 101 (2): 449–482. doi:10.1007/BF01231511. MR 1062971.
• Ratner, Marina (1990). "On measure rigidity of unipotent subgroups of semisimple groups". Acta Math. 165 (1): 229–309. doi:10.1007/BF02391906. MR 1075042.
• Ratner, Marina (1991). "On Raghunathan's measure conjecture". Ann. of Math. 134 (3): 545–607. doi:10.2307/2944357. JSTOR 2944357. MR 1135878.
• Ratner, Marina (1991). "Raghunathan's topological conjecture and distributions of unipotent flows". Duke Math. J. 63 (1): 235–280. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-91-06311-8. MR 1106945.
• Ratner, Marina (1993). "Raghunathan's conjectures for p-adic Lie groups". International Mathematics Research Notices. 1993 (5): 141–146. doi:10.1155/S1073792893000145. MR 1219864.
• Ratner, Marina (1995). "Raghunathan's conjectures for cartesian products of real and p-adic Lie groups". Duke Math. J. 77 (2): 275–382. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-95-07710-2. MR 1321062.
• Margulis, Grigory A.; Tomanov, Georges M. (1994). "Invariant measures for actions of unipotent groups over local fields on homogeneous spaces". Invent. Math. 116 (1): 347–392. doi:10.1007/BF01231565. MR 1253197.

• Ergodic theory
• Lie groups
• Theorems in dynamical systems