 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (April 2019) Click for important translation instructions.
|
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sopade" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Sopade (Social Democratic Party of Germany in exile (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands im Exil), also written SoPaDe or SOPADE, German pronunciation: [ˌzopaˈdeː]) was the name of the board of directors (Vorstand) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in exile during National Socialism in Germany. It operated in Prague from 1933 to 1938, from 1938 to 1940 in Paris, and, until 1945, in London. The entire group of employees and followers were also sometimes called this.
History
After the occupation of the trade union houses by the Nazis on 2 May 1933, the party executive committee decided that some particularly endangered members of the board would immediately have to flee from the grasp of the Nazis. Otto Wels, Paul Hertz, Friedrich Stampfer, Erich Ollenhauer, and others were assigned to build up a foreign party structure in Prague.
The Sopade broke with the remaining party executive committee in Berlin in mid-May 1933, two weeks after Paul Löbe agreed to Hitler's peace resolution, which was interpreted as the SPD sanctioning fascist foreign policy. After the final Nazi prohibition of the SPD on 22 June 1933, there was no longer a divide between the home and foreign SPD.
Under pressure from the intra-party opposition groups Neu Beginnen and Revolutionäre Sozialisten Deutschlands, in 1934 the Sopade published the Prague Manifesto, penned by Rudolf Hilferding. This document called for the revolutionary overthrow of the Hitler regime.
With the cooperation of Hilferding, the Sopade published Germany Reports through a secret correspondence system. These dealt with the situation in Nazi Germany. The reports were published under two titles: "Germany Report of the Sopade" from April/May 1934 to December 1936, "Germany Reports of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany (Sopade)" from January 1937 until April 1940. The Reports were published by order of the executive committee in exile of the SPD, edited by Erich Rinner, until March 1938 in Prague, from May 1938 in Paris.
In 1945, the Allied occupants in the Western zones initially allowed four parties to be established, including the re-establishment of the SPD.
Secretaries
- Franz Bögler [de] (1902–1976)
- Hans Dill [de] (1887–1973)
- Gustav Ferl [de] (1890–1970)
- Richard Hansen [de] (1887–1976)
- Willy Lange [de] (1899–after 1949)
- Georg Reinbold [de] (1885–1946)
- Erwin Schoettle [de] (1899–1976)
- Ernst Schumacher (1896–1958)
- Emil Stahl [de] (1879–1956)
- Otto Thiele (1896–??)
- Waldemar von Knoeringen [de] (1906–1971)
See also
Bibliography
- German Reports of the Sopade. From the copy in the “Archives of Social Democracy” of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation given change and with a register provided by Klaus Behnken in the Petra Netelbeck publishing house, Salzhausen and Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt am Main, 1980 (7 volumes).