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Ter Sámi
saa´mekiill / са̄мькӣлл
Native to	Russia
Region	Murmansk Oblast, St. Petersburg
Native speakers	2 (2011)
Language family	Uralic Sámi Eastern Sámi Ter Sámi
Writing system	Latin script (historical), Cyrillic script (current)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sjt
Glottolog	ters1235
ELP	Ter Saami
Ter Sami language area (red) within Sápmi (grey)
Ter Sámi is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Ter Sámi was the easternmost of the Sámi languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a moribund language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2011, the number of speakers had decreased to two. Other estimates counted about 30 Ter Sámi speakers in Murmansk Oblast, as well as in St. Petersburg, in 2007. The mean age of the youngest Ter Sámi speakers at that time was 50.

History

In the end of the 19th century, there were six Ter Sámi villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula, with a total population of approximately 450. In 2004, there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sámi of whom two elderly persons speak the language; the rest have shifted their language to Russian.

The rapid decline in the number of speakers was caused by Soviet collectivisation, during which its use was prohibited in schools and homes in the 1930s, and the largest Ter Sámi village, Yokanga, was declared "perspectiveless" and its inhabitants were forced to move to the Gremikha military base.

Phonology

Consonants

• All consonants except for /j/ may be palatalized .
• Consonants /t, d/ can also sound as half-palatalized.

Vowels

• After palatalized consonants, /ɛ/ is realized as [e].

Documentation

There are no educational materials or facilities in Ter Sámi, and the language has no standardized orthography. The language is incompletely studied and documented, though text specimens and audio recordings as well as dictionaries for linguistic purposes exist.

Writing system

A spelling system for Ter Sámi using the Latin alphabet and based on Skolt Sámi was developed in the 1930s. After the Second World War, this was replaced by a system using the Cyrillic alphabet, and based on Kildin Sámi. This system was used by the Sámi poet Oktyabrina Voronova.

Example of words in Ter Sámi

Grammar

Ter Sámi has 8 cases, Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Essive, Inessive-Lative, Dative-Illative, Abessive, and Comitative.

Examples of the Genitive

(in the UPA)

abre' paл = raining cloud

pɛci̮ pal'čemi̮š = slaughter of deer

taja oлmi̮j = German inhabitant

tara parnɛ = Russian boys

Plurals

In the Nominative case the base word changes when a plural is made.

The word "ku", meaning: who, which in the cases.

Notes

1. ^ Scheller, Elizabeth (2011). "The Sámi Language Situation in Russia" (PDF). In Grünthal, Riho; Kovács, Magdolna (eds.). Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities. Helsinki, Finland: University of Helsinki, Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-952-5667-28-8. OCLC 755168782.
2. "Ter Sámi alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
3. Nilsen, Thomas (2010-02-19). "Sami languages disappears". Barent's Observer. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
4. Rießler, Michael; Wilbur, Joshua (2007). "Documenting the Endangered Kola Saami Languages". In Bull, Tove; Kusmenko, Jurij; Rießler, Michael (eds.). Språk og språkforhold i Sápmi [Language and Language Conditions in Sápmi]. Berlin, Germany: Nordeuropa-Institut. p. 40. doi:10.18452/1896. ISBN 978-3-932406-26-3.
5. ^ Tiuraniemi Olli: "Anatoli Zaharov on maapallon ainoa turjansaamea puhuva mies", Kide 6 / 2004.
6. Tereškin, Sergej N. (2002). Jokan'gskij dialekt Saamskogo Jazyka. Sankt Petersburg: Rossijskij Gosudarstvennyj pedagogičeskij Universitet imeni.
7. Itkonen T. I.: "Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja", Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne, 1958.
8. Itkonen T. I.: "Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja", 1931.Memoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 60
9. "Ter Sámi language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
10. "Ter Sami alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
11. Rießler, Michael (2018). "Kola Sámi literature (Kildin Sámi, Ter Sámi, Akkala Sámi)". In: "Čálli giehta olla guhkás" A writing hand reaches further ({S}ámi proverb) Johanna Domokos (ed.). Helsinki: Yhdenvertaisen kulttuurin puolesta ry, pp. 73–78.
12. "Tersamisk - Allkunne". www.allkunne.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2021-01-24.
13. Tereškin, Sergej (2002). . Йоганьгский диалект саамского языка. Saint Petersburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• Media related to Ter Sami language at Wikimedia Commons
• Ter saami dictionary
• Die Struktur der Nominalphrase im Tersaamischen (in German)
• Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja (dictionary in German, contains Ter Saami)
• Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja (texts in Kola Saami languages, includes Ter Saami)

v t e Uralic languages
List of Uralic languages
Finnic	Bjarmian languages Estonian Laiuse Romani Northeastern coastal South Estonian Seto Võro Mulgi Tartu Ludza Kraasna Leivu Finnish Fingelska Kven Meänkieli Siberian Finnish Ingrian Siberian Ingrian Finnish Karelian Karelian proper Livvi Ludic Livonian Veps Votic Krevinian Kukkuzi
Sámi	Eastern Sámi Akkala Inari Kainuu Kemi Kildin Skolt Ter Western Sámi Lule Northern Pite Southern Ume
Mordvinic	Erzya Shoksha dialect [de; ru] Moksha
Mari	Hill Mari Meadow Mari Northwestern Mari
Permic	Komi Komi-Yazva Komi-Permyak Udmurt
Ugric	Hungarian Ob-Ugric Khanty Northern Khanty Southern Khanty Eastern Khanty Mansi Northern Mansi Western Mansi Eastern Mansi Southern Mansi
Samoyedic	Enets Kamas Koibal Mator Taygi [ru] Karagas [ru] Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Nganasan Selkup Yurats
Others	Merya Meshcherian Muromian
Reconstructed	Proto-Uralic homeland Proto-Finnic Proto-Sámi Proto-Samoyedic
Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

• Sámi in Russia
• Eastern Sámi languages
• Languages of Russia
• Endangered Uralic languages
• Endangered languages of Europe