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Thermidor (French pronunciation: [tɛʁmidɔʁ]) was the eleventh month in the French Republican calendar. The month was named after the French word thermal, derived from the Greek word thermos 'heat'.

Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (mois d'été). It started July 19 or 20. It ended August 17 or 18. It follows Messidor and precedes Fructidor. During Year 2, it was sometimes called Fervidor.

Because of the Thermidorian Reaction—9 Thermidor Year II—the overthrow of revolutionary radical Maximilien Robespierre and his followers in that month, the word "Thermidor" has come to mean a retreat from more radical goals and strategies during a revolution, especially when caused by a replacement of leading personalities.

Year: 3	Month: Thermidor			Year: III
Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi	décade 31 1 Sunday 19 July 1795 2 Monday 20 July 1795 3 Tuesday 21 July 1795 4 Wednesday 22 July 1795 5 Thursday 23 July 1795 6 Friday 24 July 1795 7 Saturday 25 July 1795 8 Sunday 26 July 1795 9 Monday 27 July 1795 10 Tuesday 28 July 1795	décade 32 11 Wednesday 29 July 1795 12 Thursday 30 July 1795 13 Friday 31 July 1795 14 Saturday 1 August 1795 15 Sunday 2 August 1795 16 Monday 3 August 1795 17 Tuesday 4 August 1795 18 Wednesday 5 August 1795 19 Thursday 6 August 1795 20 Friday 7 August 1795	décade 33 21 Saturday 8 August 1795 22 Sunday 9 August 1795 23 Monday 10 August 1795 24 Tuesday 11 August 1795 25 Wednesday 12 August 1795 26 Thursday 13 August 1795 27 Friday 14 August 1795 28 Saturday 15 August 1795 29 Sunday 16 August 1795 30 Monday 17 August 1795	Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0h49m57s 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich

Conversion between Republican and Gregorian calendar for the years I - XIV

Year: 1 Month: Thermidor Year: I Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Friday 19 July 1793 2 Saturday 20 July 1793 3 Sunday 21 July 1793 4 Monday 22 July 1793 5 Tuesday 23 July 1793 6 Wednesday 24 July 1793 7 Thursday 25 July 1793 8 Friday 26 July 1793 9 Saturday 27 July 1793 10 Sunday 28 July 1793 décade 32 11 Monday 29 July 1793 12 Tuesday 30 July 1793 13 Wednesday 31 July 1793 14 Thursday 1 August 1793 15 Friday 2 August 1793 16 Saturday 3 August 1793 17 Sunday 4 August 1793 18 Monday 5 August 1793 19 Tuesday 6 August 1793 20 Wednesday 7 August 1793 décade 33 21 Thursday 8 August 1793 22 Friday 9 August 1793 23 Saturday 10 August 1793 24 Sunday 11 August 1793 25 Monday 12 August 1793 26 Tuesday 13 August 1793 27 Wednesday 14 August 1793 28 Thursday 15 August 1793 29 Friday 16 August 1793 30 Saturday 17 August 1793 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 2 Month: Thermidor Year: II Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Saturday 19 July 1794 2 Sunday 20 July 1794 3 Monday 21 July 1794 4 Tuesday 22 July 1794 5 Wednesday 23 July 1794 6 Thursday 24 July 1794 7 Friday 25 July 1794 8 Saturday 26 July 1794 9 Sunday 27 July 1794 10 Monday 28 July 1794 décade 32 11 Tuesday 29 July 1794 12 Wednesday 30 July 1794 13 Thursday 31 July 1794 14 Friday 1 August 1794 15 Saturday 2 August 1794 16 Sunday 3 August 1794 17 Monday 4 August 1794 18 Tuesday 5 August 1794 19 Wednesday 6 August 1794 20 Thursday 7 August 1794 décade 33 21 Friday 8 August 1794 22 Saturday 9 August 1794 23 Sunday 10 August 1794 24 Monday 11 August 1794 25 Tuesday 12 August 1794 26 Wednesday 13 August 1794 27 Thursday 14 August 1794 28 Friday 15 August 1794 29 Saturday 16 August 1794 30 Sunday 17 August 1794 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 3 Month: Thermidor Year: III Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Sunday 19 July 1795 2 Monday 20 July 1795 3 Tuesday 21 July 1795 4 Wednesday 22 July 1795 5 Thursday 23 July 1795 6 Friday 24 July 1795 7 Saturday 25 July 1795 8 Sunday 26 July 1795 9 Monday 27 July 1795 10 Tuesday 28 July 1795 décade 32 11 Wednesday 29 July 1795 12 Thursday 30 July 1795 13 Friday 31 July 1795 14 Saturday 1 August 1795 15 Sunday 2 August 1795 16 Monday 3 August 1795 17 Tuesday 4 August 1795 18 Wednesday 5 August 1795 19 Thursday 6 August 1795 20 Friday 7 August 1795 décade 33 21 Saturday 8 August 1795 22 Sunday 9 August 1795 23 Monday 10 August 1795 24 Tuesday 11 August 1795 25 Wednesday 12 August 1795 26 Thursday 13 August 1795 27 Friday 14 August 1795 28 Saturday 15 August 1795 29 Sunday 16 August 1795 30 Monday 17 August 1795 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 4 Month: Thermidor Year: IV Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Tuesday 19 July 1796 2 Wednesday 20 July 1796 3 Thursday 21 July 1796 4 Friday 22 July 1796 5 Saturday 23 July 1796 6 Sunday 24 July 1796 7 Monday 25 July 1796 8 Tuesday 26 July 1796 9 Wednesday 27 July 1796 10 Thursday 28 July 1796 décade 32 11 Friday 29 July 1796 12 Saturday 30 July 1796 13 Sunday 31 July 1796 14 Monday 1 August 1796 15 Tuesday 2 August 1796 16 Wednesday 3 August 1796 17 Thursday 4 August 1796 18 Friday 5 August 1796 19 Saturday 6 August 1796 20 Sunday 7 August 1796 décade 33 21 Monday 8 August 1796 22 Tuesday 9 August 1796 23 Wednesday 10 August 1796 24 Thursday 11 August 1796 25 Friday 12 August 1796 26 Saturday 13 August 1796 27 Sunday 14 August 1796 28 Monday 15 August 1796 29 Tuesday 16 August 1796 30 Wednesday 17 August 1796 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 5 Month: Thermidor Year: V Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Wednesday 19 July 1797 2 Thursday 20 July 1797 3 Friday 21 July 1797 4 Saturday 22 July 1797 5 Sunday 23 July 1797 6 Monday 24 July 1797 7 Tuesday 25 July 1797 8 Wednesday 26 July 1797 9 Thursday 27 July 1797 10 Friday 28 July 1797 décade 32 11 Saturday 29 July 1797 12 Sunday 30 July 1797 13 Monday 31 July 1797 14 Tuesday 1 August 1797 15 Wednesday 2 August 1797 16 Thursday 3 August 1797 17 Friday 4 August 1797 18 Saturday 5 August 1797 19 Sunday 6 August 1797 20 Monday 7 August 1797 décade 33 21 Tuesday 8 August 1797 22 Wednesday 9 August 1797 23 Thursday 10 August 1797 24 Friday 11 August 1797 25 Saturday 12 August 1797 26 Sunday 13 August 1797 27 Monday 14 August 1797 28 Tuesday 15 August 1797 29 Wednesday 16 August 1797 30 Thursday 17 August 1797 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 6 Month: Thermidor Year: VI Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Thursday 19 July 1798 2 Friday 20 July 1798 3 Saturday 21 July 1798 4 Sunday 22 July 1798 5 Monday 23 July 1798 6 Tuesday 24 July 1798 7 Wednesday 25 July 1798 8 Thursday 26 July 1798 9 Friday 27 July 1798 10 Saturday 28 July 1798 décade 32 11 Sunday 29 July 1798 12 Monday 30 July 1798 13 Tuesday 31 July 1798 14 Wednesday 1 August 1798 15 Thursday 2 August 1798 16 Friday 3 August 1798 17 Saturday 4 August 1798 18 Sunday 5 August 1798 19 Monday 6 August 1798 20 Tuesday 7 August 1798 décade 33 21 Wednesday 8 August 1798 22 Thursday 9 August 1798 23 Friday 10 August 1798 24 Saturday 11 August 1798 25 Sunday 12 August 1798 26 Monday 13 August 1798 27 Tuesday 14 August 1798 28 Wednesday 15 August 1798 29 Thursday 16 August 1798 30 Friday 17 August 1798 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 7 Month: Thermidor Year: VII Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Friday 19 July 1799 2 Saturday 20 July 1799 3 Sunday 21 July 1799 4 Monday 22 July 1799 5 Tuesday 23 July 1799 6 Wednesday 24 July 1799 7 Thursday 25 July 1799 8 Friday 26 July 1799 9 Saturday 27 July 1799 10 Sunday 28 July 1799 décade 32 11 Monday 29 July 1799 12 Tuesday 30 July 1799 13 Wednesday 31 July 1799 14 Thursday 1 August 1799 15 Friday 2 August 1799 16 Saturday 3 August 1799 17 Sunday 4 August 1799 18 Monday 5 August 1799 19 Tuesday 6 August 1799 20 Wednesday 7 August 1799 décade 33 21 Thursday 8 August 1799 22 Friday 9 August 1799 23 Saturday 10 August 1799 24 Sunday 11 August 1799 25 Monday 12 August 1799 26 Tuesday 13 August 1799 27 Wednesday 14 August 1799 28 Thursday 15 August 1799 29 Friday 16 August 1799 30 Saturday 17 August 1799 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 8 Month: Thermidor Year: VIII Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Sunday 20 July 1800 2 Monday 21 July 1800 3 Tuesday 22 July 1800 4 Wednesday 23 July 1800 5 Thursday 24 July 1800 6 Friday 25 July 1800 7 Saturday 26 July 1800 8 Sunday 27 July 1800 9 Monday 28 July 1800 10 Tuesday 29 July 1800 décade 32 11 Wednesday 30 July 1800 12 Thursday 31 July 1800 13 Friday 1 August 1800 14 Saturday 2 August 1800 15 Sunday 3 August 1800 16 Monday 4 August 1800 17 Tuesday 5 August 1800 18 Wednesday 6 August 1800 19 Thursday 7 August 1800 20 Friday 8 August 1800 décade 33 21 Saturday 9 August 1800 22 Sunday 10 August 1800 23 Monday 11 August 1800 24 Tuesday 12 August 1800 25 Wednesday 13 August 1800 26 Thursday 14 August 1800 27 Friday 15 August 1800 28 Saturday 16 August 1800 29 Sunday 17 August 1800 30 Monday 18 August 1800 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 9 Month: Thermidor Year: IX Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Monday 20 July 1801 2 Tuesday 21 July 1801 3 Wednesday 22 July 1801 4 Thursday 23 July 1801 5 Friday 24 July 1801 6 Saturday 25 July 1801 7 Sunday 26 July 1801 8 Monday 27 July 1801 9 Tuesday 28 July 1801 10 Wednesday 29 July 1801 décade 32 11 Thursday 30 July 1801 12 Friday 31 July 1801 13 Saturday 1 August 1801 14 Sunday 2 August 1801 15 Monday 3 August 1801 16 Tuesday 4 August 1801 17 Wednesday 5 August 1801 18 Thursday 6 August 1801 19 Friday 7 August 1801 20 Saturday 8 August 1801 décade 33 21 Sunday 9 August 1801 22 Monday 10 August 1801 23 Tuesday 11 August 1801 24 Wednesday 12 August 1801 25 Thursday 13 August 1801 26 Friday 14 August 1801 27 Saturday 15 August 1801 28 Sunday 16 August 1801 29 Monday 17 August 1801 30 Tuesday 18 August 1801 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 10 Month: Thermidor Year: X Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Tuesday 20 July 1802 2 Wednesday 21 July 1802 3 Thursday 22 July 1802 4 Friday 23 July 1802 5 Saturday 24 July 1802 6 Sunday 25 July 1802 7 Monday 26 July 1802 8 Tuesday 27 July 1802 9 Wednesday 28 July 1802 10 Thursday 29 July 1802 décade 32 11 Friday 30 July 1802 12 Saturday 31 July 1802 13 Sunday 1 August 1802 14 Monday 2 August 1802 15 Tuesday 3 August 1802 16 Wednesday 4 August 1802 17 Thursday 5 August 1802 18 Friday 6 August 1802 19 Saturday 7 August 1802 20 Sunday 8 August 1802 décade 33 21 Monday 9 August 1802 22 Tuesday 10 August 1802 23 Wednesday 11 August 1802 24 Thursday 12 August 1802 25 Friday 13 August 1802 26 Saturday 14 August 1802 27 Sunday 15 August 1802 28 Monday 16 August 1802 29 Tuesday 17 August 1802 30 Wednesday 18 August 1802 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 11 Month: Thermidor Year: XI Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Wednesday 20 July 1803 2 Thursday 21 July 1803 3 Friday 22 July 1803 4 Saturday 23 July 1803 5 Sunday 24 July 1803 6 Monday 25 July 1803 7 Tuesday 26 July 1803 8 Wednesday 27 July 1803 9 Thursday 28 July 1803 10 Friday 29 July 1803 décade 32 11 Saturday 30 July 1803 12 Sunday 31 July 1803 13 Monday 1 August 1803 14 Tuesday 2 August 1803 15 Wednesday 3 August 1803 16 Thursday 4 August 1803 17 Friday 5 August 1803 18 Saturday 6 August 1803 19 Sunday 7 August 1803 20 Monday 8 August 1803 décade 33 21 Tuesday 9 August 1803 22 Wednesday 10 August 1803 23 Thursday 11 August 1803 24 Friday 12 August 1803 25 Saturday 13 August 1803 26 Sunday 14 August 1803 27 Monday 15 August 1803 28 Tuesday 16 August 1803 29 Wednesday 17 August 1803 30 Thursday 18 August 1803 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 12 Month: Thermidor Year: XII Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Friday 20 July 1804 2 Saturday 21 July 1804 3 Sunday 22 July 1804 4 Monday 23 July 1804 5 Tuesday 24 July 1804 6 Wednesday 25 July 1804 7 Thursday 26 July 1804 8 Friday 27 July 1804 9 Saturday 28 July 1804 10 Sunday 29 July 1804 décade 32 11 Monday 30 July 1804 12 Tuesday 31 July 1804 13 Wednesday 1 August 1804 14 Thursday 2 August 1804 15 Friday 3 August 1804 16 Saturday 4 August 1804 17 Sunday 5 August 1804 18 Monday 6 August 1804 19 Tuesday 7 August 1804 20 Wednesday 8 August 1804 décade 33 21 Thursday 9 August 1804 22 Friday 10 August 1804 23 Saturday 11 August 1804 24 Sunday 12 August 1804 25 Monday 13 August 1804 26 Tuesday 14 August 1804 27 Wednesday 15 August 1804 28 Thursday 16 August 1804 29 Friday 17 August 1804 30 Saturday 18 August 1804 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 13 Month: Thermidor Year: XIII Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Saturday 20 July 1805 2 Sunday 21 July 1805 3 Monday 22 July 1805 4 Tuesday 23 July 1805 5 Wednesday 24 July 1805 6 Thursday 25 July 1805 7 Friday 26 July 1805 8 Saturday 27 July 1805 9 Sunday 28 July 1805 10 Monday 29 July 1805 décade 32 11 Tuesday 30 July 1805 12 Wednesday 31 July 1805 13 Thursday 1 August 1805 14 Friday 2 August 1805 15 Saturday 3 August 1805 16 Sunday 4 August 1805 17 Monday 5 August 1805 18 Tuesday 6 August 1805 19 Wednesday 7 August 1805 20 Thursday 8 August 1805 décade 33 21 Friday 9 August 1805 22 Saturday 10 August 1805 23 Sunday 11 August 1805 24 Monday 12 August 1805 25 Tuesday 13 August 1805 26 Wednesday 14 August 1805 27 Thursday 15 August 1805 28 Friday 16 August 1805 29 Saturday 17 August 1805 30 Sunday 18 August 1805 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich Year: 14 Month: Thermidor Year: XIV Day of the 10-day week (décade) Primidi Duodi Tridi Quartidi Quintidi Sextidi Septidi Octidi Nonidi Décadi décade 31 1 Sunday 20 July 1806 2 Monday 21 July 1806 3 Tuesday 22 July 1806 4 Wednesday 23 July 1806 5 Thursday 24 July 1806 6 Friday 25 July 1806 7 Saturday 26 July 1806 8 Sunday 27 July 1806 9 Monday 28 July 1806 10 Tuesday 29 July 1806 décade 32 11 Wednesday 30 July 1806 12 Thursday 31 July 1806 13 Friday 1 August 1806 14 Saturday 2 August 1806 15 Sunday 3 August 1806 16 Monday 4 August 1806 17 Tuesday 5 August 1806 18 Wednesday 6 August 1806 19 Thursday 7 August 1806 20 Friday 8 August 1806 décade 33 21 Saturday 9 August 1806 22 Sunday 10 August 1806 23 Monday 11 August 1806 24 Tuesday 12 August 1806 25 Wednesday 13 August 1806 26 Thursday 14 August 1806 27 Friday 15 August 1806 28 Saturday 16 August 1806 29 Sunday 17 August 1806 30 Monday 18 August 1806 Decimal time – 10 h/day Paris 0:43:07 01:02:02 Time of day - 24 h/day Greenwich

Day name table

Like all French Republican Calendar months, Thermidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called décades (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal or an agricultural tool, respectively.

Conversion table

Thermidor in revolution

The Thermidorian Reaction, Revolution of Thermidor, or simply Thermidor refers to the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) in which the Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilien Robespierre was sidelined and its leaders arrested and guillotined, resulting in the end of the Reign of Terror. The new regime, known as The Directory, introduced more conservative policies aimed at stabilizing the revolutionary government.

Consequently, for historians of revolutionary movements, the term Thermidor has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when the political pendulum swings back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state, and power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership. Leon Trotsky, in his book The Revolution Betrayed, refers to the rise of Joseph Stalin and the accompanying post-revolutionary bureaucracy as the "Soviet Thermidor".

Thermidor in culture

The food Lobster Thermidor was named, directly or indirectly, after the month. Sometimes it is said that it was first prepared for Napoleon I during the month of Thermidor. Others say that it was created by Tony Girod at the Café de Paris, to celebrate the opening of a play called Thermidor.

Thermidor is the name of a story revolving around the end of the French Revolution in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman, issue #29.

"Thermidor" and "Thermidor 2" were lobster-like robots on Robot Wars.

There is a song recorded by J-pop artist Nana Mizuki by the name of "Thermidor". Its lyrics talk about a person in love that is also rethinking their personal feelings after realizing that the person they love has changed, and so has the person. Its lyrics mimic the modern definition of Thermidor.

External links

• Summer Quarter of Year II (facsimile)

• French Republican calendar months
• July
• August
• Maximilien Robespierre