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Timeline of the Qing dynasty

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See also: Timeline of the Ming dynasty, Timeline of the Jurchens, and Timeline of Republic of China history

The Qing Empire ca. 1820, marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.
Qing dynasty in 1820. Includes provincial boundaries and the boundaries of modern China for reference.

This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

Background

16th century

1580s

Year Date Event
1583 Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch
1587 Nurhaci founds Fe Ala

1590s

Year Date Event
1592 Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops
1593 Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols

17th century

1600s

Year Date Event
1600 Nurhaci creates the Banner Army
1601 Nurhaci subjugates the Hada
1603 Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories
Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala
1605 Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community
1607 Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa

1610s

Year Date Event
1611 Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens
1613 Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation
1615 Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing
1616 Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun
1618 9 May Battle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun
summer Battle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe
1619 18 April Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin
26 July Battle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan
3 September Battle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling
September Battle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yihe Jurchens
Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated

1620s

Year Date Event
1621 4 May Battle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang
December Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed
1622 11 March Battle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning
1625 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force
1626 10 February Battle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded
30 September Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies
1627 January - March Later Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon
spring Battle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled
1629 winter Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing

1630s

Year Date Event
1630 summer Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat
1631 21 November Battle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe
1633 April Wuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin
summer Siege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun
1634 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji
1635 Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens
Hong Taiji attacks the Hurha

17th century

1630s

Year Date Event
1636 April Hong Taiji proclaims the Qing dynasty
9 December Qing invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji invades Joseon
1637 30 January Qing invasion of Joseon: Joseon is defeated and becomes a Qing tributary
1638 Qing dynasty conquers Shandong
1639 Qing dynasty attacks the Daur and Solon people

1640s

Year Date Event
1640 May Qing dynasty captures the Evenk fortresses of Duochen, Asajin, Yakesa, and Duojin
1642 8 April Battle of Song-Jin: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou
1643 Northeastern natives submit to the Qing dynasty
1644 27 May Battle of Shanhai Pass: Wu Sangui lets the Qing forces through the Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing
5 June Qing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees
8 November Shunzhi Emperor is enthroned in the Forbidden City
1645 January Qing forces capture Luoyang
20 May Qing forces capture Yangzhou
16 June Qing forces capture Nanjing and the Hongguang Emperor
6 July Qing forces capture Hangzhou
21 July All nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the Manchu queue to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty
1646 February Ming forces are defeated in Jiangnan
10 July Qing forces defeat the Ming army at Tonglu
30 September Qing forces capture Yanping
6 October The Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces
17 October Qing forces take Fuzhou
1647 2 January Zhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies Chongqing and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of Sun Kewang
20 January Qing forces capture Guangzhou and the Shaowu Emperor
5 March Qing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan
March Qing forces take Changsha
spring Qing forces raid Anping
23 September Qing forces take Wugang
1648 20 February Ming loyalists rebel at Nanchang and Nanning
14 April Qing forces fail to take Guilin
1649 15 January Ming loyalists rebel at Datong
1 March Qing forces take Nanchang
4 October Ming loyalists at Datong are defeated
summer Qing forces conquer southern Huguang
24 November Qing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou
27 November Qing forces capture Guilin
2 December Qing forces capture Zhaoqing and the Yongli Emperor flees

1650s

Year Date Event
1651 15 October Qing forces capture Zhoushan and Zhu Yihai flees
1652 24 March Qing attack on Achansk is defeated
7 August Rebel general Li Dingguo takes Guilin
winter Sun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces
1654 July Battle of Hutong: Korean-Manchu army defeats a force of Russians
Qing forces attack the Daur people
1655 March–April Qing forces fail to take Komar
Li Dingguo's army is routed by Qing forces
1656 9 May Qing forces try to invade Kinmen Island (Quemoy) but their fleet is destroyed in a storm
Qing forces attack the Daur people
1657 February Ming forces defeat a Qing army near the Changjiang River Delta
December Sun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty
1658 10 June Battle of Hutong (1658): Qing-Joseon forces defeat a Russian fleet on the Songhua River
June Zheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou
1659 7 January Qing forces advance into Yunnan and the Yongli Emperor flees to Toungoo dynasty
10 March Qing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo's army, securing Yunnan
10 August Zheng Chenggong takes Zhenjiang
24 August Zheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing
9 September Zheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen

1660s

Year Date Event
1660 February Qing forces launch an attack on Kinmen Island (Quemoy) and Xiamen but fail
Upkeep for the Eight Banners exceeds the entire Qing dynasty's regular income
1662 20 January Qing forces advance towards Inwa and force the return of the Yongli Emperor
May The Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland
1664 The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan

1670s

Year Date Event
1674 Poverty in the Eight Banners is noted to be caused by excessive and extravagant spending

1680s

Year Date Event
1683 July Battle of Penghu: Qing dynasty defeats the Kingdom of Tungning and conquers the island of Taiwan, beginning the period of Taiwan under Qing rule
1684 The Han Chinese banners, "Hanjun", decline to uselessness
1685 May–July Siege of Albazin: Qing forces take Albazin
1686 July–October Siege of Albazin: The Russians return to Albazin but the Qing forces lay siege to it again until the Russians are forced to leave
1689 27 August Treaty of Nerchinsk: The Tsardom of Russia abandons the Amur River region to the Qing in return for trading privileges

1690s

Year Date Event
1690 3 September Battle of Ulan Butung: Galdan Boshugtu Khan leads 20,000 troops into battle with a Qing army 300 km north of Beijing, ending with Dzungar withdrawal
1691 The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty
1696 Battle of Jao Modo: The Qing dynasty invades Mongolia with 100,000 troops in three columns. Galdan Boshugtu Khan suffers defeat against the Western Route Army but manages to escape. The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate
1698 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Qing dynasty occupies Hami

18th century

1720s

Year Date Event
1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720): The Qing dynasty expels the Dzungars from Tibet, beginning the period of Tibet under Qing rule
Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amin Khoja leads a rebellion in Turpan against the Dzungar Khanate and defects to the Qing dynasty
Zhu Yigui rebels in Taiwan and is defeated
1723 Plains aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain of Taiwan rebel; the aborigines are defeated but Han Chinese settlers continue to rebel
The government starts investing in the Eight Banners' livelihoods to reduce their reliance on state subsidies
1727 The government orders the comprehensive collection of genealogical tables for the Eight Banners
1728 25 June Treaty of Kyakhta (1727): The Mongolian border of the Qing dynasty and Empire of Russia is delineated

1730s

Year Date Event
1732 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dzungars attack Amin Khoja, who takes his people to settle in Guazhou
Han Chinese rebels in Taiwan are defeated
1735 Miao Rebellion: Qing forces defeat and massacre 28,900 Miao and Kam people in Rongjiang
Military upkeep reaches 32 million taels, a bit more than half of the empire's budget
1737 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Abuse by the Dzungars cause residents of the Tarim Basin to flee to the Qing dynasty

1740s

Year Date Event
1742 Bannermen of Chinese origin who joined after 1644 are allowed to leave the banner system

1750s

Year Date Event
1754 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dörbet and Amursana defect to the Qing dynasty
State investment programs for the Eight Banners end
Chinese bannermen at the Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Jingkou garrisons are "let go" and "excused" from their duties
1755 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty sends 50,000 troops in two columns against the Dzungars, meeting little resistance, and complete the destruction of the khanate in just 100 days, however Amursana revolts in the aftermath
1756 All secondary status households in the Eight Banners are ordered to register as civilians
1757 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amursana flees the Qing dynasty, dying in Tobolsk
Chinese bannermen in Beijing who are too old, maimed, or incompetent are let go

1760s

Year Date Event
1760 The government spends 4 million taels buying back land from Han owners for the Eight Banners
1761 Chinese bannermen at Suiyuan are replaced by Mongols and Manchus
1762 All Chinese bannermen are given the choice of leaving the banner system
1763 Chinese bannermen at Liangzhou and Zhuanglang are let go

1770s

Year Date Event
1779 Chinese bannermen at Xi'an are let go

1780s

Year Date Event
1786 Lin Shuangwen rebellion: Lin Shuangwen rebels in Taiwan
1788 Lin Shuangwen rebellion: Lin Shuangwen is defeated

19th century

1820s

Year Date Event
1820 Poverty becomes endemic in the Eight Banners

1840s

Year Date Event
1841 Ding Gongchen builds China's first steam engine
1842 29 August The Treaty of Nanking is signed between Britain and China, to come into effect on 26 June 1843.

1860s

Year Date Event
1863 Restrictions on banner occupations are officially lifted to no effect

1870s

Year Date Event
1871 December Mudan incident: A Ryukyuan tributary ship crashes off the southern coast of Taiwan
1872 July Mudan incident: The survivors of the Ryukyuan shipwreck who survive a massacre by Taiwanese indigenous peoples find shelter among Han Chinese locals and are shipped home from mainland China
1874 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874): Japanese forces invade aboriginal territory in southern Taiwan using the Mudan incident as pretext and retreat after forcing the Qing to pay an indemnity

1890s

Year Date Event
1895 17 April First Sino-Japanese War: The Qing cede the Penghu islands and Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki
1898 11 June The Guangxu Emperor begins the Hundred Days' Reform
5 September Zhang Yuanji recommends ending Manchu-Han differences and dissolving the Eight Banners system
21 September Empress Dowager Cixi puts the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest
22 September Empress Dowager Cixi comes to power

20th century

1900s

Year Date Event
1900 June Boxer Rebellion: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war on foreign powers
14 August Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops enter Beijing
7 September Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Protocol is signed
17 September Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops leave Beijing
1901 July The Zongli Yamen is replaced with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1902 7 January Empress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing
1 February Ban on intermarriage between Manchus and Han Chinese is lifted
1903 29 December Manchu monopoly on posts in the Eight Banners is abolished
1905 16 July The government issues an edict proclaiming the need for leading officials to investigate new ways of government from abroad
24 September Anti-Manchu proponent Wu Yue fails to assassinate the constitutional study commissioners
The prohibition on transfer of property from the Eight Banners to civilians is lifted
1906 1 September Empress Dowager Cixi promises to form a constitutional government with no specified date
1907 April The territories of Manchuria are reorganized into provinces
6 July Anhui governor Enming is assassinated by the anti-Manchu Xu Xilin
20 September Empress Dowager Cixi declares her intention to create "a bicameral deliberative body"
27 September An edict is passed to disband provincial banner garrisons over a 10-year period
9 October An edict is passed to create a set of codes which apply uniformly to Manchus and Han Chinese

Gallery

References

  1. Elliott 2001, p. 52.
  2. Elliott 2001, p. 54.
  3. Twitchett 1998, p. 576.
  4. Narangoa 2014, p. 24.
  5. Swope 2014, p. 19.
  6. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 25.
  7. Twitchett 1998, p. 570.
  8. Crossley 1997, p. 65-77.
  9. Elliott 2001, p. 56.
  10. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 28.
  11. Twitchett 1998, p. 558.
  12. Twitchett 1998b, p. 271.
  13. Twitchett 1998, p. 577.
  14. Swope 2014, p. 14.
  15. Twitchett 1998, p. 579.
  16. ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 63.
  17. Swope 2014, p. 24.
  18. Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  19. Twitchett 1998, p. 600.
  20. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 601.
  21. Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  22. Twitchett 1998, p. 602.
  23. Crossley 1997, p. 74.
  24. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 63.
  25. Swope 2014, p. 79.
  26. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 616.
  27. Twitchett 1998, p. 617.
  28. Twitchett 1998, p. 618.
  29. Swope 2014, p. 102.
  30. Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  31. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 37.
  32. Twitchett 1998, p. 629.
  33. ^ Swope 2014, p. 115.
  34. Twitchett 1998, p. 630.
  35. Twitchett 1998, p. 636.
  36. Narangoa 2014, p. 41.
  37. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 639.
  38. Qian Guo (2020). Beijing: Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 48. ISBN 9781440868054.
  39. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 656.
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  41. Twitchett 1998, p. 662.
  42. Twitchett 1998, p. 673.
  43. Twitchett 1998, p. 675.
  44. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 676.
  45. Twitchett 1998, p. 702.
  46. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 679.
  47. Twitchett 1998, p. 682.
  48. Twitchett 1998, p. 712.
  49. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 683.
  50. Twitchett 1998, p. 684.
  51. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 691.
  52. Twitchett 1998, p. 686.
  53. Twitchett 1998, p. 690.
  54. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 692.
  55. Twitchett 1998, p. 698.
  56. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 46.
  57. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 704.
  58. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 47.
  59. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 718.
  60. Twitchett 1998, p. 706.
  61. Twitchett 1998, p. 719.
  62. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 707.
  63. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 720.
  64. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 721.
  65. Elliott 2001, p. 307.
  66. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 710.
  67. Twitchett 1998, p. 725.
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  69. Narangoa 2014.
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  73. ^ Adle 2003, p. 219.
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  75. Adle 2003, p. 149.
  76. Li 2019, p. 82-83.
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  78. Elliott 2001, p. 318.
  79. Elliott 2001, p. 326.
  80. Christian 2018, p. 182.
  81. Geary 2003, p. 13.
  82. Elliott 2001, p. 309.
  83. Adle 2003, p. 199.
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  86. Elliott 2001, p. 321.
  87. Elliott 2001, p. 333.
  88. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 341.
  89. Elliott 2001, p. 316.
  90. ^ Standaert 2022, p. 225.
  91. Elliott 2001, p. 322.
  92. Andrade 2016, p. 264.
  93. Elliott 2001, p. 311.
  94. Barclay 2018, p. 50.
  95. Barclay 2018, p. 51-52.
  96. Wong 2022, p. 124-126.
  97. Zhang (1998), p. 514.
  98. Rhoads 2000, p. 63.
  99. Rhoads 2000, p. 65.
  100. Rhoads 2000, p. 67.
  101. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 71.
  102. Rhoads 2000, p. 72.
  103. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 73.
  104. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 77.
  105. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 76.
  106. Rhoads 2000, p. 96.
  107. Rhoads 2000, p. 97.
  108. Rhoads 2000, p. 100.
  109. Rhoads 2000, p. 104.
  110. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 118.
  111. Rhoads 2000, p. 117.

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