| Voiced labiodental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʋ | |||
| IPA number | 150 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028B | ||
| X-SAMPA | P or v\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.
The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Äiwoo | nyiveli | 'garden land' | |||
| Armenian | Eastern | ոսկի | 'gold' | ||
| Assyrian | ܗܘܐ / hawa | 'wind' | Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | ||
| Catalan | Balearic | fava | 'bean' | Allophone of /v/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Valencian | |||||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 為 |
|
'for' | Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. |
| Chuvash | аван | 'good, well' | Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. | ||
| Dhivehi | ވަޅު / valhu | 'well' (noun) | |||
| Danish | Standard | véd | 'know(s)' | Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead. See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard | wang | 'cheek' | In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Indian | vine | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents. | |
| Some speakers | rine | 'rine' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization | ||
| Faroese | røða | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v]. See Faroese phonology | ||
| Finnish | vauva | 'baby' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| German | Swiss | was | 'what' | Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German | |
| Guaraní | avañe'ẽ | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/ | ||
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | 'fast' | May also be realized as or . See Hawaiian phonology | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | वाला | (the) 'one' | Also an allophone of /w/. See Hindustani phonology. | |
| Urdu | والا | ||||
| Italian | Some speakers | raro | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. See Italian phonology. | |
| Lao | ວີ / wi | 'hand fan' | May also be realized as . See Lao phonology. | ||
| Khmer | អាវុធ / avŭth | 'weapon' | See Khmer phonology | ||
| Marathi | वजन | 'weight' | See Marathi phonology | ||
| Miyako | 'thick' | May be syllabic. | |||
| Norwegian | Urban East | venn | 'friend' | Sometimes realized as a fricative [v]. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Nsenga | ŵanthu | 'people' | |||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਵਾਲ | 'hair' | ||
| Shahmukhi | وال | ||||
| Russian | волосы | 'hair' | Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | цврчак / cvrčak | 'cricket' | /v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). | ||
| Shona | vanhu | 'people' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/. | ||
| Sinhala | වතුර | 'water' | |||
| Slovak | voda | 'water' | Usual realization of /v/. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | veter | 'wind' | Also described as fricative [v]. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish | Chilean | hablar | 'to speak' | Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Some speakers | vän | 'friend' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | வாய் | 'mouth' | See Tamil phonology | ||
| Telugu | వల | 'net' | |||
| Ukrainian | він | 'he' | Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| West Frisian | wêr | 'where' | See West Frisian phonology | ||
See also
- List of phonetics topics
- R-labialization
- Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing ⟨r⟩ as
References
- Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632.
- Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
- ^ Mesthrie (2004:960)
- Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
- ^ Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
- Basbøll (2005:62)
- Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
- Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
- ^ Árnason (2011:115)
- Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCanepari1999 (help)
- Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
- Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:41)
- Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- Morén (2005:5–6)
- Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- Priestley (2002:394)
- Greenberg (2006:18)
- Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
- ^ Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)
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