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Yamada–Watanabe theorem

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Theorem in probability theory

The Yamada–Watanabe theorem is a result from probability theory saying that for a large class of stochastic differential equations a weak solution with pathwise uniqueness implies a strong solution and uniqueness in distribution. In its original form, the theorem was stated for n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Itô equations and was proven by Toshio Yamada and Shinzō Watanabe in 1971. Since then, many generalizations appeared particularly one for general semimartingales by Jean Jacod from 1980.

Yamada–Watanabe theorem

History, generalizations and related results

Jean Jacod generalized the result to SDEs of the form

d X t = u ( X , Z ) d Z t , {\displaystyle dX_{t}=u(X,Z)dZ_{t},}

where ( Z t ) t ≥ 0 {\displaystyle (Z_{t})_{t\geq 0}} is a semimartingale and the coefficient u {\displaystyle u} can depend on the path of Z {\displaystyle Z} .

Further generalisations were done by Hans-Jürgen Engelbert (1991) and Thomas G. Kurtz (2007). For SDEs in Banach spaces there is a result from Martin Ondrejat (2004), one by Michael Röckner, Byron Schmuland and Xicheng Zhang (2008) and one by Stefan Tappe (2013).

The converse of the theorem is also true and called the dual Yamada–Watanabe theorem. The first version of this theorem was proven by Engelbert (1991) and a more general version by Alexander Cherny (2002).

Setting

Let n , r ∈ N {\displaystyle n,r\in \mathbb {N} } and C ( R + , R n ) {\displaystyle C(\mathbb {R} _{+},\mathbb {R} ^{n})} be the space of continuous functions. Consider the n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Itô equation

d X t = b ( t , X ) d t + σ ( t , X ) d W t , X 0 = x 0 {\displaystyle dX_{t}=b(t,X)dt+\sigma (t,X)dW_{t},\quad X_{0}=x_{0}}

where

  • b : R + × C ( R + , R n ) → R n {\displaystyle b\colon \mathbb {R} _{+}\times C(\mathbb {R} _{+},\mathbb {R} ^{n})\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and σ : R + × C ( R + , R n ) → R n × r {\displaystyle \sigma \colon \mathbb {R} _{+}\times C(\mathbb {R} _{+},\mathbb {R} ^{n})\to \mathbb {R} ^{n\times r}} are predictable processes,
  • ( W t ) t ≥ 0 = ( ( W t ( 1 ) , … , W t ( r ) ) ) t ≥ 0 {\displaystyle (W_{t})_{t\geq 0}=\left((W_{t}^{(1)},\dots ,W_{t}^{(r)})\right)_{t\geq 0}} is an r {\displaystyle r} -dimensional Brownian Motion,
  • x 0 ∈ R n {\displaystyle x_{0}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is deterministic.

Basic terminology

We say uniqueness in distribution (or weak uniqueness), if for two arbitrary solutions ( X ( 1 ) , W ( 1 ) ) {\displaystyle (X^{(1)},W^{(1)})} and ( X ( 2 ) , W ( 2 ) ) {\displaystyle (X^{(2)},W^{(2)})} defined on (possibly different) filtered probability spaces ( Ω 1 , F 1 , F 1 , P 1 ) {\displaystyle (\Omega _{1},{\mathcal {F}}_{1},\mathbf {F} _{1},P_{1})} and ( Ω 2 , F 2 , F 2 , P 2 ) {\displaystyle (\Omega _{2},{\mathcal {F}}_{2},\mathbf {F} _{2},P_{2})} , we have for their distributions P X ( 1 ) = P X ( 2 ) {\displaystyle P_{X^{(1)}}=P_{X^{(2)}}} , where P X ( 1 ) := Law ⁡ ( X t 1 , t ≥ 0 ) {\displaystyle P_{X^{(1)}}:=\operatorname {Law} (X_{t}^{1},t\geq 0)} .

We say pathwise uniqueness (or strong uniqueness) if any two solutions ( X ( 1 ) , W ) {\displaystyle (X^{(1)},W)} and ( X ( 2 ) , W ) {\displaystyle (X^{(2)},W)} , defined on the same filtered probability spaces ( Ω , F , F , P ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mathbf {F} ,P)} with the same F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } -Brownian motion, are indistinguishable processes, i.e. we have P {\displaystyle P} -almost surely that { X t ( 1 ) = X t ( 2 ) , t ≥ 0 } {\displaystyle \{X_{t}^{(1)}=X_{t}^{(2)},t\geq 0\}}

Theorem

Assume the described setting above is valid, then the theorem is:

If there is pathwise uniqueness, then there is also uniqueness in distribution. And if for every initial distribution, there exists a weak solution, then for every initial distribution, also a pathwise unique strong solution exists.

Jacod's result improved the statement with the additional statement that

If a weak solutions exists and pathwise uniqueness holds, then this solution is also a strong solution.

References

  1. Yamada, Toshio; Watanabe, Shinzō (1971). "On the uniqueness of solutions of stochastic differential equations". J. Math. Kyoto Univ. 11 (1): 155–167. doi:10.1215/kjm/1250523691.
  2. ^ Jacod, Jean (1980). "Weak and Strong Solutions of Stochastic Differential Equations". Stochastics. 3: 171–191. doi:10.1080/17442508008833143.
  3. ^ Engelbert, Hans-Jürgen (1991). "On the theorem of T. Yamada and S. Watanabe". Stochastics and Stochastic Reports. 36 (3–4): 205–216. doi:10.1080/17442509108833718.
  4. Kurtz, Thomas G. (2007). "The Yamada-Watanabe-Engelbert theorem for general stochastic equations and inequalities". Electron. J. Probab. 12: 951–965. doi:10.1214/EJP.v12-431.
  5. Ondreját, Martin (2004). "Uniqueness for stochastic evolution equations in Banach spaces". Dissertationes Math. (Rozprawy Mat.). 426: 1–63.
  6. Röckner, Michael; Schmuland, Byron; Zhang, Xicheng (2008). "Yamada–Watanabe theorem for stochastic evolution equations in infinite dimensions". Condensed Matter Physics. 11 (2): 247–259.
  7. Tappe, Stefan (2013), "The Yamada–Watanabe theorem for mild solutions to stochastic partial differential equations", Electronic Communications in Probability, 18 (24): 1–13
  8. ^ Cherny, Alexander S. (2002). "On the Uniqueness in Law and the Pathwise Uniqueness for Stochastic Differential Equations". Theory of Probability & Its Applications. 46 (3): 406–419. doi:10.1137/S0040585X97979093.
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