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{{short description|Self-described psychic medium.}} | |||
{{Userspace draft|date=December 2020}} {{NOINDEX|visible=yes}} | |||
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{{short description|American biologist}} | |||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = |
| name = Marc Bekoff | ||
| image = Marc Bekoff.png | |||
| occupation = Self-described ] | |||
| image_size = 200px | |||
| website = | |||
| alt = | |||
| caption = | |||
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|09|06}}{{R|"ENC"}} | |||
| birth_place = ]{{R|"ENC"}} | |||
| residence = | |||
| nationality = | |||
| education = AB (1967), ]{{R|"ENC"}}<br/>MA (1968), ]{{R|"ENC"}}<br/>PhD (1972, animal behavior), Washington University{{R|"ENC"}} | |||
| occupation = Scientist, educator, writer | |||
| known_for = | |||
| awards = | |||
| website = {{URL|https://marcbekoff.com/}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Paranormal}} | |||
'''Marc Bekoff''' was born in ], NY September 6, 1945 is an American biologist, ], ] and writer.{{R|"ENC"}} He was a professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder for 32 years.{{R|"BW1"}} He cofounded the Jane Goodall Institute of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and he is Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the ] where,.as of April of 2021, Bekoff holds the position Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.{{R|"ENC"}} | |||
'''Suzane Northrop''' (born in 1948){{R|"SI1"}} is an author, podcaster, TV show host, and purported ] ].{{R|"SI1"}} She has written at least four books, and hosted the television show, '']''.{{R|"SI1"}} She participated in '']'' which was turned into a book by ].{{R|"TAE"}} The experiments and their conclusions were widely criticized across the scientific community for not being blinded, and for the lack of inclusion of any other scientifically credible evidence.{{R|"SI2"}} | |||
==Academic Career== | |||
In 2020, she was a subject of a sting operation run by ] where, in addition to Northrop's use of standard ] techniques, it was also discovered that Northrop's co-host ] was using information acquired from audience Facebook accounts, a technique known as ], during these group sessions.{{R|"SI1"}} | |||
Bekoff earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Washington University in 1967.{{R|"ENC"}} He earned his Master of Arts from Hofstra University in 1968.{{R|"ENC"}} Finally, he earned a Ph.D. in Animal Behavior from Washington University in 1972.{{R|"ENC"}} After completing his Ph.D., he became an assistant professor of biology at ] in 1973 through 1974.{{R|"ENC"}} He went on to work at the ] as the professor of organismic biology where he pursues research into ethology, animal behavior, behavioral ecology, development and evolution of behavior, social communication and organization, animal protection, cognitive ethology, animal cognition.{{R|"ENC"}}{{R|"UCB"}} Bekoff retired from his active professorship after 32 years and currently holds the position of Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder.{{R|"BW1"}}{{R|"PT1"}} During his tenure at University of Colorado Boulder Bekoff has authored or co-authored at least 172 papers.{{R|"RGN"} | |||
== |
==Writing Career== | ||
After gaining his Ph.D. he began publishing articles and books on animal behavior and cognition.{{R|"ENC"}} Bekoff authored, co-authored, or edited thousands of articles and over 30 books and encyclopedias.{{R|"PT1"}}{{R|"MR1"}} His articles have been published in ], ], ], ], and several more.{{R|"MR1"}} Bekoff's books and articles try to prove that non-human animals exhibit thought processes similar to humans as well as emotions that could be compared to human emotions such as grief, fear, love, and compassion.{{R|"ENC"}} Bekoff argues that non-human animals are extremely smart and demonstrate emotional and moral intelligences.{{R|"PT2"}} He also has written about the grieving rituals of several different species and has recently written articles expressing his belief that non-human animals have spiritual experiences.{{R|"PT2"}}{{R|"PT3"}}{{R|"PT4"}} His writings challenge his readers to rethink their relationship and responsibilities toward their fellow animals.{{R|"LPG1"}} | |||
Suzane Northrop stated in an interview that her first memory of contact with the deceased occurred when she was five years old.{{R|"NCX"}} However, in both that interview and in an earlier one with the Dayton Daily News, Northrop said that her first real contact with dead people happened when she was 13 when{{Rp|Correct?}} she spoke with her paternal grandmother who had just died the previous week.{{R|"NCX"}}{{R|"DDD"}} She received a music degree from the ], in 1979.{{R|"DDD"}} She soon moved to New York City where she attempted composing as well as dance.{{R|"DDD"}} | |||
==Activism and Outreach== | |||
==Mediumship career== | |||
Bekoff is an activist that embodies non-aggressive means.{{R|"LPG1"}} His activism follows the idea that responsible assertiveness wins out over aggression any day.{{R|"LPG1"}} Since 2001, while working with ], an organization founded by ], Bekoff has visited Boulder County Jail once a week to teach a class about animal behavior to the inmates in the jail's program for educational and life skills where he often shows movies about animal behavior and conservation.{{R|"BW1"}} His main message is, "We should be proud to be animals, and we have so much to learn from the behavior of other animals."{{R|"BW1"}} | |||
Bekoff serves on the Science Advisory Board of Project Coyote which is a national non-profit organization promoting compassionate conservation and coexistence between people and wildlife through education, science, and advocacy.{{R|"PJ1"}}{{R|"PJ2"}} He is an advocate for the ] movement which is also supported by Project Coyote.{{R|"CB"}} Bekoff and Goodall announced the formation of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (EETA) in Volume 3, 2000 issue of Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science with its purpose being the development and maintenance of the highest ethical standards in ethological research with a focus on ] and ].{{R|"TFO"}} He lectures internationally on animal behavior, cognitive ethology, and ], and writes a science column about animal emotion for ''Psychology Today''.{{R|"LIT"}} | |||
===Career highlights=== | |||
Northrop started her mediumship career by giving readings at street fairs in New York City for $3.{{R|"DDD"}} She published her first book in 1994, ''Séance: A Guide for Living'', and went on to publish three more books over the next decade.{{R|"Seance"}}{{R|"Second"}}{{R|"Everything"}}{{R|"Cookbook"}} In 2008, Northrop hosted a ten-episode TV series called the ].{{R|"SI1"}} In August of 2020, Northrop launched a podcast, ''The Dead People's Society Podcast''.{{R|"GPOD"}} Late in 2020, Northrop, along with Thomas John, hosted a ticketed event virtually where they provided readings and over the internet to several of the people in attendance.{{R|"SI1"}} | |||
Bekoff is a ].{{R|"HPO"}} He is also a patron of the ].{{R|"FFA"}} In May 2010, he argued in an article for the ], "Expanding Our Compassionate Footprint," that human beings need to abandon ]: "Research on animal morality is blossoming, and if we can break free of theoretical prejudices, we may come to better understand ourselves and the other animals with whom we share this planet."{{R|"GGB"}} | |||
===''The Afterlife Experiments''=== | |||
In 1997, Northrop was contacted by ] about appearing in a documentary being produced for ] which would explore the question of the survival of consciousness after death.{{R|"TAE"}}{{R|"SI1"}} This would later become the HBO documentary ''Life After Life''.{{R|"TAE"}} ] and Linda Russek, who were involved in the project, wrote a very controversial book about the research he conducted during these sessions, '']''.{{R|"SI2"}} Schwartz describes Northrop's style as very fast, "an uninterrupted barrage of information...Northrup had begun talking virtually nonstop".{{R|"TAE"}} Schwartz' findings were that Northrop, as well as the rest of the "highly skilled mediums, in laboratory controlled yet supportive conditions, can receive specific categories of information that can be rated accurately by trained research sitters."{{R|"TAE"}} | |||
==Selected Awards== | |||
According to Schwartz, he and Russek set up a second set of experiments at the urging of ] and Northrop which were set up with a new group of sitters and four of the five original mediums including Northrop.{{R|"TAE"}} Schwartz refers to this as the The Miraval Experiment.{{R|"TAE"}} The goal of this second round of experiments was to replicate the findings of the original HBO show and expand on them with further quantitative data.{{R|"TAE"}} Schwartz wrote about their findings in this second round of experiments provided data "that are consistent with the hypothesis that some form of anomalous information retrieval was occurring in these skilled mediums."{{R|"TAE"}} | |||
* ''The Exemplar Award'' (2000) from the Animal Behavior Society{{R|"ABS1"}} | |||
* ''Animal Behavior Society Fellowship'' (1995){{R|"ABS2"}} | |||
* ''Guggenheim Fellowship'' (1980){{R|"GF"}} | |||
* ''The Bank One Faculty Community Service Award'' (2005){{R|"UoC"}} | |||
* ''St. Francis of Assisi Award'' by the New Zealand SPCA (2009){{R|"PT1"}} | |||
* ''Honorary member, Animalisti Italiani''{{R|"PC1"}} | |||
* ''Honorary member, Fundacion Altarriba''{{R|"PC1"}} | |||
* ''Honorary board member, Rational Animal''{{R|"PC1"}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
This would lead to staff of the show ''Exploring the Unknown'', produced by ], to call asking to do a segment on Northrop.{{R|"TAE"}} | |||
===Author=== | |||
==Mediumship criticism== | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=21 December 1995 |year=1995 |editor1-last=Jamieson |editor1-first=Dale |editor1-link=Dale Jamieson |title=Readings in Animal Cognition |publisher=A Bradford Book |publication-date=21 December 1995 |isbn=978-0262522083}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Carrier |first1=Jim |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=21 March 1996 |year=1996 |title=Nature's Life Lessons: Everyday Truths from Nature |publisher=Fulcrum Publishing |isbn=978-1555912482}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Colin |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=3 April 1998 |year=1998 |title=Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology |publisher= The MIT Press |publication-date=3 April 1998 |isbn=978-0262510974}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=4 June 1998 |year=1998 |editor1-last=Byers |editor1-first=John A. |title=Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=4 June 1998 |isbn=978-0521586566}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Colin |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=26 July 1999 |year=1999 |title=Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology |publisher=MIT Press |publication-date=26 July 1999 |isbn=978-0262511087}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=1 June 2000 |year=2000 |title=Strolling with Our Kin: Speaking for and Respecting Voiceless Animals |publisher=American Anti-Vivisection Society |publication-date=1 June 2000 |isbn=978-1881699026}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |last2=Gould |first2=Stephen Jay |author-link2=Stephen Jay Gould |date=10 October 2000 |year=2000 |title=The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions |publisher=Discovery Books |isbn=978-1563319259}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=15 December 2001 |year=2001 |title=Coyotes: Biology, Behavior and Management |publisher=The Blackburn Press |isbn=978-1930665422}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=1 January 2002 |year=2002 |title=Minding Animals: Awareness, Emotions, and Heart |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |publication-date=1 January 2002 |isbn=978-0195163377}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |last2=Allen |first2=Colin |last3=Burghardt |first3=Gordon |date=15 June 2002 |year=2002|title=The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition |publisher=Bradford Books |publication-date=15 June 2002 |isbn=978-0262523226}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Goodall |first1=Jane |author-link1=Jane Goodall |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=21 October 2003 |year=2003 |title=The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do to Care for The Animals We Love |publisher=HarperOne |publication-date=21 October 2003 |isbn=978-0060556112}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |last2=Goodall |first2=Jane |author-link2=Jane Goodall |date=28 December 2005 |year=2005 |title=Animal Passions and Beastly Virtues: Reflections on Redecorating Nature (Animals Culture And Society) |publisher=Temple University Press |publication-date=28 December 2005 |isbn=978-1592133482}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |last2=Goodall |first2=Jane |author-link2=Jane Goodall |date=13 November 2007 |year=2007 |title=Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect |publisher=Shambhala |publication-date=13 November 2007 |isbn=978-1590305225}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Mark |last2=Goodall |first2=Jane |author-link2=Jane Goodall |date=28 May 2008 |year=2008 |title=The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy ― and Why They Matter |publisher=New World Library |publication-date=28 May 2008 |isbn=978-1577316299}}. | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=28 September 2008 |year=2008 |title=Animals at Play: Rules of the Game |publisher= Temple University Press |publication-date=28 September 2008 |isbn=978-1592135516}} | |||
* {{cite book |date=30 November 2008 |year=2008 |editor1-last=Bekoff |editor1-first=Marc |editor2-last=Lowe |editor2-first=Cara Blessley |title=Listening to Cougar |publisher=University Press of Colorado |publication-date=30 November 2008 |isbn=978-0870819360 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=9 February 2010 |year=2010 |title=The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons for Expanding Our Compassion Footprint |publisher=New World Library |publication-date=30 January 2010 |isbn=978-1577316497}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |last2=Pierce |first2=Jennifer |author-link2=Jennifer Pierce |date=1 May 2010 |year=2010 |title=Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals |publisher=University of Chicago Press |publication-date=1 May 2010 |isbn=978-0226041636}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Jill |author-link1=Jill Robinson |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=1 March 2013 |year=2013 |title=Jasper's Story: Saving Moon Bears |publisher=Sleeping Bear Press |publication-date=1 March 2013 |isbn=978-1585367986}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=1 June 2013 |year=2013 |title=Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation |publisher=University of Chicago Press |publication-date=1 June 2013 |isbn=978-0226925356 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=5 November 2013 |year=2013 |title=Why Dogs Hump and Bees Get Depressed: The Fascinating Science of Animal Intelligence, Emotions, Friendship, and Conservation |publisher=New World Library |publication-date=5 November 2013|isbn=978-1608682195}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=28 October 2014 |year=2014 |title=Rewilding Our Hearts: Building Pathways of Compassion and Coexistence |publisher=New World Library |publication-date=28 October 2014 |isbn=978-1577319542 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Mark |last2=Pierce |first2=Jessica |author-link2=Jessica Pierce |date=18 April 2017 |year=2017 |title=The Animals' Agenda: Freedom, Compassion, and Coexistence in the Human Age |publisher=Beacon Press |publication-date=18 April 2017 |isbn=978-0807045206}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=13 April 2018 |year=2018 |title=Canine Confidential: Why Dogs Do What They Do |publisher=University of Chicago Press |publication-date=13 April 2018 |isbn=978-0226433035 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |last2=Pierce |first2=Jessica |author-link2=Jessica Pierce |date=5 March 2019 |year=2019 |title=Unleashing Your Dog: A Field Guide to Giving Your Canine Companion the Best Life Possible |publisher=New World Library |publication-date=5 March 2019 |isbn= 978-1608685424}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Andres R |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=2 April 2019 |year=2019 |title=Renewal: How Nature Awakens Our Creativity, Compassion, and Joy |publisher=New Society Publishers |publication-date=2 April 2019 |isbn=978-0865718807}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=McIntyre |first1=Rick |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=29 September 2020 |year=2020 |title=The Reign of Wolf 21: The Saga of Yellowstone's Legendary Druid Pack (The Alpha Wolves of Yellowstone, 2) |publisher=Greystone Books |publication-date=29 September 2020 |isbn=978-1771645249}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bekoff |first1=Marc |date=October 2020 |year=2020 |title=Canine Confidential Lib/E: Why Dogs Do What They Do |publisher=THe University of Chicago Press |publication-date=October 2020 |isbn=978-0226755694}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Pierce |first1=Jessica |author-link1=Jessica Pierce |last2=Bekoff |first2=Marc |date=5 October 2021 |year=2021 |title=A Dog's World: Imagining the Lives of Dogs in a World without Humans |publisher=Princeton University Press |publication-date=5 October 2021 |isbn=978-0691196183}} | |||
===Editor=== | |||
===''Exploring the Unknown''=== | |||
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Burghardt |editor1-first=Gordon M. |editor2-last=Bekoff |editor2-first=Marc |title=The Development of behavior: Comparative and evolutionary aspects (Garland series in ethology) |publisher=Garland STPM Press |publication-date=1 January 1978 |isbn=978-0824070151}} | |||
In 1999, Northrop was profiled on the TV show ''Exploring the Unknown'' produced by ]. In that episode, Northrop is seen giving a reading over the radio.{{R|"SI1"}} Mentalist ] was asked to explain how Northrop accomplished what appears to be talking to dead family members of the participants in the show.{{R|"SI1"}}{{R|"YT1"}} Edward said of Northrop that, “The technique is to talk really fast. Say a lot of things, so fast that the normal average person doesn’t have a chance to respond or reconstruct what you just said.”{{R|"YT1"}} He further explains how Northrop can easily overcome incorrect or unrelated guesses by telling the sitter to "watch for it" and that she also provides statements that could have multiple meanings to give herself the widest latitude for turning a miss into a hit.{{R|"YT1"}} Edward also provides the reasons behind her use of initials which have a much higher hit rate and can relate to almost anything.{{R|"YT1"}} | |||
* {{cite book |date=30 September 2007 |year=2007 |editor1-last=Bekoff |editor1-first=Marc |title=Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships : A Global Exploration of Our Connections with Animals |publisher=Greenwood; Illustrated edition |publication-date=30 September 2007 |isbn=978-0313334870}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Kemmerer |first1=Lisa |author-link1=Lisa Kemmerer |date=31 May 2012 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bekoff |editor1-first=Marc |title=Primate People: Saving Nonhuman Primates through Education, Advocacy, and Sanctuary |publisher=University of Utah Press |publication-date=31 May 2012 |isbn=978-1607811534}} | |||
===''How Not To Test Mediums''=== | |||
Northrop uses ''The Afterlife Experiments'' as evidence of her abilities.{{R|"YT1"}} However, in his article, ''How Not To Test Mediums'', ] does a deep dive into ''The Afterlife Experiments'' and concludes that there were several major flaws in the experimental designs including the failure to use double-blind procedures, inadequate precautions against fraud and sensory leakage, failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as true, and several others.{{R|"SI2"}} Hyman also finds severe issues with Schwartz' interpretations of the data, such as creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes. In his conclusion, Hyman states that, "The studies were methodologically defective in a number of important ways, not the least of which was that they were not double-blind... Yet the experimenters offer the results as a "breathtaking" validation of their claims about the existence of the afterlife."{{R|"SI2"}} | |||
===Operation Lemon Meringue=== | |||
In 2020, Northrop and Thomas John began doing medium events together using ], where they charged people to attend these with the possibility that they would receive a reading from one of the two purported mediums.{{R|"SI1"}} ] and members of her Guerilla Skeptics team attended several of these events.{{R|"SI1"}} Gerbic's team was able to notice statements or terms that Northrop uses over and over again in different events that elicit hits.{{R|"SI1"}} Gerbic noted that in Northrop's ''Exploring the Unknown'' appearance, she used the word "rose" which she again uses again during the Zoom events with Thomas John, stating “Not only was she known for her rose bushes, but I think there is someone connected in her family with that name. I’m hearing it twice. There is somebody I think named Rose in her family as well as her doing the rose bushes.”{{R|"SI1"}}{{R|"YT1"}} Gerbic makes a point that the word "rose" could be used to reference a first name, middle name, nickname, hobby, the flower itself, etc. and also notes that Rose was one of the most popular names for women in the early 20th century which would fit the age of women that had recently passed.{{R|"SI1"}} Another example of reusing the same fishing technique in ''Exploring the Unknown'', and during her Zoom events, is asking about a vehicle -- whether it be a car or truck.{{R|"SI1"}}{{R|"YT1"}} Gerbic describes this as ]. which she defines as "using general statements that are typical of most people. It’s helpful to know some basics of the sitter: the gender, approximate age, ethnicity, and accents, all of which can be inferred over the radio".{{R|"SI1"}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
*''Séance: A Guide for Living''{{R|"Seance"}} | |||
*''Second Chance: Healing Messages from the Afterlife''{{R|"Second"}} | |||
*''Everything Happens for a Reason: Love, Free Will, and the Lessons of the Soul''{{R|"Everything"}} | |||
*''A Medium’s Cookbook: Recipes for the Soul: A Step-By-Step Guide toward Creating a Banquet of Connections to Those Who Have Passed Over''{{R|"Cookbook"}} | |||
==See also== | |||
*'''Maybe add something here? See TJ's page.''' | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|refs= | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name=ENC>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/bekoff-marc-1945|title=Bekoff, Marc 1945-|date=2020-03-16|website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=SI1>{{cite web |last1=Gerbic |first1=Susan |authorlink1=Susan Gerbic |title=Suzane Northrop – Operation Lemon Meringue |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/suzane-northup-operation-lemon-meringue/ |website=Skepticalinquirer.org |publisher=CFI |accessdate=28 January 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113212520/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/suzane-northup-operation-lemon-meringue/ |archivedate=13 January 2021 |date=28 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=ABS1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animalbehaviorsociety.org/web/awards-exemplar.php|title=Grants & Awards |website=AnimalBehaviorSociety.org |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=GF>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/marc-bekoff/|title=Marc Bekoff |website=gf.org |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=UoC>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cu.edu/oaa/recognitions/chase-faculty-community-service-award/chase-faculty-community-service-award-past/|title=Chase Faculty Community Service Award Past Recipients |website=cu.edu |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PT1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/contributors/marc-bekoff-phd |title=Marc Bekoff Ph.D. |website=psychologytoday.com |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PT2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/200911/do-animals-have-spiritual-experiences-yes-they-do |title=Do Animals Have Spiritual Experiences? Yes, They Do. |website=psychologytoday.com |access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PT3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-playing-field/200911/do-dogs-know-death |title=Do Dogs Know Death? |website=psychologytoday.com |access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PT4>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/200910/grief-in-animals-its-arrogant-think-were-the-only-animals-who-mourn |title=Grief in animals: It's arrogant to think we're the only animals who mourn |website=psychologytoday.com |access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=BW1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boulderweekly.com/news/roots-and-shoots/ |title=Roots and Shoots |website=boulderweekly.com |access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PC1>{{Cite web|url=https://animal-testing.procon.org/source-biographies/marc-bekoff/ |title=Marc Bekoff, PhD Biography |website=procon.org |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=UCB>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/people/marc-bekoff/ |title=Marc Bekoff |website=colorado.edu |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=RGN>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Marc-Bekoff-26957859 |title=Marc Bekoff's research... |website=www.researchgate.net |access-date=2021-03-03}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=MR1>{{Cite web|url=https://muckrack.com/marc-bekoff-1/articles |title=Marc Bekoff |website=www.muckrack.com |access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=LPG1>{{Cite web|url=http://landofpuregold.com/gentlegiant.htm |title=Dr. Marc Bekoff - Gentle Giant of the Animal World |website=landofpuregold.com/ |access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PJ1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectcoyote.org/about/our-people/ |title=SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD |website=projectcoyote.org |access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=PJ2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectcoyote.org/about// |title=Discover Project Coyote |website=projectcoyote.org |access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=TFO>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0303_11?journalCode=haaw20#:~:text=Marc%20Bekoff%20and%20Jane%20Goodall,in%20the%20field%20and%20laboratory. |title=Announcement |website=www.tandfonline.com |access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=ABS2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animalbehaviorsociety.org/web/about-fellows.php |title=Fellows of the ABS |website=www.animalbehaviorsociety.org/ |access-date=2021-03-30}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=LIT> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213071706/http://www.literati.net/authors/marc-bekoff |date=2013-02-13 }}, literati.net, undated. *Marc Bekoff, , ''Psychology Today''.</ref> | |||
<ref name=CB>{{Cite journal|last=Wallach|first=Arian D.|last2=Bekoff|first2=Marc|last3=Batavia|first3=Chelsea|last4=Nelson|first4=Michael Paul|last5=Ramp|first5=Daniel|year=2018|title=Summoning compassion to address the challenges of conservation|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1255–1265|doi=10.1111/cobi.13126|pmid=29700860|issn=1523-1739}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=HPO>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegans-shouldnt-eat-oyste_b_605786|title=Vegans Shouldn't Eat Oysters, and If You Do You're Not Vegan, So...|last=Bekoff|first=Marc|date=2010-06-10|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=FFA>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freedomforanimals.org.uk/professor-marc-bekoff|title=Professor Marc Bekoff|website=Freedom for Animals|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=GGB>{{Cite web|url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/expanding_our_compassion_footprint|title=Expanding Our Compassion Footprint|last=Bekoff|first=Marc|date=2010-05-20|website=Greater Good Science Center|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
<ref name=SI2>{{cite web |last1=Hyman |first1=Ray|authorlink1=Ray Hyman |title=How Not To Test Mediums |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2003/01/how-not-to-test-mediums/ |website=Skepticalinquirer.org |publisher=CFI |accessdate=9 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172722/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2003/01/how-not-to-test-mediums/ |archivedate=30 October 2020 |date=9 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=DDD>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Tom |title=Psychics make stop in tri-state |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=66184846&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQxMDMzOTYxMCwiaWF0IjoxNjEyNDgyMTI0LCJleHAiOjE2MTI1Njg1MjR9.fqvaENaGIZ0XIduv_TpqblolCMtlUkhFetl8pAijdXY |website=newspapers.com |publisher=Dayton Daily News |accessdate=4 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205003741/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=66184846&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQxMDMzOTYxMCwiaWF0IjoxNjEyNDgyMTI0LCJleHAiOjE2MTI1Njg1MjR9.fqvaENaGIZ0XIduv_TpqblolCMtlUkhFetl8pAijdXY |archivedate=5 February 2021 |date=4 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=TAE>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Gary E. |author-link1= Gary Schwartz |last2= Simon |first2= William L. |last3= Russek |first3= Linda G. |title= The Afterlife Experiments: Breakthrough Scientific Evidence of Life After Death |publisher= ] |publication-date= 10 March 2002|page= |isbn= 0-7434-3658-X}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=NCX>{{cite web |last1=Thompson|first1=Vicky|title=Doorway into the Afterlife: An Interview with Suzane Northrop |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/suzane-northup-operation-lemon-meringue/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326100250/http://www.newconnexion.net/articles/index.cfm/2012/07/Interview_with_Suzane_Northrop.html |archivedate=26 March 2015 |date=1 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=YT1>{{cite web|title=1999 Exploring the Unknown - Suzanne Northrup - Gary Schwartz - Mark Edward|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow-U6iPSZBo|website=YouTube|accessdate=February 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Seance>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=Séance: A Guide for Living |date=25 January 1994 |publisher=Alliance Publishing Company |isbn=978-0964150904 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Second>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=Second Chance: Healing Messages from the Afterlife |date=21 April 2002 |publisher=Jodere Group |isbn=978-1588720351 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Everything>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=Everything Happens for a Reason |date=1 November 2004 |publisher=Northstar 2LLC |isbn=978-1588720436 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Cookbook>{{cite book |last1=Northrop |first1=Suzane |title=A Medium’s Cookbook: Recipes for the Soul: A Step-By-Step Guide toward Creating a Banquet of Connections to Those Who Have Passed Over |date=20 October 2005 |publisher=Northstar 2LLC |isbn=978-0976260837 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=GPOD>{{cite web |url=https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8yN2YwYmY4Yy9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw== |title= Dead Peoples' Society with Suzane Northrop |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= podcasts.google.com/ |access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
== |
==External links== | ||
*{{Official website|https://marcbekoff.com/}} | |||
* | |||
* at ''Psychology Today'' | |||
*{{IMDb name|2056508}} | |||
== See also == | |||
*{{official website|http://www.SuzaneNorthrop.com}} | |||
* ] | |||
{{Animal rights|state=uncollapsed|advocates}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{Animal welfare}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 16:23, 10 April 2021
American biologistMarc Bekoff | |
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Born | (1945-09-06) September 6, 1945 (age 79) Brooklyn, New York |
Education | AB (1967), Washington University MA (1968), Hofstra University PhD (1972, animal behavior), Washington University |
Occupation(s) | Scientist, educator, writer |
Website | marcbekoff |
Marc Bekoff was born in Brooklyn, NY September 6, 1945 is an American biologist, ethologist, behavioural ecologist and writer. He was a professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder for 32 years. He cofounded the Jane Goodall Institute of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and he is Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder where,.as of April of 2021, Bekoff holds the position Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
Academic Career
Bekoff earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Washington University in 1967. He earned his Master of Arts from Hofstra University in 1968. Finally, he earned a Ph.D. in Animal Behavior from Washington University in 1972. After completing his Ph.D., he became an assistant professor of biology at University of Missouri–St. Louis in 1973 through 1974. He went on to work at the University of Colorado Boulder as the professor of organismic biology where he pursues research into ethology, animal behavior, behavioral ecology, development and evolution of behavior, social communication and organization, animal protection, cognitive ethology, animal cognition. Bekoff retired from his active professorship after 32 years and currently holds the position of Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder. During his tenure at University of Colorado Boulder Bekoff has authored or co-authored at least 172 papers.{{R|"RGN"}
Writing Career
After gaining his Ph.D. he began publishing articles and books on animal behavior and cognition. Bekoff authored, co-authored, or edited thousands of articles and over 30 books and encyclopedias. His articles have been published in Psychology Today, The New York Times, National Geographic, Live Science, and several more. Bekoff's books and articles try to prove that non-human animals exhibit thought processes similar to humans as well as emotions that could be compared to human emotions such as grief, fear, love, and compassion. Bekoff argues that non-human animals are extremely smart and demonstrate emotional and moral intelligences. He also has written about the grieving rituals of several different species and has recently written articles expressing his belief that non-human animals have spiritual experiences. His writings challenge his readers to rethink their relationship and responsibilities toward their fellow animals.
Activism and Outreach
Bekoff is an activist that embodies non-aggressive means. His activism follows the idea that responsible assertiveness wins out over aggression any day. Since 2001, while working with Roots & Shoots, an organization founded by Jane Goodall, Bekoff has visited Boulder County Jail once a week to teach a class about animal behavior to the inmates in the jail's program for educational and life skills where he often shows movies about animal behavior and conservation. His main message is, "We should be proud to be animals, and we have so much to learn from the behavior of other animals."
Bekoff serves on the Science Advisory Board of Project Coyote which is a national non-profit organization promoting compassionate conservation and coexistence between people and wildlife through education, science, and advocacy. He is an advocate for the compassionate conservation movement which is also supported by Project Coyote. Bekoff and Goodall announced the formation of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (EETA) in Volume 3, 2000 issue of Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science with its purpose being the development and maintenance of the highest ethical standards in ethological research with a focus on Cognitive ethology and animal sentience. He lectures internationally on animal behavior, cognitive ethology, and behavioral ecology, and writes a science column about animal emotion for Psychology Today.
Bekoff is a vegan. He is also a patron of the Captive Animals Protection Society. In May 2010, he argued in an article for the Greater Good Science Center, "Expanding Our Compassionate Footprint," that human beings need to abandon human exceptionalism: "Research on animal morality is blossoming, and if we can break free of theoretical prejudices, we may come to better understand ourselves and the other animals with whom we share this planet."
Selected Awards
- The Exemplar Award (2000) from the Animal Behavior Society
- Animal Behavior Society Fellowship (1995)
- Guggenheim Fellowship (1980)
- The Bank One Faculty Community Service Award (2005)
- St. Francis of Assisi Award by the New Zealand SPCA (2009)
- Honorary member, Animalisti Italiani
- Honorary member, Fundacion Altarriba
- Honorary board member, Rational Animal
Bibliography
Author
- Bekoff, Marc (21 December 1995). Jamieson, Dale (ed.). Readings in Animal Cognition. A Bradford Book. ISBN 978-0262522083.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Carrier, Jim; Bekoff, Marc (21 March 1996). Nature's Life Lessons: Everyday Truths from Nature. Fulcrum Publishing. ISBN 978-1555912482.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Allen, Colin; Bekoff, Marc (3 April 1998). Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262510974.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (4 June 1998). Byers, John A. (ed.). Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521586566.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Allen, Colin; Bekoff, Marc (26 July 1999). Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262511087.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (1 June 2000). Strolling with Our Kin: Speaking for and Respecting Voiceless Animals. American Anti-Vivisection Society. ISBN 978-1881699026.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Gould, Stephen Jay (10 October 2000). The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions. Discovery Books. ISBN 978-1563319259.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (15 December 2001). Coyotes: Biology, Behavior and Management. The Blackburn Press. ISBN 978-1930665422.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (1 January 2002). Minding Animals: Awareness, Emotions, and Heart. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0195163377.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Allen, Colin; Burghardt, Gordon (15 June 2002). The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition. Bradford Books. ISBN 978-0262523226.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Goodall, Jane; Bekoff, Marc (21 October 2003). The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do to Care for The Animals We Love. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0060556112.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Goodall, Jane (28 December 2005). Animal Passions and Beastly Virtues: Reflections on Redecorating Nature (Animals Culture And Society). Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1592133482.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Goodall, Jane (13 November 2007). Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1590305225.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Mark; Goodall, Jane (28 May 2008). The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy ― and Why They Matter. New World Library. ISBN 978-1577316299.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link). - Bekoff, Marc (28 September 2008). Animals at Play: Rules of the Game. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1592135516.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Lowe, Cara Blessley, eds. (30 November 2008). Listening to Cougar. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0870819360.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (9 February 2010). The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons for Expanding Our Compassion Footprint. New World Library (published 30 January 2010). ISBN 978-1577316497.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Pierce, Jennifer (1 May 2010). Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226041636.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Robinson, Jill; Bekoff, Marc (1 March 2013). Jasper's Story: Saving Moon Bears. Sleeping Bear Press. ISBN 978-1585367986.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (1 June 2013). Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226925356.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (5 November 2013). Why Dogs Hump and Bees Get Depressed: The Fascinating Science of Animal Intelligence, Emotions, Friendship, and Conservation. New World Library. ISBN 978-1608682195.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (28 October 2014). Rewilding Our Hearts: Building Pathways of Compassion and Coexistence. New World Library. ISBN 978-1577319542.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Mark; Pierce, Jessica (18 April 2017). The Animals' Agenda: Freedom, Compassion, and Coexistence in the Human Age. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807045206.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (13 April 2018). Canine Confidential: Why Dogs Do What They Do. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226433035.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc; Pierce, Jessica (5 March 2019). Unleashing Your Dog: A Field Guide to Giving Your Canine Companion the Best Life Possible. New World Library. ISBN 978-1608685424.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Edwards, Andres R; Bekoff, Marc (2 April 2019). Renewal: How Nature Awakens Our Creativity, Compassion, and Joy. New Society Publishers. ISBN 978-0865718807.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - McIntyre, Rick; Bekoff, Marc (29 September 2020). The Reign of Wolf 21: The Saga of Yellowstone's Legendary Druid Pack (The Alpha Wolves of Yellowstone, 2). Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1771645249.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bekoff, Marc (October 2020). Canine Confidential Lib/E: Why Dogs Do What They Do. THe University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226755694.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Pierce, Jessica; Bekoff, Marc (5 October 2021). A Dog's World: Imagining the Lives of Dogs in a World without Humans. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691196183.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Editor
- Burghardt, Gordon M.; Bekoff, Marc, eds. (1 January 1978). The Development of behavior: Comparative and evolutionary aspects (Garland series in ethology). Garland STPM Press. ISBN 978-0824070151.
- Bekoff, Marc, ed. (30 September 2007). Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships : A Global Exploration of Our Connections with Animals. Greenwood; Illustrated edition. ISBN 978-0313334870.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Kemmerer, Lisa (31 May 2012). Bekoff, Marc (ed.). Primate People: Saving Nonhuman Primates through Education, Advocacy, and Sanctuary. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1607811534.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
References
- ^ "Bekoff, Marc 1945-". Encyclopedia.com. 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "Roots and Shoots". boulderweekly.com. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
- "Marc Bekoff". colorado.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
- ^ "Marc Bekoff Ph.D." psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ "Marc Bekoff". www.muckrack.com. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
- ^ "Do Animals Have Spiritual Experiences? Yes, They Do". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
- "Do Dogs Know Death?". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
- "Grief in animals: It's arrogant to think we're the only animals who mourn". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
- ^ "Dr. Marc Bekoff - Gentle Giant of the Animal World". landofpuregold.com/. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- "SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD". projectcoyote.org. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- "Discover Project Coyote". projectcoyote.org. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- Wallach, Arian D.; Bekoff, Marc; Batavia, Chelsea; Nelson, Michael Paul; Ramp, Daniel (2018). "Summoning compassion to address the challenges of conservation". Conservation Biology. 32 (6): 1255–1265. doi:10.1111/cobi.13126. ISSN 1523-1739. PMID 29700860.
- "Announcement". www.tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- "Marc Bekoff" Archived 2013-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, literati.net, undated. *Marc Bekoff, "Animal emotions", Psychology Today.
- Bekoff, Marc (2010-06-10). "Vegans Shouldn't Eat Oysters, and If You Do You're Not Vegan, So..." HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- "Professor Marc Bekoff". Freedom for Animals. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- Bekoff, Marc (2010-05-20). "Expanding Our Compassion Footprint". Greater Good Science Center. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- "Grants & Awards". AnimalBehaviorSociety.org. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- "Fellows of the ABS". www.animalbehaviorsociety.org/. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
- "Marc Bekoff". gf.org. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- "Chase Faculty Community Service Award Past Recipients". cu.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ "Marc Bekoff, PhD Biography". procon.org. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
External links
- Official website
- Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals / Citizens for Responsible Animal Behavior Studies
- Blog at Psychology Today
- Noguarde/sandbox at IMDb
See also
Animal welfare | |||||
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Concepts |
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Pain in nonhuman animals | |||||
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Related | |||||
Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American biologists Category:21st-century American biologists Category:American columnists Category:American ecologists Category:Animal ethicists Category:Animal welfare scholars Category:Ethologists Category:University of Colorado Boulder faculty