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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
|type = Historic Village
{{Short description|Village in India}}
|native_name = Kodumanal
{{Infobox Historic Site
|other_name = Kodumanam - Ancient Trade City
| name = Kodumanal
|district = ]
|state_name = Tamil Nadu | native_language = Tamil
| image =
|nearest_city = ]
| image_size = 250px
|parliament_const =
| caption =
|assembly_const =
| designation1 =
|civic_agency =
| designation1_date =
|skyline =
| designation1_number =
|skyline_caption =
| designation1_criteria =
|latd =
| designation1_type = Cultural
|longd =
| designation1_free1name = State Party
|locator_position = right
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
|area_total =
| designation1_free2name = Region
|area_magnitude =
| designation1_free2value =
|altitude =
| location = ], ], ]
|population_total =
| elevation =
|population_as_of =
| built =
|population_density =
| architect =
|sex_ratio =
| architecture =
|literacy =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0125|78.16|display=inline}}
|area_telephone =
| locmapin = India
|postal_code =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
|vehicle_code_range =
| visitation_num =
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}} }}


'''Kodumanal''' is a village located in the ] in the southern Indian state of ]. It was once a flourishing ancient trade city known as '''Kodumanam''', as inscribed in ''Patittrupathu'' of ]. The place is a important Archaeological Site, under the controll of State Archaeological Department of Tamil Nadu. which for a while served as the capital of the ] kings in ]. It is Located on the northern banks of ], a tributary of the Cauvery. '''Kodumanal''' is a village located in the ] in the southern Indian state of ]. It was once a flourishing ancient trade city known as '''Kodumanam''', as inscribed in ''Patittrupathu'' of ].<ref name="Stone spell">{{cite news|title=Stone spell|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031902020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628073912/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031902020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2006|date=19 March 2005|newspaper=]|location=India}}</ref> The place is an important archaeological site, under the control of State Archaeological Department of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the northern banks of ], a tributary of the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kodumanal likely to get a new lease of life with excavation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/04/stories/2007040416720300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411181522/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/04/stories/2007040416720300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2008|date=4 April 2007|newspaper=]|location=Erode, Tamil Nadu, India}}</ref>


==The Anciient City== ==The ancient city==
The inhabitants of this destructed ancient city were highly skilled craftsmen, who were specialized in making beads and high quality iron. The place is referred to in Sangam literature as an important industrial centre that had links with the Chola port city of Kaveripoompattinam, ow called ]. The inhabitants of this destroyed ancient city of ] were highly skilled craftsmen, who were specialized in making beads and high-quality iron. The place is referred to in Sangam literature as an important industrial centre that had links with the Chola port city of Kaveripoompattinam, now called ].{{cn|date=November 2022}}


==Roman Trade Route== ==Roman trade route==
The city played a major role in ], as the ancient city is located on the mid-way of a Roman Trade Route, linking ] Port on the Malabar Coast with the Kaveripoompattinam (]) Port in the Coromandel Coast. The city played a major role in ], as the ancient city is located on the mid-way of a Roman trade route, linking ] port on the Malabar Coast with the Kaveripoompattinam (]) Port in the Coromandel Coast.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Following the Roman trail|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/17/stories/2003081700370800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103171541/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/17/stories/2003081700370800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2004|date=17 August 2003|newspaper=]|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/more-studies-needed-at-pattanam/article4743789.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title='More studies needed at Pattanam' | date=24 May 2013}}</ref>


⚫ ==Iron and metal==
==Megalithic Tombs==
The iron and steel furnaces and iron artefacts produced in these places revealed the technical advancement made by the iron smelters around 500 BC. The excavated sword bit contained spheroidal graphite phase and forge welding of high-carbon cutting edge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000616d_17.pdf |title=Indian Journal of History & Science,37.1,2002,17-29 (through "Digital Library of India") |access-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052001/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000616d_17.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215550/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> This place was once celebrated for its trade in precious stones like garnet, carnelian, ], sapphire and quartz. The people of this city were experts in manufacturing the finest iron.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
Excavations have been carried out and it came out with the layers of a megalithic-cum-early tombs of historic period. Also there were two female and one male human skeleton were recovered from a pit burial in this site. A set of 300 megalithic tombs of different types and sizes were observed and recorded in this area.

The ancient city has been destructed in time and now the area is available with the remains of a megalithic settlement dating back to the 2nd Century B.C. Apparently, this was the centre for the Romans who visited to obtain beryls from Kodumanal.
The megalithic communities flourished in this site were belongs to the period of 2nd Century B.C. to 2nd Century A.D.

⚫ ==Iron and Metal==
This place was once celebrated for its trade in precious stones like Garnet, Carnelian, ], Sapphire and Quartz. The people of this city were experts in manufacturing the finest iron. The ] in ] in Delhi, a rustless wonder was built by the ] produced from this place.


==Collections== ==Collections==
Excavations uncovered ancient iron objects such as arrow heads and swords.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/excavations-at-kodumanal-village-unearth-more-ancient-objects/article23833896.ece|title=Excavations at Kodumanal village unearth more ancient objects|date=2018-05-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They also produced Roman artefacts, iron melting furnaces, beads, shell bangles and pottery with the Tamizhi scripts (from the habitation deposits and burials). Other artifacts uncovered during the excavation of this site include roulette pottery, Roman silver coins, and gold and silver spirals. A bronze statue of a lion and the iron melting furnaces were important to deciphering the site's history.<ref>{{cite news|title=A great past in bright colours |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272006400.htm |newspaper=Frontline |date=8 October 2010 |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203113057/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272006400.htm |archive-date= 3 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20120810291506200.htm{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-big-discovery-a-2500-year-old-industrial-estate/20120612.htm|title=BIG discovery: A 2,500-year-old industrial estate!|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/kodumanal-excavation-yields-a-bonanza-again/article3463120.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=T. S. | last=Subramanian | title=Kodumanal excavation yields a bonanza again | date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/excavation/kod.htm|title=KODUMANAL ERODE EXCAVATION|website=www.tnarch.gov.in|access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref>
Excavations also came out with ancient iron objects such as Arrow heads and Swords. Also they have collected Roman artefacts, iron melting furnaces, beads, shell bangles and pottery with the Brahmi scripts from the habitation deposits and burials. The ancient
The other collections from the excavation of this site includes Roulette Pottery, Roman Silver Coins, and Gold and Silver Spirals.
And a Bronze Statue of a Lion and an Iron melting furnace were the important one's helpful in deciding the past history.


==References == ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

* http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031902020100.htm
⚫ ==External links==
* http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/04/stories/2007040416720300.htm
{{Portal|India}}
* http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272006400.htm
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=U. | title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher=Pearson Education | series=Always learning | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA402 | access-date=2021-02-19}}
* http://books.google.co.in/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA402&lpg=PA402&dq=kodumanal+called+as&source=bl&ots=xcdC8QeVjA&sig=AUsc9aTBsG5d-EzNqgRm2esbDoc&hl=en&ei=a5xbTZ39N4a4vgP4jOnfDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false
* {{cite book | last=Francis | first=P. | title=Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-8248-2332-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzZBdGQN_TIC&pg=PA122 | access-date=2021-02-19}}
* http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zzZBdGQN_TIC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=kodumanal+called+as&source=bl&ots=eY2rXArdfM&sig=FawJfjzSIwiYR3UGbwr1Xx6PZa4&hl=en&ei=a5xbTZ39N4a4vgP4jOnfDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=kodumanal%20called%20as&f=false
* http://kodumanal.blogspot.com/2008/07/genesis-of-ukku-insights-from.html * http://kodumanal.blogspot.com/2008/07/genesis-of-ukku-insights-from.html
* http://kodumanal.blogspot.com/2008/07/anchor.html * http://kodumanal.blogspot.com/2008/07/anchor.html
* http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20060321084351/http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html
* http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-06-0-000-000-2004-Web/Anth-06-2-091-157-2004-Abst-PDF/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R.pdf * http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-06-0-000-000-2004-Web/Anth-06-2-091-157-2004-Abst-PDF/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R.pdf
* http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000c951-385.pdf * https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154746/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000c951-385.pdf
* http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3465932.ece

⚫ ==External links==

{{Erode district}} {{Erode district}}


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Latest revision as of 14:53, 12 December 2022

Village in India
Kodumanal
Kodumanal is located in IndiaKodumanalLocation in Tamil Nadu, India
LocationErode, Tamil Nadu, India
Coordinates11°00′45″N 78°09′36″E / 11.0125°N 78.16°E / 11.0125; 78.16

Kodumanal is a village located in the Erode district in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was once a flourishing ancient trade city known as Kodumanam, as inscribed in Patittrupathu of Sangam Literature. The place is an important archaeological site, under the control of State Archaeological Department of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the northern banks of Noyyal River, a tributary of the Cauvery.

The ancient city

The inhabitants of this destroyed ancient city of Chera dynasty were highly skilled craftsmen, who were specialized in making beads and high-quality iron. The place is referred to in Sangam literature as an important industrial centre that had links with the Chola port city of Kaveripoompattinam, now called Poompuhar.

Roman trade route

The city played a major role in Indo-Roman trade and relations, as the ancient city is located on the mid-way of a Roman trade route, linking Muziris port on the Malabar Coast with the Kaveripoompattinam (Puhar) Port in the Coromandel Coast.

Iron and metal

The iron and steel furnaces and iron artefacts produced in these places revealed the technical advancement made by the iron smelters around 500 BC. The excavated sword bit contained spheroidal graphite phase and forge welding of high-carbon cutting edge. This place was once celebrated for its trade in precious stones like garnet, carnelian, lapis lazuli, sapphire and quartz. The people of this city were experts in manufacturing the finest iron.

Collections

Excavations uncovered ancient iron objects such as arrow heads and swords. They also produced Roman artefacts, iron melting furnaces, beads, shell bangles and pottery with the Tamizhi scripts (from the habitation deposits and burials). Other artifacts uncovered during the excavation of this site include roulette pottery, Roman silver coins, and gold and silver spirals. A bronze statue of a lion and the iron melting furnaces were important to deciphering the site's history.

References

  1. "Stone spell". The Hindu. India. 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006.
  2. "Kodumanal likely to get a new lease of life with excavation". The Hindu. Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. 4 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008.
  3. The Hindu - Mar 2011
  4. "Following the Roman trail". The Hindu. India. 17 August 2003. Archived from the original on 3 January 2004.
  5. "'More studies needed at Pattanam'". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 24 May 2013.
  6. "Indian Journal of History & Science,37.1,2002,17-29 (through "Digital Library of India")" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  7. Indian Journal of History & Science,34(4),1999 (through "Digital Library of India") Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Excavations at Kodumanal village unearth more ancient objects". The Hindu. 10 May 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  9. "A great past in bright colours". Frontline. India. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011.
  10. http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20120810291506200.htm
  11. "BIG discovery: A 2,500-year-old industrial estate!". Rediff. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  12. Subramanian, T. S. (28 May 2012). "Kodumanal excavation yields a bonanza again". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  13. "KODUMANAL ERODE EXCAVATION". www.tnarch.gov.in. Retrieved 7 May 2016.

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