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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Year dab|1278}} {{About year|1278}}
{{Year nav|1278}} {{Year nav|1278}}
{{C13 year in topic}}
⚫ {{C13 year in topic}}Year '''1278''' (''']''') was a ] (link will display the full calendar) of the ].
] by ]]]
⚫ Year '''1278''' (''']''') was a ] of the ].


== Events == == Events ==
<onlyinclude> <onlyinclude>
⚫ ===By area===
⚫ ====America====


====Asia==== === By place ===
* ] &ndash; The ] ] ends, and the ] era begins.
⚫ * ] &ndash; ] China dies of illness, and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes ]. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of ] leader ] draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later, at the ], the Song Dynasty will cease to exist, becoming incorporated into the ] of China.
⚫ * ] &ndash; ], the second emperor of Vietnam's ], takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for eleven years to co-rule with his son ].


====Europe==== ==== Europe ====
* ] &ndash; ], prince of ], dies. By the terms of the ], his lands passed under the direct control of ], king of ]. Charles appoints a '']'' to rule the Latin principality.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, ], on ]. He promises not to attack or invade the ] because Nicholas has hopes to unify the ] with the ].<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] is crowned ], and is acknowledged by the kingdom's barons at ].<ref name="Lock119">{{cite book | last = Lock | first = Peter | title = The Routledge Companion to the Crusades | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781135131371 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC | page = 119}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King ] ("the Wise") besiege ] (at this time under control of the ]). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the ] to prevent the supply of the city from nearby ]. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the ], a military-] which is concentrated in naval warfare.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 75. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], ], dies. By the terms of the ], his lands pass under the direct control of ].<ref name="Lock119"/>
⚫ * ] &ndash; ]: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings ] in alliance with ] ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill ], ruler of ]. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of ]. Rudolf's ] will continue to rule ] and other captured territories, until the end of ] in ].<ref>Clauss, M. (2010). Rogers, Clifford, J. (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume I'', p. 552–554. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0195334036}}.</ref>
* ] &ndash; King ] begins the ] (at this time under the control of ]), the first of many the city will suffer during the Spanish ]. He will be forced to abandon it about a year later.
⚫ * ] &ndash; Aragonese forces led by King ] take the Muslim stronghold of ], putting an end to two years of ] rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.<ref name=negotiating>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243|page=120}}</ref>
⚫ * ] &ndash; ] at ] and ]: Kings ] and ] defeat King ], in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of ]s in the ]. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of ], and Rudolf's ] will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of ] in ].
⚫ * ] &ndash; ] takes the Muslim stronghold of ], putting an end to two years of ] rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm, and go into exile.<ref name=negotiating>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&dq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243&source=gbs_navlinks_s|page=120}}</ref>
* The independence, boundaries, and political structure of ] are agreed to by the Catalan ] and the ].
* The so-called ], which had begun in ] in what will become ], ends.


===By topic=== ==== England ====
* ] &ndash; King ] ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for ] from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the ], with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.<ref>David B. Green. Haaretz – Jewish World: ''All Jews of England are arrested in a 'coin-clipping' scandal'', retrieved on November 17, 2013.</ref>
⚫ ====Arts and culture====

==== Levant ====
* January &ndash; Charles I is crowned ], and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at ]. He surrenders the vicariate of ] to Nicholas III. His ''bailiff'', ], appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. ], count of ] (and nominal ]), acknowledges Roger as lawful ''bailiff''.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 288. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

⚫ ==== Asia ====
⚫ * ] &ndash; The 7-year-old Emperor ] (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother ] who becomes the last ruler of the ]. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader ] ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
⚫ * ] &ndash; ], second emperor of Vietnam's ], takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son ].

⚫ === By topic ===

⚫ ==== Art and Culture ====
* The earliest known written copy of the '']'', a collection of ancient sacred ] ] texts previously passed down orally, is produced. * The earliest known written copy of the '']'', a collection of ancient sacred ] ] texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
⚫ ====Markets====
⚫ * ] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref>


====Religion==== ==== Markets ====
⚫ * ] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref>
* An edict by ] requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.

</onlyinclude>
==== Religion ====
* ] &ndash; ], Catalan bishop of ], becomes the first Episcopal ] of ], when he signs the ], establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with ], count of ].</onlyinclude>


== Births == == Births ==
* ] &ndash; ] (d. ]) * January 10/11 &ndash; ], Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
* ] (d. c. ]) * ] &ndash; ], English princess, nun (d. ])
* ], Byzantine empress consort (d. ]) * ] &ndash; ], Japanese ] patriarch (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], Persian poet and writer (d. ])
⚫ * ] (d. ])
* ] &ndash; ], English ] (d. ])
⚫ * ] (d. 1322)
* ] &ndash; ], Neapolitan prince (d. ])
* ], Scottish nobleman and knight (d. ])
* ] (or III), co-ruler of ] (d. ])
⚫ * ], Aragonese prince ('']'') (d. 1316)
* ], Japanese nobleman and ] (d. ])
* ], Belgian monk and historian (d. ])
* ], Scottish nobleman and knight (d. ])
* ], Latin prince of ] (d. ])
⚫ * ], English nobleman (d. ])


== Deaths == == Deaths ==
* ] &ndash; ], Hungarian nobleman and knight
]]]
* ] &ndash; ], English monk and bishop

* ] &ndash; ] * ] &ndash; ], German nobleman and knight (b. ])
* March 28 or 29 &ndash; ], French cardinal and archbishop
* ] &ndash; ] (b. ])
* ] &ndash; ], prince of ] (b. ])
⚫ * ] &ndash; ], French courtier
* ] &ndash; King ] * ] &ndash; ] (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. ])
⚫ * ] &ndash; ], French nobleman and councilor
* ] &ndash; ] (or Napo), Italian nobleman
* ] &ndash; ], Bohemian nobleman and king (b. ])
* September or October &ndash; ], English cleric, bishop and high sheriff
* ] &ndash; ], German nobleman (])
* December 26/31 &ndash; ], Polish nobleman (])
* December (or 1277) &ndash; ], German nobleman, prince and knight
* ], Hungarian nobleman and prince (]) (b. ])
* ], Latin nobleman and Grand Constable
* ], French nobleman and marshal
* ], Chinese-born monk and calligrapher (b. ])
* ], Vietnamese empress consort (b. ])
* ] (or Poland), Polish bishop and chronicler
* ], Hungarian prelate and bishop (b. ])
* ], Welsh nobleman and politician
* ], Italian nobleman (])


== References == == References ==

Latest revision as of 12:54, 3 January 2025

Calendar year
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1278 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1278 in poetry
1278 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1278
MCCLXXVIII
Ab urbe condita2031
Armenian calendar727
ԹՎ ՉԻԷ
Assyrian calendar6028
Balinese saka calendar1199–1200
Bengali calendar684–685
Berber calendar2228
English Regnal year6 Edw. 1 – 7 Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar1822
Burmese calendar640
Byzantine calendar6786–6787
Chinese calendar丁丑年 (Fire Ox)
3975 or 3768
    — to —
戊寅年 (Earth Tiger)
3976 or 3769
Coptic calendar994–995
Discordian calendar2444
Ethiopian calendar1270–1271
Hebrew calendar5038–5039
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1334–1335
 - Shaka Samvat1199–1200
 - Kali Yuga4378–4379
Holocene calendar11278
Igbo calendar278–279
Iranian calendar656–657
Islamic calendar676–677
Japanese calendarKenji 4 / Kōan 1
(弘安元年)
Javanese calendar1188–1189
Julian calendar1278
MCCLXXVIII
Korean calendar3611
Minguo calendar634 before ROC
民前634年
Nanakshahi calendar−190
Thai solar calendar1820–1821
Tibetan calendar阴火牛年
(female Fire-Ox)
1404 or 1023 or 251
    — to —
阳土虎年
(male Earth-Tiger)
1405 or 1024 or 252
Battle on the Marchfeld by Anton Petter

Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

England

  • November 17 – King Edward I ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the Tower of London, with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.

Levant

Asia

By topic

Art and Culture

  • The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.

Markets

  • Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.

Religion

Births

Deaths

References

  1. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  2. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  3. Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  4. Clauss, M. (2010). Rogers, Clifford, J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume I, p. 552–554. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195334036.
  5. de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 120. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
  6. David B. Green. Haaretz – Jewish World: All Jews of England are arrested in a 'coin-clipping' scandal, retrieved on November 17, 2013.
  7. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 288. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
Category: