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| | location = ] | | location = ] | ||
| | date = 12 February 1894 | | date = 12 February 1894 | ||
| | image = Terminus bombing2.png | |||
| | caption = Representation of the Terminus bombing in '']'' (26 February 1894) | |||
| | type = bombing | | type = bombing | ||
| | fatalities = 1 | | fatalities = 1 | ||
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| | perpetrator = ] | | perpetrator = ] | ||
| | motive = ] | | motive = ] | ||
| | accused = 1 | |||
| | convicted = 1 | |||
| | verdict = Guilty (death) | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| On 12 February 1894, ] carried out an '''anarchist attack at the Café Terminus'''. Initially planning to assassinate ], the |
On 12 February 1894, ] carried out an '''anarchist attack at the Café Terminus'''. Initially planning to assassinate ], the president of the republic, who had just refused to ] ], he decided against the attack upon noticing the large number of ] stationed around the ]. Instead, he redirected his efforts to the ], where he detonated his ], killing one person and injuring 17 others. Émile Henry was arrested at the end of this episode, ], and ] three months later. | ||
| This was one of the first attacks targeting indiscriminate civilians rather than specific individuals. Some scholars consider it a pivotal event in the emergence of ]. | This was one of the first attacks targeting indiscriminate civilians rather than specific individuals. Some scholars consider it a pivotal event in the emergence of ]. | ||
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| === Context === | === Context === | ||
| Henry started his attacks in 1892, during the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=1892 : l'attentat anarchiste du commissariat des Bons-Enfants |url=https://www.retronews.fr/politique/echo-de-presse/2018/11/19/1892-attentat-anarchiste-commissariat-des-bons-enfants |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=RetroNews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albi. |
Henry started his attacks in 1892, during the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=1892 : l'attentat anarchiste du commissariat des Bons-Enfants |url=https://www.retronews.fr/politique/echo-de-presse/2018/11/19/1892-attentat-anarchiste-commissariat-des-bons-enfants |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=RetroNews |language=fr |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214000508/https://www.retronews.fr/politique/echo-de-presse/2018/11/19/1892-attentat-anarchiste-commissariat-des-bons-enfants |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albi. L'histoire au coin de la rue : combat politique et violence |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2023/03/26/lhistoire-au-coin-de-la-rue-combat-politique-et-violence-11089618.php |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=ladepeche.fr |language=fr}}</ref> The attacks were seen as part of a campaign of ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Badier |first=Walter |date=2010-12-22 |title=Émile Henry, le « Saint-Just de l'Anarchie » |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-parlements1-2010-2-page-159?lang=fr |journal=Parlement, Revue d'histoire politique |language=fr |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=159–171 |doi=10.3917/parl.014.0159 |issn=1768-6520}}</ref> After fleeing to the ], ], and then returning to ], Henry adopted an ] lifestyle.<ref name=":1" /> He committed several ] before returning to Paris.<ref name=":1" /> The news of ]'s execution (1892), of the voting of the ] (1893-1894), and the denial of a ] to ] for his attack on the ] (1894) drove Henry to act.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PITTORESQUE |first=LA FRANCE |date=1999-11-29 |title=12 février 1894 : attentat au café Terminus de la gare Saint-Lazare |url=https://www.france-pittoresque.com/spip.php?article13163 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=La France pittoresque. Histoire de France, Patrimoine, Tourisme, Gastronomie |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ferragu |first=Gilles |date=2019-01-29 |title=L'écho des bombes : l'invention du terrorisme « à l'aveugle » (1893-1895) |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2019-1-page-21?lang=fr |journal=Ethnologie française |language=fr |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |doi=10.3917/ethn.191.0021 |issn=0046-2616 |archive-date=2024-09-04 |access-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904170130/https://shs.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2019-1-page-21?lang=fr |url-status=live }}</ref> He decided to assassinate ].<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| === Events === | === Events === | ||
| After arriving near the ] and noticing a heavy police presence, Henry decided not to carry out the attack there.<ref name=":0" /> He wandered through Paris for a while before heading to the ], near the ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> There, he chose to detonate the fuse bomb he had brought with him. The explosion injured 17 people and killed one.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> While attempting to flee, he was caught by one of the café's employees and quickly arrested by the police.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Day In History: An Anarchist Bombs Café Terminus In Paris |url=https://historycollection.com/day-history-anarchist-bombs-cafe-terminus-paris/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=History Collection |language=en-US}}</ref> | After arriving near the ] and noticing a heavy police presence, Henry decided not to carry out the attack there.<ref name=":0" /> He wandered through Paris for a while before heading to the ], near the ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> There, he chose to detonate the fuse bomb he had brought with him. The explosion injured 17 people and killed one.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> While attempting to flee, he was caught by one of the café's employees and quickly arrested by the police.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Day In History: An Anarchist Bombs Café Terminus In Paris |url=https://historycollection.com/day-history-anarchist-bombs-cafe-terminus-paris/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=History Collection |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214083055/https://historycollection.com/day-history-anarchist-bombs-cafe-terminus-paris/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| === After === | === After === | ||
| Henry was arrested and swiftly tried following the events. He was sentenced to death, his appeal was rejected, and within three months, in May 1894, he was guillotined.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Sadi Carnot, for his part, ] by ], another anarchist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Le 24 juin 1894 à Lyon : Caserio poignarde le président de la république française Sadi Carnot |url=https://rebellyon.info/Le-24-juin-1894-a-Lyon-Caserio-poignarde-609 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=rebellyon.info |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plaidoyer - Non Fides - Base de données anarchistes |url=https://www.non-fides.fr/?Plaidoyer |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.non-fides.fr}}</ref> | Henry was arrested and swiftly tried following the events. He was sentenced to death, his appeal was rejected, and within three months, in May 1894, he was guillotined.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Sadi Carnot, for his part, ] by ], another anarchist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Le 24 juin 1894 à Lyon : Caserio poignarde le président de la république française Sadi Carnot |url=https://rebellyon.info/Le-24-juin-1894-a-Lyon-Caserio-poignarde-609 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=rebellyon.info |language=fr |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907051351/https://rebellyon.info/Le-24-juin-1894-a-Lyon-Caserio-poignarde-609 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plaidoyer - Non Fides - Base de données anarchistes |url=https://www.non-fides.fr/?Plaidoyer |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.non-fides.fr |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215212943/https://www.non-fides.fr/?Plaidoyer |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| == Legacy == | == Legacy == | ||
| The attack is considered significant in the evolution of terrorism, as it was one of the first to target civilians rather than specific, intended targets.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Merriman |first=John |title=The Spectre of the Commune and French Anarchism in the 1890s |date=2019 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |pages=343–352 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_20 |access-date=2022-01-11 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_20 |isbn=978-3-319-75619-6 |s2cid=165457738 |editor2-last=Adams |editor2-first=Matthew S.}}</ref> | The attack is considered significant in the evolution of terrorism, as it was one of the first to target civilians rather than specific, intended targets.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Merriman |first=John |title=The Spectre of the Commune and French Anarchism in the 1890s |date=2019 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |pages=343–352 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_20 |access-date=2022-01-11 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_20 |isbn=978-3-319-75619-6 |s2cid=165457738 |editor2-last=Adams |editor2-first=Matthew S.}}</ref> It had a lasting impact on terrorist methods and practice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John M. |title=The dynamite club: how a bombing in fin-de-siècle Paris ignited the age of modern terror |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21792-6 |location=New Haven}}</ref> | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
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Latest revision as of 14:49, 4 January 2025
| Café Terminus bombing | |
|---|---|
 Representation of the Terminus bombing in Le Petit Journal (26 February 1894) | |
| Location | Café Terminus |
| Date | 12 February 1894 |
| Attack type | bombing |
| Deaths | 1 |
| Injured | 17 |
| Perpetrator | Émile Henry (anarchist) |
| Motive | Anarchism |
| Accused | 1 |
| Convicted | 1 |
| Verdict | Guilty (death) |
On 12 February 1894, Émile Henry carried out an anarchist attack at the Café Terminus. Initially planning to assassinate Sadi Carnot, the president of the republic, who had just refused to pardon Auguste Vaillant, he decided against the attack upon noticing the large number of police officers stationed around the Élysée Palace. Instead, he redirected his efforts to the Café Terminus, where he detonated his bomb, killing one person and injuring 17 others. Émile Henry was arrested at the end of this episode, sentenced to death, and guillotined three months later.
This was one of the first attacks targeting indiscriminate civilians rather than specific individuals. Some scholars consider it a pivotal event in the emergence of modern terrorism.
History
Context
Henry started his attacks in 1892, during the Carmaux-Bons Enfants bombing. The attacks were seen as part of a campaign of propaganda of the deed. After fleeing to the United Kingdom, Belgium, and then returning to France, Henry adopted an illegalist lifestyle. He committed several robberies before returning to Paris. The news of Ravachol's execution (1892), of the voting of the Lois scélérates (1893-1894), and the denial of a presidential pardon to Auguste Vaillant for his attack on the National Assembly (1894) drove Henry to act. He decided to assassinate Sadi Carnot.
Events
After arriving near the Élysée Palace and noticing a heavy police presence, Henry decided not to carry out the attack there. He wandered through Paris for a while before heading to the Café Terminus, near the Gare Saint-Lazare. There, he chose to detonate the fuse bomb he had brought with him. The explosion injured 17 people and killed one. While attempting to flee, he was caught by one of the café's employees and quickly arrested by the police.
After
Henry was arrested and swiftly tried following the events. He was sentenced to death, his appeal was rejected, and within three months, in May 1894, he was guillotined. Sadi Carnot, for his part, was assassinated in June 1894 by Sante Geronimo Caserio, another anarchist.
Legacy
The attack is considered significant in the evolution of terrorism, as it was one of the first to target civilians rather than specific, intended targets. It had a lasting impact on terrorist methods and practice.
References
- "1892 : l'attentat anarchiste du commissariat des Bons-Enfants". RetroNews (in French). 2018-11-19. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- "Albi. L'histoire au coin de la rue : combat politique et violence". ladepeche.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Badier, Walter (2010-12-22). "Émile Henry, le « Saint-Just de l'Anarchie »". Parlement, Revue d'histoire politique (in French). 14 (2): 159–171. doi:10.3917/parl.014.0159. ISSN 1768-6520.
- ^ PITTORESQUE, LA FRANCE (1999-11-29). "12 février 1894 : attentat au café Terminus de la gare Saint-Lazare". La France pittoresque. Histoire de France, Patrimoine, Tourisme, Gastronomie (in French). Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Ferragu, Gilles (2019-01-29). "L'écho des bombes : l'invention du terrorisme « à l'aveugle » (1893-1895)". Ethnologie française (in French). 49 (1): 21–31. doi:10.3917/ethn.191.0021. ISSN 0046-2616. Archived from the original on 2024-09-04. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- "This Day In History: An Anarchist Bombs Café Terminus In Paris". History Collection. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- "Le 24 juin 1894 à Lyon : Caserio poignarde le président de la république française Sadi Carnot". rebellyon.info (in French). 2023-06-24. Archived from the original on 2024-09-07. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- "Plaidoyer - Non Fides - Base de données anarchistes". www.non-fides.fr. Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- Merriman, John (2019), Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.), "The Spectre of the Commune and French Anarchism in the 1890s", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 343–352, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_20, ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6, S2CID 165457738, retrieved 2022-01-11
- Merriman, John M. (2016). The dynamite club: how a bombing in fin-de-siècle Paris ignited the age of modern terror. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21792-6.
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