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	{{About|the capital of France}}		{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of France}}
			{{About|the capital city of France}}
	{{good article}}
			{{Redirect|Parisien}}
	{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
			{{Good article}}
	{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
			{{pp|small=yes}}
			{{EngvarB|date=July 2018}}
			{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
	{{Infobox French commune		{{Infobox French commune
	|name = Paris		|name = Paris
			|commune status = ], ] and ]
	|image = <imagemap>
			|image = {{multiple image
	File:Paris montage2.jpg|275px|alt=Paris montage. Clicking on an image in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.
			|border = infobox
	rect 0 0 1200 441 ]
			|perrow = 1/3/2/1
	rect 0 1260 618 1398 ]
			|total_width = 290
	rect 0 447 618 1398 ]
			|caption_align = center
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			|image1 = La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg
	rect 618 1056 1200 1398 ]
			|caption1 = ] and the ] from ]
	rect 21 1521 117 1632 ]
			|image2 = Notre-Dame de Paris 2013-07-24.jpg
	rect 120 1521 165 1632 ]
			|caption2 = ]
	rect 369 1494 412 1575 ]
			|image3 = Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre, Paris 18e 140223 2.jpg
	rect 456 1512 540 1569 ]
			|caption3 = ]
	rect 750 1524 1200 1680 ]
			|image4 = Facade of the Panthéon, Paris 24 January 2016.jpg
	rect 0 1635 600 1650 ]
			|caption4 = ]
	rect 0 1650 750 1680 ]
			|image5 = Arc de Triomphe HDR 2007.jpg
	rect 0 1395 1200 1695 ]
			|caption5 = ]
	rect 0 1395 1200 1803 ]
			|image6 = Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg
	</imagemap>
			|caption6 = The ]
	|caption =Clockwise: Pyramid of the ], ], Looking towards ], Skyline of Paris on the ] river with the ] bridge, and the ] - clickable image
	|image flag = Flag of Paris.svg
	|image flag size = 100px
	|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg
	|image coat of arms size = 120px
	|flag legend = ]
	|coat of arms legend = ]
	|city motto = '']''<br />(Latin: "It is tossed by the waves, but does not sink")
	|latitude = 48.8567
	|longitude = 2.3508
	|time zone = ] <small>(UTC +1)</small>
	|mayor = ]
	|party = ]
	|term = 2008–14
	|subdivisions entry = ]
	|subdivisions = ]
	|area km2 = 105.4
	|area footnotes =<ref name="area">, including ] and ].</ref>
	|INSEE=75056
	|postal code=75001-75020, 75116
	|un_locode = FRPAR
	|population = 2243833
	|population date = 2010<ref name="paris_pop_2010">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=POP&millesime=2010&nivgeo=COM&codgeo=75056|title=Chiffres clés évolution et structure de la population - Commune de Paris (75056)|author=]|accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref>
	|population ranking = ]
	|urban area km2 = 2844.8
	|urban area date = 2010
	|urban pop = 10,413,386<ref name="paris_UU10_pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=00851-UU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher|title=Unité urbaine 2010 : Paris (00851)|publisher=INSEE|language=French|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref>
	|urban pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2009
	|metro area km2 = 17174.4
	|metro area date = 2010
	|metro area pop = 12,161,542<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher|title=Aire urbaine 2010 : Paris (001)|publisher=INSEE|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="paris_AU10_pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3|title=Aire urbaine 2010 : Paris (001)|publisher=INSEE|language=French|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref>
	|metro area pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2009
	|website =
	}}		}}
			|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg
	{{pp-move-indef}}
			|image flag = Flag of Paris with coat of arms.svg
	'''Paris''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|p|ær|ɪ|s|}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛər|ɪ|s|audio=En-us-Paris.ogg}}; {{IPA-fr|paʁi|lang|Paris1.ogg}}) is the capital and most populous city of ]. It is situated on the ] River, in the north of the country, at the heart of the ] ]. Within its administrative limits (the 20 ]), the city had 2,234,105 inhabitants in 2009 while its ] is ] with more than 12&nbsp;million inhabitants.
			|city motto = {{lang|la|]}}<br />"Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
			|arrondissement = None
			|canton =
			|subdivisions entry = ]
			|subdivisions = 20 ]
			|INSEE = 75056
			|postal code = 75001-75020, 75116
			|demonym = Parisian(s) (]) ''Parisien(s)'' (masc.), ''Parisienne(s)'' (fem.) (]), ''Parigot(s)'' (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
			|mayor = ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires |url=https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |date=16 December 2022 |language=fr |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227222303/https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |url-status=live }}</ref>
			|term = 2020&ndash;2026
			|party = ]
			|intercommunality = ]
			|coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q90|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|display=it}}
			|elevation m = 78
			|elevation min m = 28
			|elevation max m = 131
			|area km2 = 105.4
			|population = 2102650
			|population date = 2023
			|population footnotes = <ref name=pop2023/>
			|urban area km2 = 2853.5
			|urban area date = 2020
			|urban pop = 10858852
			|urban pop date = 2019<ref name="paris_UU20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |publisher=INSEE |language=French |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119110723/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|metro area km2 = 18940.7
			|metro area date = 2020
			|metro area pop = 13024518
			|metro area pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2017<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120182725/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			|website = {{URL|https://paris.fr}}
			|population ranking=] in Europe<br/>] in France|map=Paris-Position.svg|map caption=Paris in France}}
			'''Paris''' ({{IPA|fr|paʁi|audio=Paris Pronunciation in French by James Tamim.ogg}})<!--Do not add English pronunciation per MOS:LEAD.--> is the ] and ] of ]. With an estimated population of 2,102,650 residents in January 2023<ref name=pop2023/> in an area of more than {{convert|105|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="pop2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |title=Populations légales 2019: Commune de Paris (75056) |date=29 December 2021 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122150105/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris is the ] in the ], the ] in ] and the ] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=The World's Most Densely Populated Cities |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082523/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Because of its leading role in the ] and ] and its early adaptation of extensive street lighting, it became known as the City of Light in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Paris |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |access-date=8 August 2022 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827145809/https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |url-status=live }}</ref>
			The City of Paris is the centre of the ] region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France.<ref name=pop2023/> The Paris Region had a nominal ] of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion when adjusted for ])<ref>{{cite web |author=Source: PPPs and exchange rates |url=https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm |title=Conversion rates – Purchasing power parities (PPP) – OECD Data |publisher=Data.oecd.org |date= |accessdate=9 March 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104144219/https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2021, the highest in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MET_10R_3GDP/default/table?lang=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the ] Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The world's most, and least, expensive cities |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |access-date=1 December 2022 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201044121/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
	An important settlement for more than two millennia, by the late 12th century Paris had become a walled ] city that was one of Europe's foremost centres of learning and the arts and the largest city in the Western world until the turn of the 18th century. Paris was the focal point for many important political events throughout its history, including the ]. Today it is one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, science, fashion and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major ]. The city has one of the ], €607&nbsp;billion (US$845 billion) as of 2011, and as a result of its high concentration of national and international political, cultural and scientific institutions is one of the world's leading tourist destinations. The Paris Region hosts the world headquarters of 30 of the ] companies<ref name="fortune500">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/France.html?iid=smlrr|title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=]|accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> in several business districts, notably ], the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metropolitiques.eu/La-Defense-the-Planning-and.html|title=La Défense: the Planning and Politics of a Global Business District|author=metropolitics.eu|accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref>
			Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: ], the ], and ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |title=List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017) |work=USA Today |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213204/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |title=ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports |date=9 April 2018 |work=Airport World |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628125151/http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the ], serves 5.23{{nbsp}}million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Métro2030 |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |website=RATP (Paris metro operator) |access-date = 25 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221051116/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |archive-date = 21 December 2016 }}</ref> It is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the ]. ] is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262{{nbsp}}million passengers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |title=The 51 busiest train stations in the world – all but 6 located in Japan |work=Japan Today |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213423/https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |archive-date=22 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris has one of the most ] systems<ref name=ICLEI/> and is one of only two cities in the world that received the ] twice.<ref name=Award/>
	Centuries of cultural and political development have brought Paris a variety of museums, theatres, monuments and architectural styles. Many of its masterpieces such as the ] and the ] are iconic buildings, especially its internationally recognized symbol, the ]. Long regarded as an international centre for the arts, works by history's most famous painters can be found in the ], the ] and its many other museums and galleries. Paris is a global hub of fashion and has been referred to as the "international capital of style", noted for its ] tailoring, its high-end boutiques, and the twice-yearly ]. It is world renowned for its ], attracting many of the world's leading chefs. Many of France's most prestigious universities and '']'' are in Paris or its suburbs, and France's major newspapers '']'', '']'', '']'' are based in the city, and '']'' in ] near Paris.
			Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the ] received 8.9{{nbsp}}million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.<ref>"The Art Newspaper", 27 March 2023</ref> The ], ] and ] are noted for their collections of French ] art. The ], {{lang|fr|]|italic=no}}, ] and ] are noted for their collections of ] and ]. The historical district along the ] in the city centre has been classified as a ] since 1991.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600 |title=Paris, Banks of the Seine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 9 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509014712/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/ |url-status = live}}</ref>
	Paris is home to the ] club ] and the ] club ]. The 80,000-seat ], built for the ], is located in Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual ] ] ] tournament on the red clay of ]. Paris played host to the ] and ], the ] and ], and the ]. The city is a major rail, highway, and air-transport hub, served by the two international airports ] and ]. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the ], serves 5.23 million passengers daily. Paris is the hub of the national road network, and is surrounded by three orbital roads: the ], the ] motorway, and the ] motorway in the outer suburbs.
			Paris is home to several ] organizations including UNESCO, as well as other international organizations such as the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], along with European bodies such as the ], the ] and the ]. The football club ] and the ] club ] are based in Paris. The 81,000-seat ], built for the ], is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of ]. Paris hosts the ], an annual ] tennis tournament, on the red clay of ]. Paris hosted the ], the ], and the ]. The ] and ] FIFA World Cups, the ], the ] and ] Rugby World Cups, as well as the ], ] and ] UEFA European Championships were held in Paris. Every July, the ] bicycle race finishes on the ].
	==Toponyms==
	:''See ] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.''
			==Etymology==
	The name "Paris" is derived from that of some of its early inhabitants, the Celtic tribe known as the ]. The city was called ] (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 4th century AD, but during the reign of ] (360–3), the city was renamed Paris.{{sfn|Tellier|2009|p=231}} It is believed that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word ''parisio'', meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen".{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=277}}
			{{hatnote|See ] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.}}
			The ancient ] that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by ] as ''Luteciam Parisiorum'' ('] of the ]') and is later attested as ''Parision'' in the 5th century AD, then as ''Paris'' in 1265.{{Sfn|Nègre|1990|p=155}}<ref name="Falileyev" /> During the Roman period, it was commonly known as {{Lang|la|Lutetia}} or {{Lang|la|Lutecia}} in Latin, and as ''Leukotekía'' in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the ] root ''*lukot-'' ('mouse'), or from *''luto-'' ('marsh, swamp').{{Sfn|Lambert|1994|p=38}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=211}}<ref name="Falileyev" />
			The name ''Paris'' is derived from its early inhabitants, the ], a ] tribe from the ] and the ].{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} The meaning of the Gaulish ] remains debated. According to ], it may derive from the Celtic root ''pario-'' ('cauldron').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} ] interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the ] ''peryff'' ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a ] form reconstructed as *''kwar-is-io''-.{{Sfn|Busse|2006|p=199}} Alternatively, ] proposed to translate ''Parisii'' as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the ] ''carr'' ('spear'), derived from an earlier *''kwar-sā''.<ref name="Falileyev">{{harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. ''Parisii'' and ''Lutetia''.</ref> In any case, the city's name is not related to the ] of ].
	Paris has many nicknames, like "The City of Love", but its most famous is "''La Ville-Lumière''" ("The City of Light"),{{sfn|Robertson|2010|p=37}} a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the ]. The sobriquet's "light" took on a more literal sense when Paris became one of the first European cities to adopt gas ]ing: the ] was Paris' first gas-lit throughfare from 1817.{{sfn|Maréchal|1894|p=8}}
			Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA|fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}). They are also pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA|fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}).<ref group="note">The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot* was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.</ref>{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=535}}
	Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known as ''Paname'' ({{IPA|}}) in the Parisian ] called ] (]'']'', i.e. "I'm from Paname").{{sfn|Oscherwitz|2010|p=135}} The singer ] repopularised the term among the younger generation with his 1976 album '']'' ("In love with Paname").{{sfn|Leclanche|1998|p=55}}
	Inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}) and ''Parisiennes''. Parisians were often pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}) and ''Parigotes'', a term first used in 1900 by those living outside the Paris region<!-- word was more likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then * parigot* was used in a provacative manner outside the Parisian region & throughout France to mean Parisians in general/FW-->.{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=535}}
	==History==		==History==
	{{Main|History of Paris}}		{{Main|History of Paris}}
			{{For timeline}}
	===Prehistoric Paris===		===Origins===
			{{main|Lutetia}}
	In 2006 French explorers digging near rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, not far from the left bank of the Seine, discovered the oldest traces of human habitation in Paris, an encampment of hunter-gatherers dating to the ] period, between 9800 and 7500 BC.<ref>''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 606</ref> Other traces of temporary settlements were found at ] in 1991, dating from around 4500–4200&nbsp;BC.<ref name="roman_chronology">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm|title=Paris, Roman City –Chronology|publisher=Mairie de Paris|accessdate=16 July 2006}}</ref> The excavations at Bercy found the fragments of three wooden canoes used by fishermen on the Seine, the oldest dating to 4800-4300 BC. They are now on display at the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=26}}<ref>{{fr icon}} . Ina.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><ref>{{fr icon}} . Ina.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> Excavations at the rue Henri-Farman site found traces of settlements from the middle ] period (4200-3500 BC); the early ] (3500-1500 BC); and the first ] (800-500 BC). The archaeologists found ceramics, animal bone fragments, and pieces of polished axes.<ref>''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 608.</ref> Hatchets made in eastern Europe were found at the Neolithic site in Bercy, showing that first Parisians were already trading with settlements in other parts of the continent.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (1999), Presses Universitaires de France, p.6.</ref>
			The '']'', a sub-tribe of the ]ic ], inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the ] on the ], which gradually became an important trading centre.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=65–70}}
			], 1st century BC]]
			The ] conquered the ] in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's ].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=88–104}} The Roman town was originally called ] (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French ''Lutèce''). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an ].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=154–167}}
	===The Parisii and the Roman conquest (250 BC – 52 BC)===
	]
	Between 250 and 225 BC, during the Iron Age, the '']'', a sub-tribe of the ]ic ], settled on the Ile de la Cité and on the banks of the Seine. At the beginning of the 2nd century BC they built an ], a walled fort, either on the Ile de la Cité or nearby (no trace of it has ever been found), and they built the first bridges over the Seine.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 1999 p.6">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (1999), Presses Universitaires de France, p.6.</ref> The settlement was called Lucotocia (according to the ancient Greek geographer ]) or Leucotecia (according to Roman geographer ]), and may have taken its name from the Celtic word ''lugo'' or ''luco'', for a marsh or swamp.<ref>Schmidt, ''Lutèce,- Paris, des origins à Clovis'' (2009), p. 28-29.</ref> It was the easiest place to cross the Seine, and it had a strategic position on the main trade route, via the Seine and the Rhone rivers, between Britain and to the Roman colony of Provence and the Mediterranean.{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} The location and the fees for crossing the bridge and passing along the river made the new town prosperous,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} so much so it was able to mint its own gold coins, which were used for trade across Europe. Coins from the towns along the Rhine and Danube and even from Cádiz in Spain were found in the excavations of the ancient city.<ref>Schmidt, ''Lutèce,- Paris, des origins à Clovis'' (2009), p. 69-70.</ref>
			By the end of the ], the town was known as ''Parisius'', a ] name that would later become ''Paris'' in French.{{Sfn|Meunier|2014|p=12}} ] was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint ], the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as ''Mons Martyrum'' (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "]", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the ], and many French kings are buried there.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}
	] and his Roman army campaigned in Gaul between 58 and 53 BC, under the pretext of protecting the territory from Germanic invaders, but in reality to conquer it and annex it to the Roman Republic.<ref>Schmidt, ''Lutèce,- Paris, des origins à Clovis'' (2009), p. 74-76.</ref> In the summer of 53 BC he visited the city, and addressed the delegates of the Gallic tribes, assembled before the temple on the Ile de la Cite, asking for them to contribute soldiers and money to his campaign.<ref>Caesar, ''Commentary on the Gallic War'', Book 6, chapter 3.</ref> Wary of the Romans, the Lutecians listened politely to Caesar, offered to provide some cavalry, but formed a secret alliance with the other Gallic tribes, under the leadership of ], and launched an uprising against the Romans in January 52 BC.<ref>Schmidt, ''Lutèce,- Paris, des origins à Clovis'' (2009), p. 80-81.</ref>
			], the first king of the ], made the city his capital from 508.<ref>Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. ''France in the World: A New Global History'' (2019) pp 81–86.</ref> As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the ] to Paris and the Parisian ] dialects were born. Fortification of the ] failed to avert ], but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the ], for which the then ] (''comte de Paris''), ], was elected king of ].{{sfn|Jones|1994|p=48}} From the ] dynasty that began with the 987 election of ], Count of Paris and ] (''duc des Francs''), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}
	Caesar responded quickly. He force-marched six legions north to Orleans, where the rebellion had begun, and then to Gergovia, the home of Vercingetorix. At the same time he sent his deputy, ], with four legions, to subdue the Parisii and their allies, the Senons. The Commander of the Parisii, ], burned the bridge that connected the oppidum to the left bank of the Seine, so the Romans were unable to approach the town. The Labienus and the Romans went downstream, built their own pontoon bridge at ], and approached Lutetia on the right bank. Camulogene responded by burning the bridge to the right bank, and burning the town on the Ile-de-la-Cite, before retreating to the left bank, and making camp at what is now ]. Labienus deceived the Parisii with a clever ruse; in the middle of the night, he sent part of his army, making as much noise as possible, upstream to Melun, left his most inexperienced soldiers in their camp on the right bank, and, with his best soldiers, quietly crossed the Seine to the left bank and laid a trap for the Parisii. Camulogene, believing that the Romans were retreating, divided his own forces, some to capture the Roman camp, which he thought was abandoned, and others to pursue the Roman army. Instead, he ran directly into the best two Roman legions on the plain of Grenelle, near the site of the Eiffel Tower and the ]. The Parisii fought bravely and desperately in what became known as the ]; Camulogene was killed and his soldiers were cut down by the disciplined Romans. Despite the defeat, the Parisii continued to resist the Romans; they sent eight thousand men to fight with Vercingetorix in his last stand against the Romans at the ].<ref>Schmidt, ''Lutèce,- Paris, des origins à Clovis'' (2009), p. 88-104</ref>
	===Roman Lutetia (52 BC-486 AD)===		===High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV===
			{{See also|Paris in the Middle Ages|Paris in the 16th century|Paris in the 17th century}}
	]
			] and ], viewed from the Left Bank, from the ] (month of June) (1410)]]
	], (14-37 AD), a monument to both Roman and Gallic gods, dedicated by the guild of boatmen of Paris. The original pieces are now in the ]]]
	The Romans built an entirely new city as a base for their soldiers and the Gallic auxiliaries, intended to keep an eye on the rebellious province. The new city was called Lutetia or Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutece of the Parisii). The name probably came from the Latin word ''luta'', meaning mud or swamp <ref name="Paris 2013 p. 412">''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'' (2013), p. 412.</ref> Caesar had described the great marsh, or ''marais'', along the right bank of the Seine.<ref>Combeau, Yves, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013), p. 8-9.</ref> The major part of the city was on the left bank of the Seine, which was higher and less prone to flood. It was laid out following the traditional Roman town design, along a north-south axis (known in Latin as the ''card maximus''). On the left bank, the main Roman street followed the route of the modern day rue Saint-Jacques. It crossed the Seine and traversed the Ile de la cite on two wooden bridges; the Petit Pont and the Grand Pont (today's Pont Notre-Dame). The port of the city, where the boats docked, was located on the island, where the parvis of Notre Dame is today. On the right bank, it followed the modern rue Saint-Martin. .<ref name="Paris 2013 p. 412"/> On the left bank, the ''cardo'' was crossed by a less-important east-west ''decumanus'', now the modern rues Cujas, Soufflot and des Ecoles.
			By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The ], the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of ], ], bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the ] at its eastern extremity.
	The city was centred on the forum, atop ], between Boulevard Saint-Michel and rue Saint-Jacques, where rue Soufflot is now located. The main building of the forum was one hundred metres long, and contained a temple, a basilica used for civic functions, and a square portico which covered shops. Nearby, on the slope of the hill, was an enormous amphitheater, built in the 1st century AD, which could seat ten to fifteen thousand spectators, though the population of the city was only six to eight thousand.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation (2012). p. 12</ref> Fresh drinking water was supplied to the city by an aqueduct sixteen kilometres long from the basin of Rungis and Wissous. The aqueduct also supplied water to the famous baths, or ], built at the end of the 2nd century or beginning of the 3rd century AD, near the forum.
			After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,{{sfn|Bussmann|1985|p=22}} Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's ]) replaced the two smaller ones on the ] and ].{{sfn|de Vitriaco|Hinnebusch|1972|p=262}} The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.
	The most important monument left from the Roman city is the ], a stone column, with figures of both Roman and Celtic gods, built by the guild of boatmen between 14-37 AD, during the reign of the Emperor ]. It was discovered in 1711 under the choir of the cathedral of Notre Dame, and the pieces are now in the ].<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation'' (2012). p. 12</ref>
			In the late 12th century, ] extended the ] fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=36–40}} In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the ] and would draw students from all of Europe.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}
	Besides the Roman architecture and city design, the newcomers imported Roman cuisine; modern excavations have found amphorae of Italian wine and olive oil, shellfish, and a popular Roman sauced called garum.<ref name="Paris 2013 p. 412"/> Despite its commercial importance, Lutetia was only a medium-sized Roman city, considerably smaller than ] or ], which was the capital of the Roman province of Quatrieme Lyonnaise, where Lutetia was located.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p. 11">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013), p. 11</ref>
			With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |title=Paris history facts |date=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195637/https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by {{Lang|fr|merde}}, the French word for "shit".<ref>John Kelly, ''"The Great Mortality"'' (2005). pp 42</ref>
	] was introduced into Paris in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint ], the Bishop of the Parisii, who, along with two others, Rustique and Eleuthere, was arrested by the Roman prefect Fescennius. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on Mount Mercury. According to the tradition, Saint Denis picked up his head and carried it to a secret Christian cemetery of Vicus Cattulliacus, about six miles away. A different version of the legend says that a devout Christian woman, Catula, came at night to the site of the execution and took his remains to the cemetery. The hill where he was executed, Mount Mercury, later became the Mountain of Martrys (Mons Martyrum), eventually ].<ref>Schmidt, Joel, ''Lutece: Paris, des origines a Clovis (2009). pp. 210-211.</ref> A church was built on the site of the grave of St. Denis, which later became the ]. By the 4th century, the city had its first recognized Bishop, Victorinus. (346 AD). By 392 AD it had a cathedral.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 16-18">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilization'' (2012), p. 16-18.</ref>
			] ({{Circa}} 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens]]
			During the ], Paris was occupied by England-friendly ] from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when ] entered the French capital in 1420;<ref>Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., ''Histoire de Charles VII'', Tome I: ''Le Dauphin'' (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque, 35 Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48</ref> in spite of a 1429 effort by ] to liberate the city,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=52–53}} it would remain under English occupation until 1436.
			In the late 16th-century ], Paris was a stronghold of the ], the organisers of 24 August 1572 ] in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bayrou|1994|pp=121–130}} The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne ], after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the ], built a Louvre extension connecting it to the ], and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now ]. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near ] marketplace in 1610.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=577}}
	Late in the 3rd century AD, the invasion of Germanic tribes, beginning with the ] in 275 AD, caused many of the residents of the left bank to leave that part of the city and move to the safety of the Ile de la Cité. Many of the monuments on the left bank were abandoned, and the stones used to build a wall around the Ile de la Cite, the first city wall of Paris. A new basilica and baths were built on the island; their ruins were found beneath the square in front of the Cathedral of Notre Dame.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation'' (2012). p. 14</ref> About the same time, the name Lutetia was gradually replaced by Civitas Parisiorum, or "City of the Parisii,." and then simply Paris.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p. 11"/> In February 360 the city became the de-facto capital of the Western Roman Empire when ], the nephew of ] and Prefect of Gaul, was proclaimed Emperor by his soldiers.{{sfn|d'Istria|2002|p=6}} When he was not campaigning with his army, he spent the winters of 357-358 and 359-360 in the city, living in a palace on the site of the modern ] writing and establishing his reputation as a philosopher.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013), p. 12</ref> Two other Emperors spent winters in the city near the end of the Roman Empire, trying to halt the tide of barbarian invasions; ] (365-367) and ] in 383 AD.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 16-18"/>
			During the 17th century, ], chief minister of ], was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the ], and a palace for himself, the ]. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=582}}
	The gradual collapse of the Roman empire due to the increasing ] of the 5th century, sent the city into a period of decline. In 451 AD the city was threatened by the army of ], which had pillaged ], ] and ] The Parisians were planning to abandon the city, but they were persuaded to resist by ] (422-502). Attila bypassed Paris and attacked ]. In 461 the city was threatened again by the ] Franks, led by ]. (436-481). The siege of the city lasted ten years. Once again Genevieve organised the defence. She rescued the city by bringing wheat to the hungry city from Brie and Champagne on a flotilla of eleven barges. She became the patron saint of Paris.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013), pp. 13-14.</ref>
			]]]
	In 481, the son of Childeric, ], just sixteen years old, became the new ruler of the Franks. In 486, he defeated the last Roman armies, and became the ruler of all of Gaul north of the ]. With the consent of Genevieve, he entered Paris. He was converted to Christianity by his wife Clothilde, was baptised at Reims in 496, and made Paris his capital.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', (2013), pp. 13-14.</ref>
			Due to the Parisian uprisings during the ] civil war, ] moved his court to a new palace, ], in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the ], the Academy of Painting, and the ]. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the ] demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the '']''.{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=42–43}} Other marks of his reign were the ], the ], the ], and ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=590–591}}
	===Paris from From Clovis to the Capetian Kings (6th to 11th centuries)===		===18th and 19th centuries===
			{{See also|Paris in the 18th century|Paris during the Second Empire|Haussmann's renovation of Paris}}
	]
			Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon |date=1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=3 |access-date=11 February 2016 |isbn=978-0-671-21988-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054200/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Story_of_Civilization_The_age_of_Nap.html?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new boulevard named the ] extended the city west to ],{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=45–47}} while the working-class neighbourhood of the ] on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=129–133}}
	], the first Christian king to rule over Paris, made the Paris his capital from 508. He and his successors of the ] built a host of churches; a basilica on Montagne Saint-Genevieve, near where the Roman forum had been; the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne where Notre Dame is now; and several important monasteries, including one in the fields of the left bank which later became the ]. They also built the Basilica of Saint-Denis, which became the traditional burial place of the Kings of France. None of the Merovingian buildings survived, but there are four marble Merovingian columns in the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation'' (2012), p. 21-22.</ref> The kings of the ], who came to power in 751, moved the Frankish capital to ], and they paid little attention to Paris, though King ] did build an impressive new sanctuary at Saint-Denis, which was consecrated in the presence of ] himself on 24 February 775.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation'' (2012), p. 22</ref>
			] on 14 July 1789, by ]]]
			], a major landmark on the ], was completed in 1790.]]
	In the 9th century, the city was repeatedly attacked by the VIkings, who sailed up the Seine on great fleets of ships. They demanded a ransom and ravaged the fields, and in 885-886 they laid siege to Paris for a year, and tried again in 887 and 889, but they were unable to conquer Paris itself, protected by the Seine and the walls on the Ile de a Cite. {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}The two bridges, vital to the city, were additionally protected by two massive stone fortresses, the ] on the right bank, and the Petit Chatelet on the left bank, which were built on the initiative of Gauzlin, the bishop of Paris. The Grand Chatelet gave its name to the modern ], on the same site.<ref>Sarmant, ''History of Paris'', p. 24.</ref> {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}
			Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the ]. ] and ] published their '']'' in 1751, before the ] launched the first manned flight in a ] on 21&nbsp;November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=120}} On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by ].
			In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the ]. On 14&nbsp;July, a mob seized the arsenal at the ], acquiring thousands of guns, with which it ], a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent ], or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and elected a ], the astronomer ], on 15&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}
	At the end of the 10th century, a new dynasty of kings, the Capetians, begun by ] in 987, came to power. Though they spent little time in the city, they restored the royal palace on the Ile de la Cite, and built a church where Saint-Chapelle stands today, Prosperity returned gradually to the city, and the right bank began to be populated. On the left bank, the nave, transept and first four sections of the tower of the church of Saint-Germain-des-Pres were built in the second part of the 11th century. The monastery next to it became famous for its illuminated manuscripts.
			] and the royal family were ] and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by ] in the ], along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=674}} The property of the aristocracy and the church was ], and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=144}} A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until ] (''coup d'état du 18 brumaire''), when ] seized power as First Consul.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=147}}
	===Medieval Paris (12th-15th century)===
	] as it appeared in the mid-15th century.]]
	] on the Île de la Cité is a masterpiece of the Gothic style. (12th century)]]
	] (1485–1510) on the left bank was the home of the Abbot of the Cluny Monastery, and is now the Museum of the Middie Ages.]]
	In the 12th century, under the ] kings, Paris became the political, economic, religious and cultural capital of France. {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} Between 1170 and 1220 the population of the city doubled, from 25,000 to 50,000, and the city expanded outwards on the right bank, to the Greve, Saint-Martin-des-Champs and the Temple, and on the left bank, around the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pres and the hill of Saint-Genevieve.<ref>Sarmant, ''History of Paris'', p. 28-29.</ref> {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}
			The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the ], and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the ], ] and the city's first metal bridge, the ].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}}
	Under Louis VI and Louis VII, Paris became one of the principle centres of learning in Europe. Students, scholars and monks flocked to the city from England, Germany and Italy to engage in intellectual exchanges, to teach and be taught. They studied first in the different schools attached to Notre-Dame, and the Abbeys of Saint-Germain-des-Pres. The most famous teacher was ] (1079–1142), who taught five thousand students at at the Montagne Saint-Genevieve. The ] was originally formed as a corporation of students and teachers. It was recognised by King ] in 1200, and officially recognised by Pope Innocent III in 1215. Some twenty thousand students lived on the Left Bank, which became known as the Latin Quarter, because Latin was the language of instruction at the university. The poorer students lived in colleges (''Collegia pauperum magistrorum''), which were hotels where they were lodged and fed. In 1257 the Chaplain of Louis IX, ], opened the oldest and most famous College of the University, which later took his name, the ].<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 25-26</ref> From the 13th to the 15th century, the University of Paris was the most important school of catholic theology in Western Europe, whose teachers included ] from England, Saint ] from Italy, and Saint ] from Germany. {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} <ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 29">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 29.</ref>
			], under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world—with its modernity.]]
	The flourishing of religious architecture in Paris was largely the work of ], the Abbé of Saint-Denis from 1122-1151, and advisor to King ] and ]. He rebuilt the façade of the old Carolingian ], dividing it into three horizontal levels and three vertical sections, symbolising the Holy Trinity. Then, from 1140 to 1144 AD, he rebuilt the rear of the church with a majestic and dramatic wall of stained glass windows, flooding the church with light. This style, which later was named ], was copied by other Paris churches: the ], ], and ], and quickly spread to England and Germany.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 29"/>
			During the ], the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the ] in 1830 (commemorated by the ] on the ]) brought to power a constitutional monarch, ]. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the ] to the city.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a ] in the streets of Paris. His successor, ], alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, ], launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the ] and ].{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}} In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}}
			During the ] (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the ]. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28&nbsp;January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28&nbsp;March, a revolutionary government known as the ] held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "]" at the end of May 1871.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}}
	An even more ambitious building project, a new cathedral for Paris, was begun by Bishop ] in about 1160, and continued for two centuries. The first stone of the choir of the Cathedral of ] was laid in 1163, and the altar consecrated in 1182. The façade was built between 1200 and 1225, and the two towers were built between 1225 and 1250. It was an immense structure, 125 meters long, with towers 63 meters high, and seats for 1300 worshippers. The plan of the cathedral was copied on a smaller scale on the left bank of the Seine, in the church of ],i<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 33.</ref>
			In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the ], which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the ] gave Paris the ], the ], the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}} and the first ] line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}} Paris became the laboratory of ] (]) and ] (] and ]), and of ] in art (], ], ], ]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=490–491}}
	The other great builder of Paris at the end of the 12th century was King ]. Between 1190 and 1202, he built the massive chateau du Louvre, designed to protect the right bank of the Seine against an English attack from Normandy. The fortress was a great rectangle 72 by 78 meters, surrounded by four towers a moat. In the center was a circular tower thirty meters high. The foundations can be seen today in the basement of Louvre Museum. Before he departed for the crusades, he began construction of new fortifications for the city. He built a stone wall on the left bank, with thirty round towers, On the right bank, the wall extended for 2.8 kilometres, with forty towers, protecting the new neighbourhoods of the growing medieval city. Many pieces of the wall can still be seen today, particularly in the Marais. His third great project, much appreciated by the Parisians, was to pave the foul-smelling mud streets of the city with stone. He also rebuilt the city's two wooden bridges, the Petit-Pont and Grand-Pont, in stone, and he began construction on the right bank of a covered market, which took the name ].<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 36-40">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 36-40.</ref>
			===20th and 21st centuries===
	In the 13th century, ], (1226–1270), known to history as Saint Louis, built the masterpiece of Gothic Art, ] specially to house relics from the Cruxifixion of Christ. Built between 1241 and 1248, it has the oldest stained glass windows existing in Paris. At the same time that Saint-Chapelle was built, the great stained glass rose windows, eighteen meters high, were added to the transept of Notre Dame Cathedral.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 36-40"/>
			{{See also|Paris in the Belle Époque|Paris during the First World War|Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Paris in World War II|History of Paris (1946–2000)}}
			By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|p=61}} At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including ], ], and ] made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of ], ] and ],{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=497}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=dead |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |first=Dan |last=Franck |date=1 December 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8021-9740-5}}</ref> and authors such as ] were exploring new approaches to literature.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=491}}
			During the ], Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the ]. The city was also bombed by ]s and shelled by German ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=750}} In the years after the war, known as '']'', Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22537-4}},</ref> and ].<ref name=Meisler>{{cite web |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=12 July 2014 |date=April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Beginning in the 11th century, Paris had been governed by a Royal Prevot, appointed by the King, who lived in the Grand Chatelet fortress. Saint Louis created a new position, the Prevot of the Merchants, to share authority with the Royal Prevot, recognise the growing power and wealth of the merchants of Paris. He also created the first municipal council of Paris with twenty-four members. The guilds of craftsmen also were growing in importance; the city took its coat of arms, featuring a ship, from the symbol of the guild of the boatmen. In 1328 The city population was about two hundred thousand, making it the largest city in Europe, more populous than London or Rome. With the growth in population came growing social tensions; the first riots took place in December 1306 against the Prevot of the merchants, accused of raising rents. Houses of many merchants were burned, and twenty-eight rioters were hanged.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 44-45">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 44-45</ref>
			In the years after the ], the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from ] and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as ], ] and ].<ref>Goebel, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor |date=4 September 2015 }}.</ref>
	King ] (I1285-1314) continued the building tradition of Saint-Louis. He reconstructed the royal residence on the Île de la Cité. transforming it from a fortress into a palace. Two of the great ceremonial halls still remain, within the structure of the Palais de Justice. He also built a more sinister structure, the gibet of Montfacuon, where the bodies of executed criminals were displayed, near the modern Place Fabien and the ]. On 13 October 1307, he used his royal power to arrest the members of the ], whom he felt had grown too powerful, and on 18 March 1314, he had the Grand Master of the Order, ], burned alive on the point of the Île de la Cité.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' pp. 43-44.</ref>
			] on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944]]
	In the middle of the 14h century, Paris was struck by two great catastrophes; the ] and the ]. In the first epidemic of the plague in 1348-1349, forty to fifty thousand Parisians died, a quarter of the population. The plague returned in 1360-61, in 1363, and 1366-1368. {{sfn|Byrne|2012|p=259}} <ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 46">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2012) p. 46</ref> During the 16th and 17th centuries, ] visited the city almost one year out of three.{{sfn|Harding|2002|p=25}}
			On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "]".{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=217}} On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the ] (''Vélodrome d'Hiver''), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at ]. None of the children came back.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=637}}{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=218}} On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the ] and the ] of the ]. General ] led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the ].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=242–243}}
			In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the ] for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence ] targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to ] between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence ] (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |title=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on |author=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live |date=17 October 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=658}}
	The war was even more catastrophic. Beginning in 1346, the English army of King ] pillaged the countryside outside the walls of Paris. Ten years later, when King ] was captured by the English at the ], disbanded French soldiers looted and ravaged the surroundings of Paris. In 1358, the Prevot of the Merchants of Paris, ], led a rebellion against the royal government. He was killed by royal soldiers who feared he would surrender the city to the English. Gvhca The new King, ], built a new wall of fortifications around the city, including a large fortress guarding the gate of Saint-Antoine, at the east end of the city; it became known as the ]. He moved his residence from the Ile de la Cite to the Louvre and built an imposing new castle at Vincennes, east of city.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 46"/>
			In May 1968, protesting students occupied the ] and put up barricades in the ]. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The ] resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=226}} In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, ] became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The ], the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and {{cvt|210|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}} The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107–108}} A suburban railway network, the ] (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the ] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}
	More misfortunes followed for Paris. An English army and its allies from the ] occupied Paris on December 1, 1420. Beginning in 1422, the north of France was ruled by the ], the Regent for the young King ], resident in Paris, while the King of France ruled only France south of the Loire River. When ] tried to liberate Paris on 8 September 1429, the Parisian merchant class joined with the English and Burgundians in keeping her out.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 46"/> King Henry VI of England was crowned King of France at Notre Dame Cathedral on 16 December 1431. The English did not leave Paris until 1436, when ], was finally able to return. Many neighbourhoods were in ruins; a hundred thousand people, half the population, had left.
			Most of the postwar presidents of the ] wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President ] started the ] (1977), ] began the ] (1986); President ] had the ] built (1985–1989), the new site of the '']'' (1996), the ] (1985–1989) in ], as well as the ] with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); ] (2006), the ].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226–230}}
	Paris became France's capital once again, the succeeding monarchs chose to live in the ], returning to Paris only on special occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-03-07/travel/loire.valley_1_chenonceau-chateaux-loire-valley?_s=PM:TRAVEL|title=Loire Valley: Land of a thousand chateaux|last1=Steves|first1=Rick|date=7 March 2007|publisher=CNN|accessdate=4 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> ] finally returned the royal residence to Paris in 1528.
			In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, ] became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe – Mayor of Paris |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |website=www.citymayors.com |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722044933/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the ], a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the ], which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens |journal=Le Moniteur |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=2 December 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Two large residences from the Middle Ages can still be seen in Paris; the ], the residence of the Archbishop of Sens (end of the 15th century), now the Forney Library; and the ] (1485–1510), the former residence of the Abbot of the Cluny Monastery, now the Museum of the Middle Ages. The oldest surviving house in Paris is the house of ], (1407), located at 51 rue de Montmorency. It was not a private home, but a hostel for the poor.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry 2012 p. 44-45"/>
			], Paris, 11 January 2015, during the ] after the ]]]
			In 2007, President ] launched the ] project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the ], with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |date=29 April 2009 |newspaper=] |access-date=12 June 2009 |location=London |first=John |last=Lichfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502102151/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the ], totalling {{cvt|205|km|mi|abbr=off}} of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and ] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |archive-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |title=Le Metro du Grand Paris |publisher=Site of Grand Paris Express |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020412/http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Paris during the 16th Century===
	] (1532), the first Renaissance church in Paris]]
	]
	By 1500, Paris had regained its old prosperity, and the population once again reached 250,000. ] rarely visited Paris, but he did finance grand construction projects, including rebuilding the old wooden Pont de Notre Dame, which had collapsed on 25 October 1499. The new bridge, opened in 1512, was made of and paved with stone, and lined with sixty-eight houses and shops.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 59</ref> On 15 July 1533 King ] laid the foundation stone the first ], the city hall of Paris, designed by his favourite Italian architect ], who also designed the ] in the Loire Valley for Francois. The Hotel de Ville was not finished until 1628.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 35.</ref> Cortona also designed the first Renaissance church in Paris, the church of ], (1532) covering a gothic structure with flamboyant Renaissance detail and decoration. The first Renaissance house in Paris was the ], begun in 1545. It was modelled after the Grand Ferrare, a mansion in Fontainbleau designed by Italian architect Sebastiano Serlio. It is now the museum of the history of Paris.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 68-69</ref>
			In January 2015, ] claimed ] across the Paris region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |title=2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts |last=Library |first=C.N.N. |website=CNN |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154608/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |work=Le Monde |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114153341/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine |work=Le Figaro |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213532/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, ], claimed by ISIL,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |newspaper=Reuters |date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014250/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks death toll rises to 130 |website=] |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423123908/https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	In 1534 ] became the first French king to make the Louvre his residence; he demolished the massive central tower to create an open courtyard. Near the end of his reign Francois I decided to build a new wing with a Renaissance facade in place of one wing built by Philippe Auguste. The new wing was designed by ], and became a model for other Renaissance facades in France.
	Francois I also reinforced the position of Paris as a centre of learning and scholarship. In 1500, there were seventy-five printing houses in Paris, second only to Venice; during the 16th century Paris became first in Europe in book publishing. In 1530, Francois I created a new faculty at the University of Paris with the mission of teaching Hebrew, Greek and mathematics. It became the ].<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 68</ref>
			On 22 April 2016, the ] was signed by 196 nations of the ] in an aim to limit the ] below 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2023|work=United Nations}}</ref>
			==Geography==
	Francois I died in 1547, and his son, ], continued to decorate Paris in the French Renaissance style; the finest Renaissance fountain in the city, the ], was built to celebrate Henry's entrance into Paris in 1549. Henry II built a new wing for the Louvre, the ''Pavillon du Roi'', along the Seine. The bedroom of the King was on the first floor of this new wing. He also built a magnificent hall for festivities and ceremonies, the Salle des Cariatides, in the Lescot wing of the Louvre.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 71-72">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 71-72</ref>
			===Location===
			{{Main|Geography of Paris}}
			] mission]]
			Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river ], whose crest includes two islands, the ] and the larger ], which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the ] (''La Manche'') is about {{cvt|233|mi}} downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river.<ref name=City>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |title=Paris |access-date=4 July 2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083834/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{cvt|35|m}} ]. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is ] at {{cvt|130|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}}
			Excluding the outlying parks of ] and ], Paris covers an oval measuring about {{cvt|87|km2}} in area, enclosed by the {{cvt|35|km|adj=on}} ring road, the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} Paris' last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{cvt|78|km2}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{cvt|86.9|km2}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{cvt|105|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mairie de Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |title=Key figures for Paris |publisher=Paris.fr |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306220509/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area is {{cvt|2300|km2}}.<ref name=City/>
	Henry II died 10 July 1559 from wounds suffered while jousting at his residence at the Hotel des Tournelles. His widow, ],
	had the old residence demolished in 1563, and between 1564 and 1572 constructed a new royal residence, the ] perpendicular to the Seine, at what was then the edge of the city. To the west of the palace she created a large Italian style park, which became the ].
	A new division was beginning within Paris between the followers of the established Catholic church and Protestant ] and ]. The Sorbonne and University of Paris, the major fortresses of Catholic orthodoxy, forcefully attacked the Protestant and humanist doctrines, and the scholar ] was burned at the stake, along with his books, on Place Maubert in 1532, on the orders of the theology faculty of the Sorbonne; but the new doctrines continued to grow in popularity, particularly among the French upper classes. Beginning in 1562, repression and massacres of Protestants in Paris alternated with periods of tolerance and calm, during what became known as the ]. Paris was a stronghold of the ]. On 24 August 1572, while many prominent Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henri of Navarre—the future ]—to ], sister of ], the royal council decided to assassinate the leaders of the protesants. The targeted killings quickly turned into a general slaughter of Protestants by Catholic mobs, known as ], and continued through August and September. spreading from Paris to the rest of the country. About three thousand Protestants were killed in Paris, and five to ten thousand elsewhere in France.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 71-72"/><ref>, Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref><ref>], ''Henri&nbsp;IV, le roi libre'', Flammarion, Paris, 1994, pp. 121–30, (French).</ref>
			Measured from the ] in front of its ], Paris by road is {{cvt|450|km}} southeast of London, {{cvt|287|km}} south of ], {{cvt|305|km}} southwest of ], {{cvt|774|km}} north of ], {{cvt|385|km}} northeast of ], and {{cvt|135|km}} southeast of ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111052823/https://www.google.com/maps/place/48 |date=11 January 2019 }}, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref>
	In 1590 Henri IV unsuccessfully laid siege to the city in the ]. On 25 July 1593, he formally renounced Protestantism, was crowned at Chartres on 29 February 1593, and was welcomed to Paris as King on 22 March 1594. .{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=28}}
			===Climate===
	===Paris during the 17th century===
			{{Main|Climate of Paris}}
	]
			]
	], originally the Place Royale (1605–1612), begun by ], was the first prestigious residential square in Paris]]
	]
	] (1671–1678) was built by ] as the chapel of a hospital for injured soldiers.]]
	Paris had suffered greatly during the wars of religion; a third of the Parisians had departed, many houses were destroyed, and the grand projects of the Louvre, the Hotel de Ville, and the Tuileries Palace were all unfinished. Henry IV took away the independence of the city government, and ruled Paris directly through royal officers. He relaunched the building projects, and built a new wing of the Louvre along the Seine, which connected the old Louvre with the new Tuileries Palace. The project of making the Louvre into a single great palace continued for the next three hundred years.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 82">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 82</ref>
			Paris has an ] within the ], typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters, with frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308094732/http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-date=8 March 2013 |title=Climate |publisher=Paris.com |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Much of this paragraph is unsourced. The source actually states that there are occasional heat waves, not that weather extremes are rare|date=November 2024}}
	The Paris building projects of Henry IV were managed by his forceful superindent of buildings, a Protestant and a general, ]. Henry IV recommenced the construction of the ], which had been begun by Henry III in 1578, but had stopped during the wars of religion. It was finished between 1600 and 1607, and was the first Paris bridge without houses and with sidewalks. Near the bridge he built La Samaritaine (1602–1608), a large pumping station which provided drinking water, as well as water for the gardens of the Louvre and the Tuileries Gardens. On the empty site of the old royal residence of Henri II, the Hotel des Tournelles, he built an elegant new residential square surrounded by brick houses and an arcade. It was built between 1605 and 1612, and was named Place Royale, later renamed ]. In 1607 he began work on a new residential triangle, ], lined by thirty-two brick and stone houses, near the end of the Île de la Cité, It was his final project for the city of Paris. Henri IV was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic on 14 May 1610. Four years later, his statue, on horseback, was erected on the Île de la Cité, next to the bridge he had made.<ref>Sarmand, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', pp. 90-92</ref>
			Summer days are usually mild and pleasant, with average temperatures between {{cvt|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above {{cvt|32|C}}. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the ] when temperatures exceeded {{cvt|30|°C}} for weeks, reached {{cvt|40|°C}} on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}}
	His widow, ], decided to build her own residence, the ] (1615–1630), modelled after the ] in her native ]. In the Italian gardens of her palace, she commissioned a Florentine fountain-maker, ], to create the ]. Water was scarce in the Left Bank, one reason that part of the city had grown more slowly than the Right Bank. To provide water for her gardens and fountains, Marie de Medicis had the old Roman aqueduct from Rungis reconstructed. In 1616, she also created another reminder of Florence, the ], a long tree-shaded promenade along the Seine west of the Tuileries Gardens.
			Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |title=Climate in Paris |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=ParisInfo |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205162747/http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce. Days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around {{cvt|3|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Courtney Traub |date=31 January 2018 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |title=Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011030400/https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below {{cvt|-5|°C}}. Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kelby Carr |date=30 November 2017 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |title=Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100742/https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Louis XIII continued the Louvre project begun by Henri IV, creating the harmonious ''cour carrée'', or square courtyard, in the heart of the Louvre. His chief minister, the ], added another important building in the centre of Paris. In 1624 he began building a grand new residence for himself, the Palais-Cardinal, now known as the ]. He began by buying a large mansion, the hotel Rambouillet, then expanding it with an enormous garden (three times larger than the present garden), with a fountain in the centre, and long rows of trees on either side.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', pp. 84-85</ref>
			Paris has an average annual precipitation of {{cvt|641|mm|in|1}}, and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|42.6|°C}}, on 25 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu ! |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |website=meteofrance.fr |publisher=Météo France |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135102/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest was {{cvt|-23.9|°C}}, on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |via=Paris.fr |access-date=24 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225432/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>
	In the first part of the 17th century, Richelieu helped helped introduce a new religious architectural style into Paris, inspired by the famous churches in Rome, particularly the church of the Jesuits, the ], and the ]. The first facade built in the Jesuit style was that of the church of ] (1616); the first church entirely built in the new style was ], on ] in the Marais, between 1627-1647. It was not entirely in the Jesuit style, since the architects could not resist loading it with ornament, but it was appreciated by Kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV; the hearts of both Kings were interred there.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 86</ref>
			{{Paris weatherbox}}
			==Administration==
	The dome of Saint Peter's in Rome inspired the dome of the chapel of the Sorbonne (1635–1642), commissioned by Cardinal Richelieu, who was the ''proviseur'', or head of the college. The chapel became his final resting place. The plan was taken from another Roman church, ]. The new style, sometimes called flamboyant gothic or French baroque, appeared in many other new churches, including ] (1624, damaged and then demolished after the Revolution), ] (1629), the ] (1646), and the ] (1653). The largest project in the new style was ], built by ], the widow of Louis XIII. Modeled after the ] in Spain, it combined a convent, a church, and royal apartments for the widowed Queen. One of the architects of Val-de-Grace and several of the other new churches was Francois Mansart, most famous for the sloping roof that became the signature feature of the buildings of the 17th century.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 82"/>
			{{Main|Administration of Paris}}
			===City government===
	During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Paris nearly doubled, reaching 400,000 at the end of the reign of Louis XIII.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 94.</ref> To facilitate communication between the Right Bank and Left Bank, Louis XIII built five new bridges over the Seine, doubling the existing number. The nobility, government officials and the wealthy build elegant ''hôtels particulars'', or town residences, on the Right Bank in the new Faubourg Saint-Honoré, the Fabourg Saint-Jacques, and in the Marais, near the Place des Vosges. The new residences featured two new and original specialised rooms; the dining room and the salon. One good example in its original form, the ] (1625–1630), between the Place des Vosges and Rue Saint-Antoine, can be seen today. The old ferryboat between the Louvre and the Rue de Bac on the Left Bank (Bac was the old word for a ferry) was replaced by a wooden and then a stone bridge, the ], finished by Louis XIV. Near the end of new bridge on the Left Bank, a new fashionable neighbourhood, the Faubourg Saint-Germain, soon appeared. Under Louis XIII, two small islands in the Seine, the Île Notre-Dame and the Île-des-vaches, which had been used for grazing cattle and storing firewood, were combined to make the ], which became the site of the grand town houses of many Parisian financiers.<ref>Combeau, Yves, ''HIstore de Paris'', 40-41</ref>
			{{Further|Arrondissements of Paris}}
			{{See also||Mayor of Paris}}
			]]]
	Under Louis XIII, Paris solidified its reputation as the cultural capital of Europe. Beginning in 1609, the Galerie of the Louvre was created, where painters, sculptors, and artisans lived and established their workshops. The Academie Francaise, modelled after the academies of Italian Renaissance princes, was created in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu. The Academy of Painting and Sculpture, later the Academy of Fine Arts, was founded in 1648. The first botanical garden in France, today the ], was founded in 1633, both as a conservatory of medicinal plants and for botanical research. It was the first public garden in Paris. The first permanent theatre in Paris was created by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635, within his Palais-Cardinal. The first performance, of ''Mirame'' by ], co-authored by Cardinal Richelieu, was given in 1641 with Louis XIII, the Queen, Anne of Austria, and the Cardinal in the audience.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, 'Histoire de Paris'', pp. 95-96.</ref>
			For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The first modern elected mayor of Paris was ], elected March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is ], a ], first elected ],<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |title=Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris |publisher=City of Paris |access-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194454/http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and re-elected ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=28 June 2020 |title=Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris |language=en-GB |work=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |access-date=1 July 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630223850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Cardinal Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died in 1643, when Louis XIV was only five years old. Louis's mother, ], became Regent. Richelieu's successor, ] tried to impose a new tax upon the Parlement of Paris, a group of prominent nobles in the city. When they refused to pay, Mazarin had the leaders arrested. This began a long uprising, called the ], of the Paris nobility against the royal authority, which lasted from 1648 to 1653. At times the young Louis XIV was held under virtual arrest in the Palais-Royal. He and his mother were forced to flee the city twice, in 1649 and 1651, to the royal chateau at ], until the army could retake control of the city. As a result of the Fronde, Louis XIV had a profound lifelong distrust of Paris; he moved his Paris residence from the Palais-Royal to the more secure Louvre: then, in 1671, he moved the royal residence out of the city to Versailles, and came into Paris as seldom as possible.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histore de Paris'', p. 42-43.</ref>
			], or city hall]]
	Despite the distrust of the King, Paris continued to grow and prosper. reaching a population of between 400,000 and 500,000. The King named ] as his new Superintendent of Buildings, and Colbert began an ambitious building program to make Paris the successor to ancient Rome. To make his intention clear he organised a festival in the carrousel of the Tuileries in January 1661, in which he appeared, on horseback, in the costume of a Roman Emperor, followed by the nobility of Paris. Louis XIV completed the Cour carrée of the Louvre and built a majestic row of columns along its east facade (1670). Inside the Louvre his architect Le Vau and his decorator Le Brun created the Gallery of Apollo, whose ceiling featured an allegoric figure of the young king steering the chariot of the sun across the sky. He enlarged the Tuileries Palace with a new north pavilion, and remade, with the help of the royal gardener, ], the gardens of the Tuileries.
			The mayor of Paris is ] by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the '']'' (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements, to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using ] ] in a ].<ref name="Election Code – Article L260">{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |title=Code électoral – Article L260 |language=fr |trans-title=Election Code – Article L260 |date=13 March 1983 |publisher=Legifrance |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225102129/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Across the Seine from the Louvre he built the College of the Four Nations (1662–1672), an ensemble of four baroque palaces and a domed church, to house students coming to Paris from four provinces recently attached to France (today it is the Institute of France). He built a new hospital for Paris, named La Salpêtrière, and, for wounded soldiers, a new hospital complex with two churches, called ] (1674). Louis XIV made his visit to Paris in 1704 to see Les Invalides under construction. In the centre of Paris, he constructed two monumental new squares, ] (1689) and ] (1698). Louis XIV declared that Paris was secure against any attack, and no longer needed its walls. He demolished the main city walls, creating the space which eventually became the Grand Boulevards. To celebrate the destruction of the old walls, he built two small arches of triumph, porte Saint-Denis (1672) and porte Saint-Martin (1676).
			Party lists winning an absolute ] in the first round – or at least a ] in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the ].<ref name="Election Code – Article L260"/> This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.<ref name="Pariscouncil">{{cite web |title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I |url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |website=World Elections |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211513/https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The cultural life of the city also flourished; the city's future most famous theatre, the ], was created in 1681, and established itself on a former tennis court on rue Fossés Saint-Germain. The city's first famous café, ], was opened in 1686 by the Italian Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', 43-46</ref>
			Prior to the ], each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council ({{Lang|fr|]}}), which elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The creation of ], a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|title=Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet|work=Paris.fr|date=12 June 2020|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161037/https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|url-status=live}}</ref>
	For the poor of Paris, life was very different. They were crowded into tall, narrow buildings, five or six stories high, lining the winding streets on the Île de la Cité and other medieval quarters of the city. Crime in the dark streets was a serious problem; Colbert increased to four hundred the number of archers who acted as night watchmen in the city. Metal lanterns were hung in the streets, and Gabriel Nicolas de la Reyie was appointed the first lieutenant-general of police of Paris in 1667, a position he held for thirty years; his successors reported directly to the King.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 111-113.</ref>
			===Métropole du Grand Paris===
	===Paris during the Enlightenment (18th century)===
			]
	], five years old and the new King, makes a grand exit from the Royal Palace on the Île de la Cité (1715).]]
			In January 2016, the ], or simply ], came into existence.<ref name="MGP"/> It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, ], ] and ], plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including ] in ] and ] in ], which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers {{cvt|814|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |title=Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=27 February 2018 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public accountant of the metropolis of Greater Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100706/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lemoniteur1">{{cite journal |author=Nathalie Moutarde |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |journal=Le Moniteur |date=17 July 2015 |title=La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016 |trans-title=The metropolis of Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016 |language=fr |access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162156/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	] (1784-91) was one of the gates of the ] built by Louis XVI to tax merchandise coming into the city. The wall and tax were highly unpopular, and fuelled the unrest that led to the French Revolution.]]
	Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715. His nephew, Philippe d’Orléans, the Regent for the five-year-old King ], moved the royal residence back to Paris, where it remained for seven years. The King lived in the Tuileries Palace, while the Regent lived in his family house, the Palais-Royal, the former Palais-Cardinal of Cardinal Richelieu. The Regent devoted his attention to theater, the opera, costume balls, and the courtesans of Paris. He made one important contribution to Paris intellectual life; In 1719 he moved the Royal library to the Hotel Nevers near the Palais-Royal, where it eventually became the National Library of France. The King and government remained in Paris for seven years. In 1722, distrustful of the turbulence of Paris, the King returned to Versailles, and visited the city only on special occasions.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 117-118</ref>
			The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment.<ref name="MGP"/><ref name="lemoniteur1"/> In January 2016, ] was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |author=Manon Rescan |date=22 January 2016 |trans-title=From Greater Paris to Greater Paris Metropolis |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref>
	The major Paris building project of Louis XV and his successor, Louis XVI, was a new church of Saint Genevieve on the top of Montagne Saint-Genevieve, on the Left Bank, the future ]. The plans were approved by the King in 1757 and work continued until the ]. Louis XV also built an elegant new military school, the ] (1773), a new medical school, the Ecole de chirurgie (1775), and a new mint, the ] (1768), all on the Left Bank.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 46.</ref>
			===Regional government===
	Under Louis XV, the city expanded westward. A new boulevard, the ], was laid out from the Tuileries Garden to the Rond-Point on the Butte (today's Etoile) and then to the Seine. At the beginning of the boulevard, between the Cours-La Reine and the Tuileries gardens, a large square was created between 1766 and 1775, with an equestrian statue of Louis XV in the centre. It was first called Place Louis XV, later Place de la Revolution, finally ].<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 45-47.</ref>
			The ] of ], including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the ], composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by ], narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |title=Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin |language=fr |trans-title=Results of 2015 Regional Elections |publisher=Regional Council of Île-de-France |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219075856/http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			===National government===
	Between 1640 and 1789, Paris grew in population from 400,000 to 600,000. It was no longer the largest city in Europe; London passed it in population in about 1700; but it was still growing at a rapid rate, largely by an immigration from the Paris basin and from the north and east of France. The centre of the city became more and more crowded; building lots became smaller and buildings taller, to four, five and even six stories. in 1784 the height of buildings was finally limited to nine ''toise'', or about eighteen meters.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 129-131">Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 129-131</ref>
			], official residence of the ]]]
			As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's ]. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The ] resides at the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/ |title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire |language=fr |trans-title=The Elysée Palace and its history |publisher=Elysee.fr |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519171226/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ]'s seat is at the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |publisher=Embassy of France, Washington |title=Matignon Hotel |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405081105/http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|pp=93–94}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.{{sfn|Borrus|2012|p=288}}
			Both houses of the ] are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the ], meets in the ]. The more important lower house, the ], meets in the ]. The ], the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the ], a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |title=A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg |language=fr |trans-title=Discovering Petit Luxembourg |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617015850/http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	In the 18th century, Paris was the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the ]. It was the financial capital of France and continental Europe. Paris was the primary European centre of book publishing, fashion, and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’HIstoire de Paris’’, p. 120.</ref> Parisian bankers funded new inventions, theatres, gardens, and works of art; the successful Parisian playwright ], the author of ], helped fund the ].
			]]]
	By 1763, the Faubourg Saint-Germain had replaced the Marais as the most fashionable residential neighbourhood for the nobility and the wealthy. The aristocracy built magnificent private residences, many of which later became government residences or institutions; the Hôtel d'Évreux (1718–1720) later became the ], the residence of the Presidents of France; the ], became the residence of the Prime Minister; the ] became the home of the National Assembly; the Hôtel Salm became the ], and the Hôtel de Biron eventually became the ].<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 122-123</ref>
			France's highest courts are located in Paris. The ], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the ] on the ''Île de la Cité''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |language=fr |title=Introduction |work=Cour de Cassation |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515150732/http://courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/ |language=fr |publisher=Conseil d'Etat |title=Histoire & Patrimoine |trans-title=History & Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1 |archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> The ], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel |publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel |trans-title=The seat of the Constitutional Council |language=fr |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125504/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The predominant architectural style in Paris from the mid-17th century until the regime of ] was neo-classicism, based on the model of ancient Rome; the most classical example was the new Church of the Madeleine, whose construction began in 1764. It was so widely used that it invited criticism; just before the Revolution the journalist ] wrote: "How monotonous is the genius of our architects! How they live on copies, on eternal repetition! They don't know how to make the smallest building without columns... They all more or less resemble temples." <ref>From ''Tableau de Paris'' by Louis-Sebastian Mercier, quoted by Sarmant, Thierry in ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 129.</ref>
			Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the '']'', the ], the ], the ], and the ].
	Paris in the first half of the 18th century had some beautiful buildings, but it was not a beautiful city. The philosopher ] described his disappointment when he first arrived in Paris in 1731: "I expected a city as beautiful as it was grand, of an imposing appearance, where you saw only superb streets, and palaces of marble and gold. Instead, when I entered by the Faubourg Saint-Marceau, I saw only narrow, dirty and foul-smelling streets, and villainous black houses, with an air of unhealthiness; beggars, poverty; wagons-drivers, menders of old garments; and vendors of tea and old hats.".<ref>Cited by Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 133.</ref> In 1749, in ''Embellissements de Paris'', ] wrote: "We blush with shame to see the public markets, set up in narrow streets, displaying their filth, spreading infection, and causing continual disorders....Immense neighbourhoods need public places. The centre of the city is dark, cramped, hideous, something from the time of the most shameful barbarism." <ref>Cited by Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 133</ref>
			===Police force===
	The main working-class neighbourhood was the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, in the east of the city, known since the Middle Ages as the center for making woodwork and furniture. Many of the workshops of Paris artisans were located there, and it was the home of about ten percent of the population of Paris. The city continued to spread outwards, especially toward the semi-rural west and northwest, where one and two-story stone and wood houses were mingled with depots kitchen gardens, barracks, and workshops.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 129-131"/>
			] motorcyclists]]
			The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the ], a subdivision of the ]. It supervises the units of the ] who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the ]. Its headquarters is on ] on the ].<ref name="Presentation Generale">{{cite web |url=http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |title=Présentation générale |trans-title=General Presentation |publisher=Police nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur |language=fr |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308061047/http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.<ref name="Presentation Generale"/> The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the ] (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the ], a branch of the ]. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr |title=Accueil |language=fr |trans-title=Home |publisher=Gendarmerie nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226055256/http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/ |archive-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The city had no mayor or single city government; its police chief reported to the King, the Prevot des marchants of Paris represented the merchants, and the Parlement de Paris, made up of nobles, was largely ceremonial and had little real authority. They struggled to provide the basic necessities to growing population. For the first time, plaques of metal or stone were put up to indicate the names of streets, and each building was given a number. Rules for hygiene, safety and traffic circulation were codified by the Lieutenant-General of Police. The first oil lamps were installed on the streets late in the 18th century. Large steam pumps were built at Gros-Caillaux and Chaillot to distribute water to those neighbourhoods who could afford it. There were still no proper sewers; the Bievre River served as an open sewer, discharging the sewage into the Seine. The first fire brigades were organised between 1729 and 1801, particularly after a large fire destroyed the Opera of the Palais-Royal in 1781. In the streets of Paris, the chairs in which the nobility were carried by their servants gradually disappeared, replaced by horse-drawn carriages, both private and for hire. By 1750, there were more than ten thousand carriages for hire in Paris, the first Paris taxis.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''History of Paris'', 47-48.</ref>
			Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=France |website=Travel.State.Gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404010203/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Louis XVI became King in 1774, and his new government in Versailles, desperately needed money. Between 1784 and 1791 Paris was encircled by a new wall, designed not to keep invaders out, but to charge taxes on merchandise coming into the city. The wall, called the ], was twenty-five kilometres long, four to five meters high, and had fifty-six gates where taxes had to be paid. Portions of the wall can still be seen at Denford-Rocherau and at Nation, and one of the toll gates can be seen in ]. The wall and the taxes were highly unpopular, and fuelled the growing discontent which eventually exploded in the ].<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''History of Paris'', 47-48</ref>
			==Cityscape==
	===Paris during the French Revolution (1789–1799)===
			{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The ] river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left|dir=rtl}}
	{{Main|French Revolution}}
	]
	], took an oath to defend the Nation, the Law, and the King.]]
	In the Summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage for the ]. On 13 July, a crowd of Parisians occupied the Hotel de Ville, and the ] organised a National Guard to defend the city. On 14 July 1789, the crowds stormed the ], a symbol of royal authority. The governor of the Bastille, ], surrendered and then was killed, and his head put on the end of a pike and carried around Paris, and the Prevot of the merchants of Paris, Jacques des Fleselles, was also murdered.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 49</ref> The fortress itself was completely demolished by November, and the stones turned into souvenirs.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 136-137</ref>
			===Urbanism and architecture===
	The first ], or city council, met in the Hotel de Ville and on 15 July, and chose a new Mayor, the astronomer ]. {{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}} The King came to Paris on 17 July, where he was welcomed by the new mayor and wore the tricolour in his hat; red and blue, the colours of Paris, and white, the royal colour.<ref name="Lafayette">Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette (marquis de), ''Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette,'' vol. 2, p. 252.</ref>
			{{See also|Architecture of Paris|Haussmann's renovation of Paris|Religious buildings in Paris|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region}}
			]]]
			], the oldest planned square in Paris]]
			Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Paris Street Evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |date=8 July 2013 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2153 |doi=10.1038/srep02153 |last1=Barthelemy |first1=Marc |last2=Bordin |first2=Patricia |last3=Berestycki |first3=Henri |last4=Gribaudi |first4=Maurizio |pmid=23835429 |s2cid=11824030 |pmc=3703887 |issn = 2045-2322}}</ref> At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the ]. Of those, two remain today: ] and the ]. A third one is the 1827 artificially created ].
			Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to ] and his Prefect of the Seine, ]. Between ], created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "]". They built the major parks around central Paris.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris de Haussmann'', Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, {{ISBN|978-2-907970-98-3}}</ref> The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.{{sfn|Braimoh|Vlek|2008|p=12}}
	On 4 October 1789, a large crowd of Parisians marched to Versailles and brought the Royal Family and government back to Paris, as virtual prisoners. The new government of France, the National Assembly, began to meet in the Salle de Manege of the ].<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 138</ref>
			Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,<ref name="plan hauteurs">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |title=Plan des hauteurs |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |website=Mairie de Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410225515/http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.<ref name="plan hauteurs"/> The {{cvt|210|m}} ] was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/ |title=Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822194654/http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2011, this record has been held by the ] quarter ] tower in ].
	On 21 May 1790, the Charter of the city of Paris was adopted, making the city free of royal authority. The city was divided into twelve municipalities, (later known as arrondissements), and into forty-eight sections. It was governed by a mayor, sixteen administrators and thirty-two city council members. Bailly was formally elected Mayor by the Parisians on 2 August 1790.<ref>Combeau, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 50.</ref>
			===Housing===
	A giant ceremony, the ‘’Fete de la Federation’’, was held on the Champs de Mars on 14 July 1790. The units of the National Guard, led by the ], took an oath to defend “The Nation, the Law and the King”, and swore to uphold the Constitution approved by the King.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 138.</ref>
			] development along the river ]]]
			In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre, was ], at 22,372 euros per square metre.<ref>''Challenges'', www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.</ref> In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was {{formatnum:1356074}}. Among these, {{formatnum:1165541}} (85.9 percent) were main residences, {{formatnum:91835}} (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.<ref name="insee_logement">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |title=Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |date=2011 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The King attempted to flee Paris on 21 June 1791, but was captured and returned to the city on 25 June. Hostility grew within Paris between the liberal aristocrats and merchants, who wanted a constitutional monarchy, and the more radical ‘] from the working-class and poor neighborhoods, who wanted a republic and the destruction of the old regime, including the aristocracy and the church. Aristocrats began to quietly leave Paris for safety in the countryside or abroad. On 17 July 1791, the National Guard fired upon a republican demonstration on the Champs de Mars, and killed dozens of sans-culottes. In April, 1792, Austria declared war on France, and in June 1792, the Duke of Brunswick, commander of the army of the King of Prussia, threatened to destroy Paris unless the Parisians accepted the authority of their King.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 140-141.</ref>
			Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.<ref name="notaires_idf">{{cite web |url=http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |title=Un territoire ancien et de petite taille |publisher=www.notaires.paris-idf.fr |date=February 2012 |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214159/http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris' population rent their residence.<ref name="notaires_idf"/> In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent Paris' residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.<ref>''Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres'', Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.</ref>
	In response to the the threat from the Prussians, on 10 August the leaders of the ] deposed the Paris city government and established their own government, the insurrectional Commune, in the Hotel-de-Ville. Mobs of sans-culottes attacked the Tuileries Palace, killing the last defenders of the King, his Swiss guards, and forcing the King to seek sanctuary with the National Assembly. The Assembly, threatened by the sans-culottes, “suspended” the power of the King and, on 11 August, declared that France would be governed by a ]. On 13 August, the King and his family were imprisoned in the Temple fortress. On 21 September, at its first meeting, the Convention abolished the monarchy, and the next day declared France to be a republic. The Convention moved its meeting place to a large hall within the Tuileries Palace. The Committee of Public Safety, charged with hunting down the enemies of the Revolution, established its headquarters in the Pavillon de Fleur of the Louvre, while the Tribunal, the revolutionary court, set up its courtroom within the old Royal Palace on the Île-de-la-Cité, inside what is now the Palais-de-Justice.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, pp. 141-143</ref>
			]
			In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.<ref>''Le Monde'', 18 March 2019.</ref>
	The new government imposed a ] upon Paris. At the beginning of September, 1792 Crowds of sans-culottes broke into the prisons and murdered prisoners associated with old regime. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined on the Place Louis XV, renamed the Place de la Revolution. ] was executed on the same square on 16 October 1793. Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, was sent to the guillotine. Thousands of others associated with the old regime were arrested, imprisoned, hastily tried, and executed. The property of the aristocracy and church was confiscated and declared national property; the churches were closed for worship.
			===Suburbs===
	A new non-Christianised calendar was created, declaring that the year 1793 was the Year One; 27 July 1794 became 9 Thermidor of the year II. Many street names were changed, and the revolutionary slogan, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", was engraved on the facades of government buildings. New forms of address were required; ‘’Monsieur’’ and ‘’Madame’’ was replaced by ‘’Citoyen’’ and ‘’Citoyenne’’, and the formal ‘’vous’’ was placed by the more proletarian ‘’tu’’.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 144">Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 144.</ref>
			] satellite]]
			], 2019]]
			Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative ] department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "]" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |title=Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=DRIEA Île-de-France |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101005621/http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du ] came into existence.<ref name=MGP>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |title=Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=General Code of Territorial Communities – Article L5219-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. ] promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs ''mésentente'' when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.{{sfn|Masson|1984|p=536}} Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities"){{sfn|Yarri|2008|p=407}} and the ] commuter train network.{{sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=46–47}}
	The spire of Notre Dame Cathedral had been knocked down in 1792; in 1793 a crowd of sans-culottes attacked the facade of the cathedral, destroying the figures of the kings of the Old Testament, believing they were statues of the Kings of France. A number of prominent historic buildings, including the enclosure of the Temple, the Abbey of Montmartre, and most of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pres, were nationalised and demolished. ], a priest and elected member of the Convention, invented a new word, “vandalism”, to describe the destruction of the churches.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 144"/>
			Many other suburban residential districts (''grands ensembles'') were built between the 1960s and 1970s, to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.{{sfn|Castells|1983|p=75}} These districts were socially mixed at first,{{sfn|Tomas|Blanc|Bonilla|IERP|2003|p=237}} but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.<ref name="villes nouvelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article+villes+nouvelles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035711/http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article%2Bvilles%2Bnouvelles.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |title=Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles |publisher=Laburba.fr |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=6 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.<ref name="villes nouvelles"/>
	A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris: the ] seized power from the ], on 1 June 1793, then were replaced by ] and his followers; in 1794 they were overthrown and guillotined by a new government led by ]. On 27 July 1794 Robespierre himself was executed by a coalition of Montagnards and moderates. The executions ceased and the prisons gradually emptied.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 145">Sarmant, Thierry, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 145.</ref>
	A small group of scholars and historians collected statues and paintings from the demolished churches, and made a storeroom of the old church of the Petits-Augustins, in order to preserve them. The paintings went to the Louvre, where the Central Museum of the Arts was opened at the end of 1793. In October 1795 the collection at the Petits-Augustins became the officially the Museum of French Monuments.<ref name="Sarmant, Thierry p. 145"/>
	A new government, the ] took the place of the Convention. It moved its headquarters to the Luxembourg Palace, and limited the autonomy of Paris. When the authority of the Directory was challenged by a royalist uprising on 5 October 1775, the Directory called upon a young general, ], for help. He used cannon and grapeshot to clear the streets of demonstrators. On 9 November 1799 Napoleon organised a coup d’etat and became Consul, then First Consul, and, in 1804, Emperor.<ref>Sarmant, Thierry,’’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 147.</ref>
			These areas, ''quartiers sensibles'' ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its ] and ] neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the ] ], and to a lesser extreme to the east in the ] ]. Other difficult areas are located in the ] valley, in ] et ] (]), in ], ] (]), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |title=Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus) |access-date = 10 November 2014 |website=SIG du secretariat générale du SIV |publisher=Ministère de l'Egalité des Territoires et du Logement |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816133325/http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |archive-date = 16 August 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
	===The Paris of Napoleon I (1801–1815)===
	], built by Napoleon I in 1802. was the first iron bridge in Paris. The ] is in the background.]]
	First Consul ] moved into the ] on 19 February 1800 and immediately began to re-establish calm and order after the years of uncertainty and terror of the Revolution. He made peace with the Catholic church; masses were held again in the ], priests were allowed to wear ecclesiastical clothing again, and churches were allowed once more to ring their bells.<ref>Héron de Villefosse, Rene, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 299</ref> To re-establish order in the unruly city, he abolished the elected position of the Mayor of Paris, and replaced it with a Prefect of the Seine and a Prefect of Police, both appointed by him. Each of the twelve arrondissements had its own mayor, but their power was limited to enforcing the decrees of Napoleon's ministers.<ref>Yvan Cobeau, ''Histoire de Paris'' (1999), Presses Universitaires de France, (ISBN 978-2-13-060852-3)</ref>
			The Paris agglomeration's ] is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely ] to the east and ] to the north of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage/alap414/alap414_carte.htm#carte1 |title=Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France |publisher=INSEE |access-date=26 November 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014922/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage%2Falap414%2Falap414_carte.htm#carte1 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	After he crowned himself Emperor in 1804, Napoleon began a series of projects to make Paris into an imperial capital to rival ancient Rome. He began construction of the ], from the ] as far as the ]. The old convent of the Capucines was demolished and he built a new street that connected ], to the grand boulevards. The street was called Rue Napoleon, later renamed ].<ref>Heron de Villefosse, Réne, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 302</ref>
			==Demographics==
	In 1802, he built a revolutionary iron bridge, the ], across the Seine. It was decorated with two greenhouses of exotic plants, and rows of orange trees. Passage across the bridge cost one sou.<ref>Héron de Villefosse, Rene, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 302</ref> He gave the names of his victories to two new bridges, the ] (1802) and the ] (1807) <ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 54</ref>
			{{Main|Demographics of Paris}}
			]
			{{Collapsible Table Paris Region top countries & territories of birth}}
			The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the ], the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, ], declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.<ref>"Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", 24 February 2023</ref><ref>"Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref> Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.<ref name="Le Monde, 22 January 2019">''Le Monde'', 22 January 2019</ref> This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." ''Le Parisien'', 28 December 2017</ref>
			Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after ], ] and ]. ] places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |title=Statistics on European cities |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114142816/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |archive-date=14 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	In 1806, in imitation of Ancient Rome, he ordered the construction of a series of monuments to the military glory of France. The first and largest was the ], begun at the edge of the city at the Barrier d'Etoile de Neuilly, but not finished until July 1836. He ordered the building of the smaller Arc du Carousel (1806–1808), copied from the arch of Septimus Severus and Constantine in Rome, next to the Tuileries Palace. It was crowned by a team of bronze horses he took from the façade of the Cathedral of Saint Mark in Venice. His soldiers celebrated his victories with grand parades around the Carousel. He also commissioned the building of the ] (1806–10), copied from the column of Trajan in Rome, made of the iron of cannon captured by Napoleon from the Russians and Austrians in 1805. At the end of the Rue Royale he took the foundations of an unfinished church, the ], which had been started in 1763, and transformed it into the Temple de la Gloire, a military shrine to display the statues of France’s most famous generals.<ref name="Villefosse, Rene p. 303">Heron de Villefosse, Rene, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 303</ref>
			The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.<ref>{{Cassini-Ehess|26207|Paris}}</ref> The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included ], high rent, the ] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.<ref>"Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref><ref name="pophis">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |title=Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056) |author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215061844/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the ''agglomération Parisienne'', and statistically as a '']'' (a measure of ]), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the ].<ref name=pop_UU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617121211/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=urbaneurope>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |title=Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs |date=2016 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012194422/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |url-status=live}}</ref> City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical ], "functional area", a statistical method comparable to a ],<ref name=FU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |title=Functional areas – Definition |publisher=] |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409035813/https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |url-status=live }}</ref>), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,<ref name=pop_AU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617120814/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live }}</ref> 19.6% of the population of France,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière |author=INSEE |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195634/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ] in the ].<ref name=urbaneurope/>
	Napoleon also looked after the infrastructure of the city, which had been neglected for years by the Kings of France in Versailles. In 1802 he began construction of the Ourq canal, to bring fresh water to the city, and built the Basin de la Villette to serve as a reservoir. To distribute the fresh water to the Parisians, he built a series of monumental fountains, the largest of which was the Fontaine de Palmier, on ]. He also began construction of the ] to further river transportation within the city.<ref name="Villefosse, Rene p. 303"/>
			In 2012, according to ], the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, ], ] and ], had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |title=Population statistics at regional level |publisher=Eurostat |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407164439/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2019 |reason=Old data, 2012 does not match with report date (March 2014). Current report could be different.}}
	His last project 1n 1810 was a fountain in the shape of an enormous bronze elephant, twenty-four meters high, which was intended for the centre of the ], but he did not have time to finish it; an enormous plaster mockup of the elephant stood in the square for many years after his final defeat and exile.
	===19th century===		===Migration===
			Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from ], 112,369 were immigrants from the ], 70,852 from ] and ], 5,059 from ], 91,297 from ] outside Turkey, 38,858 from the ], and 1,365 from the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75) |trans-title=Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Department of Paris (75)|work=] |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |trans-title=Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Île-de-France region (11) |work=] |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Paris was occupied by Russian and Allied armies upon Napoleon's defeat on ]; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.{{sfn|Horne|2003|p=202}} The ensuing ] period, or the return of the monarchy under ] (1814–24) and ], ended with the ] Parisian uprising of 1830.{{sfn|Horne|2003|p=222}} The new ] under ] ended with the 1848 "]" that led to the creation of the ].{{sfn|Horne|2003|p=226}}
			In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |trans-title=Population by sex, age and nationality – Île-de-France region (11) |work=] |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75) |trans-title=Population by sex, age and nationality – Department of Paris (75) |work=] |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	===The Paris of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848)===
	]
	] on 25 October 1836. ]]
	The Paris of King ] was the city described in the novels of ] and ]. The population of Paris increased from 785,000 in 1831 to 1,053,000 in 1848, crowded more and more densely in the center of the city.<ref>Heron de Villefosse, Rene, 'Histoire de Paris'', p. 323.</ref>
			In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés |trans-title=Location of immigrants and descendants of immigrants |language=fr |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391 |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012045430/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
	The heart the city, around the ], was a maze of narrow, winding streets and crumbling buildings from earlier centuries; it was picturesque but dark, crowded, unhealthy and dangerous. Water was distributed by porters carrying buckets from a pole on their shoulders, and the sewers emptied directly into the Seine. A cholera outbreak in the center 1830 killed twenty thousand people. The ], the prefect of the Seine for fifteen years under Louis-Philippe, made tentative efforts to improve the center of the city; he paved the quays of the Seine with stone paths, and planted trees along the river. He built a new street (now ]) to connect the ] District with the markets, and began construction of ], the famous central markets of Paris, finished by ].<ref name="Villefosse, Rene p. 323-324">Heron de Villefosse, Rene, 'Histoire de Paris'', p. 323-324.</ref>
			===Religion===
	Louis-Philippe lived in his old family residence, the ] until 1832, before moving to the ]. His chief contribution to the monuments of Paris was the completion of the ] in 1836; the huge square was decorated with two fountains, one devoted to river commerce and the other to sea commerce, and statues of women representing the great cities of France. (The statue of ] was a likeness of ], the mistress of ]. The Place de la Concorde was further embellished on 25 October 1836 by the placement of the obelisque of Luxor, weighing two hundred fifty tons, carried to France from Egypt on a specially-built ship. In the same year, at the other end of the ], Louis-Philippe completed and dedicated the ], which had been begun by ].<ref name="Villefosse, Rene p. 323-324"/>
			{{See also|Religious buildings in Paris}}
			] in ]]]
			At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest ] city in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960 |first=Austen |last=Ivereigh |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-13618-6 |page=76 |publisher=Springer |quote=Buenos Aires was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)}}</ref> French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |title=After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe |last1=Burchardt |first1=Marian |last2=Michalowski |first2=Ines |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-02594-6 |language=en |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032126/https://books.google.fr/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2011 survey by the ] (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as ]. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.
	The ashes of Napoleon were returned to Paris from ] in a solemn ceremony on 15 December 1840, and Louis-Philippe built an impressive tomb for them at the ]. He also placed the statue of Napoleon atop the column in the ]. In 1840 he completed a column in the ] dedicated to the July 1830 revolution which had brought him to power. He also began the restoration of the Paris churches ruined by the French Revolution, carried out by the ardent architectural historian ], beginning with the church of the ]. Between 1837-1841, he built a new ] with an interior salon decorated by ].<ref>Heron de Villefosse, Rene, 'Histoire de Paris'', p. 325-327.</ref>
			According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly ], ] and ]. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |title=que pese l'Islam en France |work=Le Monde |date=21 January 2015 |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127053220/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |title=How does France count its muslim population? |work=Le Figaro |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002152/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |archive-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112504/http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 January 2015 |title=Interview with Dalil Boubakeur |work=Le Soir |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Riou |first1=Mathilde |title=Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=France 3 |date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174949/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The first railroad stations in Paris were built under Louis-Philippe. Each belonged to a different company, they were not connected to each other, and they were outside the center of the city. The first, called Embarcadero Saint-Germain, was opened on 24 August 1837 on Place de l'Europe. An early version of the ] was begun in 1842, and the first lines between Paris and Orleans and Paris and Rouen were inaugurated 1–2 May 1843.<ref>Heron de Villefosse, Rene, 'Histoire de Paris'', p. 325-331.</ref>
			In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of ] and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |title=World Jewish Population 2014 |author=Berman Jewish Databank |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104100328/http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |archive-date=4 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	As the population of Paris grew, so did discontent in the working-class neighborhoods. There were riots in 1830, in 1831, 1832, 1835, 1839, and 1840. The 1832 uprising, following the funeral of a fierce critic of Louis-Philippe, General ], was immortalized in Victor Hugo's ].<ref>Maneglier, Herve, ''Paris Imperial'', p. 19</ref>
			==Economy==
	The growing unrest finally exploded in 23 February 1848, when a large demonstration was broken up by the army. Barricades went up in the eastern working-class neighborhoods, The King reviewed his soldiers in front of the Tuileries Palace, but instead of cheering him, many shouted "Long Live Reform!" Discouraged, he abdicated and departed for exile in England.
			{{Main|Economy of Paris}}
			], the largest dedicated business district in Europe, located to the west of Paris<ref name="France.fr">{{cite web |url=https://www.france.fr/en/paris/list/paris-what-to-do-what-to-see |title=La Défense, Europe's largest business district |publisher=France.fr |access-date = 8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043643/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district |archive-date = 30 May 2013}}</ref>]]
			] of ], the largest banking group in Europe, in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/|title=Largest banks worldwide as of December 2021, by assets|date=29 August 2022|website=statista.com|publisher=Statista|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810163936/https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
			] headquarters at Hôtel de La Vaupalière]]
			]|italic=no}} headquarters in ], south of Paris<ref name=sieges>{{cite web |website=Crédit Agricole |title=De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges |date=2011 |url=https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725035725/https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
			The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |publisher=INSEE |title=Department of Paris; Complete Dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200924/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The story is similar in the ] (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |publisher=INSEE |title=Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316053531/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |publisher=INSEE |title=EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |access-date=26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/agregatnaf2008/agregatnaf2008.htm |publisher=INSEE |title=La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008 |access-date = 26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219154702/http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures%2Fagregatnaf2008%2Fagregatnaf2008.htm |archive-date = 19 December 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>
	===The Paris of Napoleon III (1852–1870)===
	{{Details|Haussmann's renovation of Paris}}
	], one of the new boulevards created by Napoleon III. The new buildings on the boulevards were required to be all of the same height and same basic façade design, and all faced with cream colored stone, giving the city center its distinctive harmony.]]
	During the reign of Emperor ], the population of Paris grew from one million to two million. He began his reign by annexing eleven surrounding Communes to the city, creating eight new arrondissements, and bringing the city to its present boundaries. In 1853 he gave his new prefect of the Seine, ], the assignment of bringing more water, air and light to the center of the city, and making it the most beautiful city in Europe.
			The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 ''pôles d'emplois'' or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or ''quartier central des affaires''. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.<ref name="INSEE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |title=En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>
	Haussmann's vast projects lasted seventeen years, and employed tens of thousands of workers. He rebuilt the sewers of Paris so they no longer emptied into the ], and built a new aqueduct and reservoir to bring in more fresh water. He demolished most of the old medieval buildings on the ], and replaced them with a new hospital and government buildings.
			The second-largest business district in terms of employment is ], just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, ] and ], are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including ], ] and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.<ref name="INSEE" />
	In the center of the city, he conceived four avenues in a huge cross; a north-south axis connecting the Gare de l'Est in the north with the Observatoire in the south; and an east-west axis from the ] along the ] and ]. He built wide new avenues, including ], ], ], Avenue Voltaire, ] and Avenue Haussmann, planted more than one hundred thousand trees to line the boulevards, and built new squares, fountains and parks where the avenues intersected. He also imposed architectural standards for the buildings along the new boulevards; they had to be the same height, follow similar design, and be faced with the same cream-colored stone, giving the Paris boulevards their distinct appearance.<ref>Meneglier, Herve, ''Paris Imperial- La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire'', (1992), Armand Colin, (ISBN 2-200-37226-4)</ref>
			In 2021, the top French companies listed in the ] all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the ] Department, three are in ] and one is in ]. Some companies, like ], have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a ] of ]765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions | website=ec.europa.eu | access-date=1 January 2024 | archive-date=1 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101045308/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613192346/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |publisher=Insee |title=L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McKinsey">{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041241/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,<ref name=pop2023>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Population estimate as of January 1, 2023 – Series by region, department, sex and age from 1975 to 2023 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=GDP in value (current prices) – Metropolitan France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816202919/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=GDP in value (current prices) – Île-de-France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816222906/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	For the recreation and relaxation of all the classes of Parisians, Napoleon III created four new parks at the cardinal points of the compass: the ] to the west, the ] to the east, the ] to the north, and ] to the south.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann'', Les Editions du Mecene, (ISBN 978-2-907970-914)</ref>
			The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (], IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).<ref name="INSEE 201210">{{cite web |url=http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L’industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20–%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20régionaux.pdf |title=L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 24 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150223184616/http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L%E2%80%99industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20%E2%80%93%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20r%C3%A9gionaux.pdf |archive-date = 23 February 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central ] department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the {{lang|fr|]}}, ''La Défense'' and the '']''.<ref name="INSEE 201210" /> While the Paris economy is dominated by ], and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.<ref name="INSEE 201210" />
	To better connect his capital with the rest of France, Napoleon III built two new train stations, the ] and the ]. He also built two new theaters facing ], and commissioned the ] as the new home of the ].
			In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the ], based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after ].<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, based in September 2016 data, retrieved July 2017.</ref> In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |website=courrierinternational.com |publisher=] |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081301/https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}.</ref> ] is a ] for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Medeiros |first1=João |title=Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |access-date=21 August 2017 |magazine=Wired |date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085053/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The first department store in Paris, Bon Marché, opened in 1852 in a modest building, and expanded rapidly, its income going from 450,000 francs a year to 20 million. Its founder commissioned a new building with a glass and iron framework designed by ], which opened in 1869, and became the model for the modern department store. Other department stores quickly appeared; Printemps in 1865, and La Samaritaine in 1870. They were soon imitated around the world.<ref>Milza, Pierre, ''Napoleon III'', p. 486</ref>
			===Employment and income===
	Napoleon III's projects were still unfinished when he was drawn into the ] in July 1870. The outnumbered and outdated French army was defeated, Napoleon III was captured, and was swiftly deposed by the French parliament, which proclaimed the ].
			]
			In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |title=Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007 |date=November 2007 |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014929/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/>
			Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department ] district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>
	===The siege of Paris (September 1870 – January 1871)===
	]
	Following the capture of ] and a large part of the French Army at the ], the Prussian army swiftly marched to Paris and surrounded the city by 19&nbsp;September 1870. The city was defended by a {{convert|33|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} wall and sixteen forts. The Prussians decided to wait and starve the city into submission.
			Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the ] department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major ] Citroën assembly plant.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>
	Attempts by the army to break the siege failed, and the life of the Parisians under siege became more and more difficult. In December, the temperature dropped to ten and fifteen degrees below zero Celsius, and the Seine froze for a period of three weeks. Parisians suffered shortages of food, firewood, coal and medicine. The city was almost completely dark at night. The only communication with the outside world was by balloon, carrier pigeon, or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. The population was forced to eat dogs, cats, and even the two elephants from the Paris zoo.<ref>De Villefosse, Rene Heron, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959).</ref>
			The southern ] department specialises in science and technology.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The south-eastern ], with its wholesale ], specialises in food processing and beverages.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>
	By early January, the Prussian commanders were tired of the prolonged siege. They installed seventy-two 120- and 150-millimetre artillery pieces in the forts around the city and on 5&nbsp;January began to bombard the city day and night. Between 300 and 600 shells hit the center of the city each day. Facing starvation, the city was forced to surrender on 28&nbsp;January 1871.<ref>Milza, Pierre, ''L'annee terrible- La guerre franco-prussienne - Septembre 1870- Mars 1871.'' P. 257–259</ref>
			Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.<ref name="wealth distribution">{{cite web |title=Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |website=insee.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620170141/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official ]. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris' wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140406124836/http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-date=6 April 2014 |title=Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line |publisher=Metronews |language=fr |access-date=28 November 2013}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.<ref>Reuters, "France unemployment hits 13-year low", 18 February 2022</ref><ref>INSEE data published 1 April 2022</ref>
	===The Paris Commune (March–May 1871)===
	{{Details|Paris Commune}}
	] and other symbols of the old regime. ]]
	On 18 March 1871, the Paris National Guard, which largely came from working-class neighborhoods, elected its own officers and had become politically radicalized, refused to hand over its arsenal of cannons to the French regular army, and killed two army generals. ], the leader of the national government, withdrew the government and regular army from Paris to Versailles, and war was declared between the national government and the Commune.
			===Tourism===
	The members of the Paris National Guard elected a new city government on 23 March 1871, called the ], dominated by socialists and revolutionaries. They replaced the tricolour with the red flag and replaced the traditional calendar with the calendar in use during the French Revolution, and proposed a program of radical social reform, including forbidding religious education, but had little time to put it into effect. They took some seventy hostages, including the Archbishop of Paris, ], hoping to exchange them for ], the honorary President of the Commune and the leader of a radical faction, held in prison outside Paris.
			{{Main|Tourism in Paris}}
			{{Further|Landmarks in Paris|Historical quarters of Paris|List of tourist attractions in Paris}}
			], the ]]]
			Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44&nbsp;million visitors, an increase of 95&nbsp;percent over 2021, but still 13&nbsp;percent lower than in 2019.<ref name="pro.visitparisregion.com">{{cite web|url=https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023 |title=Bilan de l'année touristique 2022 à Paris Île-de-France (mars 2023) |trans-title=Review of the 2022 tourist year in Paris Île-de-France (March 2023) |website=pro.visitparisregion.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325170709/https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023|archive-date=25 March 2023 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
	The national government in Versailles assembled an army of 130,000 regular soldiers, commanded by Marshal ]. Beginning in early April, they began to advance on Paris. They captured the outer walls entered the city on 21 May 1871. The Commune soldiers had built some barricades, but they were outnumbered five or six to one, poorly armed, lacked experienced commanders, and had no plan to defend the city; each neighbourhood was left to defend itself. During "La semaine sanglante" (bloody week), from 21 May to 28 May 1871, the army methodically recaptured Paris neighbourhood by neighbourhood. Commune soldiers were often shot immediately after their capture. In revenge, the Communards shot the Archbishop of Paris and seventy other hostages.<ref name="Paris 2013 p. 177">''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 177</ref> The Communards also burned the ], the ], the ], the ], and other buildings they saw as symbols of the old regime.<ref name="Paris 2013 p. 177"/> The ] was saved by a company of firemen and museum curators.<ref>Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959) pp. 377-378.</ref> The last battle was fought at ] cemetery, where 150 Commune soldiers were lined up against a wall and shot.<ref>Milza, Pierre, "La Commune", p. 413-414</ref> Six to seven thousand Communards were buried in the Paris cemeteries after Bloody Week.<ref>Tombs, Robert, ''How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision.'' ''The Historical Journal'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, p. 619-704.</ref> Four thousand six hundred Communards were exiled, and thousands more fled to England, Belgium, and the United States. They were all amnestied in 1880 and allowed to return home.<ref>Rougerie, Jacques, ''Paris libre 1871'' (2004), Editions du Seuil (ISBN 2-02-055465-8)</ref>
			], comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38&nbsp;million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals.<ref name=KeyFigures>{{cite web |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=press.parisinfo.com |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910112723/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |url-status=dead}}</ref> These included 12.2&nbsp;million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6&nbsp;million), United Kingdom (1.2&nbsp;million), Germany (981&nbsp;thousand) and China (711&nbsp;thousand).<ref name=KeyFigures/>
	===Paris during the Belle Epoque (1871–1914)===
	] on Montmartre was begun in 1873 but not finished until 1919. It was intended to atone for the sufferings of Paris during the ] and the ].]]
	After the fall of the Commune, the city was governed under the strict surveillance of the conservative and monarchist national government. the French government and parliament did not return to the city from Versaillles until 1879, though the Senate returned to the Luxembourg Palace.<ref>Héron de Villefosse, René, ''Histoire de Paris'' (1959), Bernard Grasset. p. 380</ref> On 23 July 1873, the monarchist National Assembly endorsed the project of building a basilica on the place where the uprising began; it was intended to atone for the sufferings of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune. The ] was built in the neo-Byzantine style, and paid for by public subscription. It was not finished until 1919, but quickly became one of the most recognisable landmarks in Paris.<ref>Héron de Villefosse, René, ''Histoire de Paris'' (1959), Bernard Grasset. p. 380-81</ref>
			In 2018, measured by the ] Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10&nbsp;million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78&nbsp;million) but ahead of London (19.09&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Eric |title=The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |work=] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914054101/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4&nbsp;percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.<ref name=TIP2016/>
	The radical Republicans dominated the Paris municipal elections of 1878, winning 75 of the 80 municipal council seats. In 1879, they changed the name of many of the Paris streets and squares; Place Chateau-d’Eau became ], and a statue of the Republic was placed in the center in 1883. The avenues Reine-Hortense, Josephine and Roi-de-Rome were renamed Hoche, Monceau and Kleber, after generals of Napoleon I. Boulevard Haussmann became Boulevard Etienne-Marcel, after the elected mayor of Paris in the 14th century. The Hotel de Ville was rebuilt between 1874 and 1882 in the neo-Renaissance style, with towers modelled after those of the ]. The ruins of the Cour de Comptes on the Quai d'Orsay, burned by the Commune, were demolished and replaced by a new train station, the Gare d'Orsay (today's Musée d'Orsay). The walls of the ] were still standing; Baron Haussmann pleaded for its restoration, but the council decided that it was a symbol of monarchy and in 1884 had it pulled down.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan p. 72-73">Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, p. 72-73.</ref>
			Paris' top cultural attractions in 2022 were the ] (7.7&nbsp;million visitors), the ] (5.8&nbsp;million visitors), the ] (3.27&nbsp;million visitors) and the ] (3&nbsp;million visitors).<ref name="pro.visitparisregion.com" />
	The most memorable Parisian civic event during the period was the funeral of ] in 1885. Hundreds of thousands of Parisians lined the Champs Elysées to see the passage of his coffin. The Arc de Triomphe was draped in black. The remains of the writer were placed in the ], formerly the Church of Saint-Genevieve, which had been turned into a mausoleum for great Frenchmen during the Revolution, then turned back into a church under King Louis Philippe. It was secularised again to be the home of Hugo's remains.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan p. 72-73"/>
			In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.<ref name=KeyFigures/> In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with ].<ref name=KeyFigures/> Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3&nbsp;million euros in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidalon |first=Dominique |date=2017-07-05 |title=hoteliers-welcome-paris-decision-forcing-airbnb-hosts-to-register-rentals-idUSL8N1JW2DD |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/hoteliers-welcome-paris-decision-forcing-airbnb-hosts-to-register-rentals-idUSL8N1JW2DD/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>Fortune Magazine, 5 July 2017.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2023}}
	At the end of the century, Paris began to modernize its public transport system, to try to catch up with London. The first metro line was begun in 1897 between Porte Maillot and the Porte de Vincennes. It was finished in time for the 1900 Universal Exposition. Two new bridges were built over the Seine; the ], which connected the left bank with the site of the 1900 Exposition, whose cornerstone was laid by Alexander's son and the future Czar, ]. The new street between the bridge and the Champs Elysees was named Avenue Nicholas II. The same engineers who built the modern iron structure of the Pont Alexandre III also built the new ], which connected ] and Javel.
			A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from ], when their experiences do not meet expectations.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm|title = 'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese|work = ]|access-date = 4 November 2009|last = Wyatt|first = Caroline|date = 20 December 2006|archive-date = 31 October 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091031110724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm|url-status = live}}</ref>
	Many notable artists lived and worked in Paris during the Belle Epoque, often in ], where rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. ] rented space at 12 rue Cartot on Montmartre in 1876 to paint ], showing a dance on Montmartre on a Sunday afternoon. ] lived at the same address from 1906 to 1914, and ] shared an atelier there from 1901 to 1911. The building is now the Museum of Montmartre.<ref name="Paris, 2013">''Dictionaire historique de Paris'', (2013), La Pochotheque, (ISBN 978-2-253-13140-3)</ref> ], ], and other artists lived and worked in a building called '']'' at 13 Place Emile Gougeau, during the years 1904–1909. Picasso painted one of his most important pictures, ], while living there. Several noted composers, including ], lived in the neighbourhood . Satie earned money by working as a pianist at a Montmartre club called ]. Most of the artists departed after the outbreak of World War I, with the majority going to the Montparnasse quarter.<ref>''Dictionaire Historique de Paris'', p. 66-68.</ref>
			==Culture==
	On 25 December 1895, the Grand Cafe on Boulevard des Capucines was the location of the first public projection of a motion picture by the ]. Thirty-three spectators paid a franc each to see a series of short films, beginning with a film of workers leaving the Lumiere brothers' factory in Lyon.<ref name="Paris, 2013"/>
			===Painting and sculpture===
			{{Main|Art in Paris}}
			], '']'', 1876, oil on canvas, {{cvt|131|x|175|cm|0}}, ]]]
			For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".{{sfn|Montclos|2003}} Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the ] era. Sculptors such as ], ] and ] acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. ] became the first painter to King ] during this period. In 1648, the '']'' (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
			Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: ], ], ], ], ], ] and others. Paris was central to the development of ] in art, with painters such as ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ], ], ], ], ] and ] movements all evolved in Paris.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.{{sfn|Perry|1995|p=19}} Artists such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and many others became associated with Paris.
	===The Paris Universal Expositions (1867–1900)===
	]
	] and the ], the legacy of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900]]
	In the second half of the 19th century, Paris hosted five international expositions, which attracted millions of visitors an made Paris and increasingly important centre of technology, trade, and tourism.{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=334}}
			The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are ] (]), ], ], ], ] (statue of ] in ]) and ]. The ] of the ] ended between the two world wars.
	The first was the ], hosted by ], held in the gardens next to the Champs Elysees. It was inspired by the London’s ] in 1851, and was designed to showcase the achievements of French industry and culture. The classification system of Bordeaux wines was developed especially for the Exposition. The Theater du Rond-Point next to the Champs Elysees is a vestige of the Exposition.
			===Museums===
	The ], also hosted by Napoleon III, was held in an enormous oval exhibit hall 490 meters long and 380 meters wide in the Champs de Mars. Famous visitors included Czar ], ], Kaiser ], King ] (better known as “Mad Ludwig") and the Sultan of the ], the first foreign trip ever made by an Ottoman ruler. The Bateaux Mouches excursion riverboats made their first journeys on the Seine during the Exposition.
			{{Main|List of museums in Paris}}
			]]]
			The ] received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,<ref name="ReferenceC">"Visitor Figures 2021", "The Art Newspaper", 5 January 2022.</ref> holding its position as first among the ]. Its treasures include the '']'' (''La Joconde''), the '']'' statue, and '']''. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the ], also known as Beaubourg, which houses the {{lang|fr|]|italic=no}} The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the ] with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the ], featuring 19th century art and the ], which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the ], (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the ] (691,000), the ], featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the ] (History of Paris) (606,000), and the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).<ref>"Le Tourisme a Paris – Chiffres Cles -Edition 2021,"the Office of Tourism and Congresses of the City of Paris.(published 2022)</ref>
	The ], took place on both sides of the Seine, in the Champs de Mars and heights of ], where the first Palais de Trocadero was built. ] displayed his new telephone, ] presented his ], and the head of the newly finished ] was displayed, before it was sent to New York to be attached to the body. In honour of the Exposition, the Avenue de l’Opera and Place de l’Opera were lit with electric lights for the first time. The Exposition attracted thirteen million visitors.
			]]]
			The ], near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of ]'s large '']'' murals. The ], or Cluny Museum, presents ]. The ], or ''Musée national des arts asiatiques'', has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the ], the ] and the ].
	The ], which also took place on the Champs de Mars, celebrated the centenary of the beginning of the ]. The most memorable feature was the ], 300 meters tall when it opened ( now 324 with the addition of broadcast antennas), which served as the gateway to the Exposition. .{{sfn|Weingardt|2009|p=15}} The Eiffel Tower remained the world's tallest structure until 1930,{{sfn|Sutherland|2003|p=37}} The Eiffel Tower was not popular with everyone; its modern style was denounced in public letter by many of France’s most prominent cultural figures, including ], ] and ]. Other popular exhibits included the first musical fountain, lit with colored electric lights, changing in time to music. ] and sharpshooter ] drew large crowds to their Wild West Show at the Exposition.
			The military history of France is presented by displays at the ] at ]. In addition to the national museums, run by the ], the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the ] on the history of Paris, ], ], the ], the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/musees |title=Municipal museums |publisher=Maire de Paris |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123165959/http://www.paris.fr/musees |archive-date=23 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the ], designed by architect ], opened in October 2014 in the ].
	The ] celebrated the turn of the century. It also took place at the Champs de Mars, and attracted fifty million visitors. In addition to the Eiffel Tower, the Exposition featured the world’s largest ], the Grande Roue de Paris, one hundred meters high, carrying sixteen hundred passengers in forty cars. Inside the exhibit hall, ] demonstrated his new engine. and the first escalator was on display. The Exposition coincided with the ], the first time that the Olympic games were held outside of Greece. The Exposition also popularised a new artistic style, the ], to the world. Two architectural legacies of the Exposition, the ] and ], are still in place.
			===Theatre===
	===The First World War (1914–1918)===
			The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical ]) and modern ]; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), ] and ] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to ]).{{Sfn|Schumacher|1996|p=60}} ], the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the ], where the first performances of Diaghilev's ] took place in 1913.
	] requisitioned as transport vehicle for the ] (1914).]]
			] (Salle Richelieu)]]
	The outbreak of the First World War in August, 1914 saw patriotic demonstrations on the Place de la Concorde and at the Gare de l'Est and Gare du Nord, as the mobilised soldiers departed for the front. Within a few weeks, however, the German Army had reached the Marne River, not far from Paris. The French government moved to Bordeaux on 2 September, and the famous masterpieces of the Louvre were transported to Toulouse. During the ] (6–9 September), hundreds of Paris taxicabs were used to carry soldiers and munitions to the front.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 81-82.</ref> The French and British Armies pushed the Germans back, and Paris was saved. .{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=33}} The government returned in the autumn, and the theatres and cafes re-opened.
			Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the ], founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the ].{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1173}} Other famous theatres include the ], also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Where |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 July 2013 |date=1961 |page=304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907162159/http://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Life in Paris was difficult during the war; gas, electricity, coal, bread, butter, potatoes and sugar were strictly rationed. Parisians were told not to eat meat on Tuesdays. The outer neighbourhoods of the city, particularly the 13th, 14th, 15th and 18th arrondissements, became centres of the defence industry, producing trucks, cannons, ambulances, and munitions. A huge Citroen factory was built at ], and a Renault factory at ]. As factory workers were drafted and went to the front, their places were often taken by women. The city was bombed by German aircraft, and by ]. The Parisians suffered epidemics of ] and ]; a terrible outbreak of ] during the winter of 1917-18 killed thousands of Parisians.<ref name="autogenerated82">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 82-83.</ref>
			The music hall and ] are famous Paris institutions. The '']'' was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French ]. It helped make famous the singers ] and ] and the painter ], who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall ] invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the '']''. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer ]. Later, Olympia Paris presented ], ], ], ], ] and the ].
	In the Spring of 1918 the German Army launched a new offensive and threatened Paris once more. The Germans bombarded the city with a type of long-range cannon called a ]. On 29 March 1918, Good Friday, one shell struck the Saint-Gervais church, killing 88 persons. Sirens were installed to announce the beginning of bombardments. American soldiers arrived in France to reinforce the French and British armies, and the Germans were pushed back once again, and an Armistice was declared for the 11 November 1918. Hundreds of thousands of Parisians filled the Champs Elysees on 17 November to celebrate the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France. Equally huge crowds welcomed President ] to the Hotel de Ville on 16 November; and three million Parisians lined the Champs Elysees on 14 July 1919 for a victory parade by the Allied armies.<ref name="autogenerated82"/>
			The ] presented many famous French singers, including ], ] and ]. Other famous Paris music halls include '']'', on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the ], featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1005–1006}}
	===The Années folles (1920–1929) and the 1930s===
	] dances the Charleston at the Folies Bergere (1926)]]
	]
	After the war, unemployment surged, prices, soared, and rationing continued; Parisian households were limited to 300 grams of bread per day, and meat only four days a week. A general strike paralysed the city 21 July 1919.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, pg. 85-86.</ref> The French Communist and Socialist parties competed for influence with the workers. The future leader of Vietnam, ], lived in Paris from 1919 to 1923, studying nationalism and socialism. ], the future first president of ], arrived in Paris 1928 to study, and became a university professor and eventually a member of the ].
			===Literature===
	Despite the hardships, Paris resumed its place as the capital of the arts during what became known as ''les années folles'', or "the crazy years." The centre of artistic ferment moved from Montmartre to the neighbourhood of ], around the intersection of Boulevard Raspail, to the cafes ‘’Le Jockey’’, ‘’Le Dome,’’ ‘’La Rontonde’’, and after 1927, ‘’Le Coupole’’. Painters, writers and poets, including ], and ], ], and ] came from around the world to take part in the fete. Paris was the birthplace of new movements; ] and ]. The American singer, ] and the ‘’Revue negre’’ was the sensation of the Champs Elysees. ] came to Paris in 1928 and stayed at the Majestic Hotel, where he wrote ], capturing the sound of the horns of the Paris taxis as they circled the Place de l'Etoile.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’, pg. 86-88.</ref>
			{{Main|Writers in Paris}}
			]]]
			The first book printed in France, ''Epistolae'' ("Letters"), by ] (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by ]. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |title=scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France |publisher=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140924/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |url-status=live}}</ref> several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=488}} In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by ], ], ] and ].
			During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Victor Hugo's '']'' inspired the renovation of its setting, the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |title=Notre Dame Renovations |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Adoremus Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207134139/http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, '']'', described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |title=Les Miserables |work=Preface |date=1862 |access-date= 4 July 2013 |publisher=Gutenberg Organization |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131011091018/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |archive-date= 11 October 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> One of the most popular of all French writers, ], worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jules Verne |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jules-Verne |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
	The beginning of the ] in 1929 brought a more somber mood to Paris. The population of the city declined slightly from 2.9 million in 1921 to 2.8 million in 1936. The arrondissements in the centre lost as much as twenty percent of their population, while the outer neighbourhoods, gained ten percent. The low birth rate of Parisians was compensated by a new wave of immigration from the dictatorships of Russia, Poland, Germany and Italy. Around the city, in the open space created by the destruction of the old fortifications, the city built the first public housing for low-income workers. Political tensions mounted in Paris with strikes, demonstrations and confrontations between the Communists and Popular Front on the extreme left and the Action Francaise on the extreme right.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 91</ref>
			In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as ], ], ], ], ], and, after World War II, by ] and ]. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including ], ], ], ] and, ]. The winner of the 2014 ], ], based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |title=Official site of the Nobel Prize |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224108/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Despite the tensions, in 1937 the city hosted another world's fair, with the very long title ]. or International Exposition of arts and technology in modern life. It was held held on both sides of the Seine at the Champs-de-Mars and Chaillot. The ], whose terraces were ornamented with gigantic water cannon fountains, was the main venue, along with the Palais de Tokyo, now the Paris Museum of Modern Art. The pavilions of the Soviet Union, crowned by a hammer and sickle, and of Nazi Germany, with an eagle and swastika on its summit. faced each other in the centre of the exhibition.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 90.</ref>
			Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=840}} It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.<ref>"The French Still Flock to Bookstores", ''New York Times'', 20 June 2012</ref>
	===Occupied Paris and the Liberation (1940–1945)===
	]
	]
	Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, France declared war on Germany. The French defense plan was purely passive. waiting for the Germans to attack. On 31 August, thirty thousand children were evacuated from Paris to the French provinces, the population was issued gas masks, and bomb shelters were constructed in the city squares. The major works of art of the Louvre and other museums were also evacuated to the Loire Valley and other locations, and the architectural landmarks were protected by sandbags. The French Army waited in the fortifications of the ], while in Paris the cafes and theatres remained open.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan p. 99-100">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 99-100.</ref>
			===Music===
	The Germans attacked France on 10 May 1940, bypassing the ] and going all the way to the English Channel, before heading toward Paris. Paris was flooded with refugees from the battle zone. The Citroen factory was bombed on 2 June. On 10 June, the French government fled Paris, first to ] and then to ]. On 12 June Paris was declared an open city. The first German soldiers entered the city on June 14, and paraded on the Champs Elysees. {{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=34}} ] flew to Paris on 24 June for his first and only visit, driving through the boulevards, visiting Montmartre and viewing the Eiffel Tower from the terrace of the ].<ref name="Combeau, Yvan p. 99-100"/>
			{{Main|Music in Paris|History of music in Paris}}
			] music hall]]
			In the late 12th century, a school of ] was established at Notre-Dame. Among the ] of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. ], from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of ], in the ], the ] became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the ], noted composers included ], ], and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The ] was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.
			] composers (in Paris) include ], ], ], ] and ], among others.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ] '']'' premiered 3 March 1875. ''Carmen'' has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical ].<ref name="McClary"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 |date=26 March 2023 }}, Susan McClary, p. 120</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |title=The Essential Canon of Classical Music |first=David |last=Dubal |page=346 |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4668-0726-6 |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223150/https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the ] composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, ], ] and ]. Several foreign-born composers, such as ], ], ], ], and ], established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.
	During the Occupation, the French Government moved to Vichy, and the German flag flew over all the French government buildings. Signs in German were placed on the main boulevards, and the clocks of Paris were reset to Berlin time. The German military high command moved into the Majestic Hotel on Avenue Kleber; The ''Abwehr'', or German military intelligence, took over the Hotel Lutetia; the Luftwaffe occupied the Ritz; the German Navy to the Hotel de la Marine on the Place de La Concorde; the ] occupied the building at 93 Rue Lauriston; and the German commandant of Paris and his staff moved into the Hotel Meurice on the Rue de Rivoli.<ref>'' Dictionaire Historique de Paris'', p. 536.</ref>
			] is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the ] to the accompaniment of the ] (a ]-blown ] locally called a "musette") and often the ] (]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the ] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} and Paris became a major centre for ] and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}
	There were special movie theatres and cafes set aside for German soldiers, while the German officers enjoyed the Ritz, Maxim’s, the Coupole and the other expensive restaurants; the exchange rate was fixed to favor the German occupiers.
			Paris is the spiritual home of ] in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} ] rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist ] and their ] in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris |work=The Guardian |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040950/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	For the Parisians, the occupation was a series of frustrations and humiliations. A curfew was in effect from nine in the evening until five in the morning. Rationing of food, tobacco, coal and clothing was imposed from September 1940. A million Parisians left the city for the provinces, where there was more food and fewer Germans. The French press and radio contained only German propaganda.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p.102">Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’ (2013), p.102</ref> M
			] has hosted many singers including Parisian ]]]
	Parisian Jews were forced to wear a yellow star, and barred from certain professions and places. On 16–17 July 1942, 12,884 Jews, including 4,051 children and 5.082 women, were rounded up by the French police, on orders of the Germans. Unmarried persons and couples without children were taken to ], north of Paris, while seven thousand members of families went to the Velodrome d’Hiver, on rue Nelaton in the 15th arronissement, where they were crowded together in the stadium for five days before being send to concentration camps.<ref>’’Dictionnaire Historique de Paris’’ (2013), p. 637.</ref>
			Immediately after the War the ] quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, ]. They introduced Parisians to the music of ], ], ], ], and ]. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.{{Sfn|Bezbakh|2004|page=872}}
			Some of the finest ] musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the ] and the rock festival ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock en Seine '13 |url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/ |publisher=Efestivals.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220755/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web |author=Andante |date=2004 |title=Orchestre de Paris |publisher=Andante.com |url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035555/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of ]—widely regarded as France's national ], as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.<ref name="yahoomusicbio">{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000150629|tab=biography|label=Édith Piaf biography|first=Steve|last=Huey |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
	The first demonstration against the occupation, by Paris students, took place on 11 November 1940. As the war continued, clandestine groups and networks, some loyal to the Communist Party, others to General ] in London. They wrote slogans on walls, organised an underground press, and sometimes attacked German officers. Reprisals by the Germans were swift and harsh.
	<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p.102"/>
			Paris has a big ] scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |title=Hip-Hop à la Française |work=] |date=15 October 2013 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209163816/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship |last=Meghelli |first=Samir |publisher=Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University |year=2012 |pages=54–108}}</ref>
	Paris was not bombed as often or as heavily as London or Berlin, but the factories and railroad yards in the outer parts of the city and suburbs were frequent targets. A night raid on 20–21 April 1944 on the La Chapelle train station in the 18th arrondissement killed 650 persons and destroyed hundreds of buildings.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’ (2013), p. 100-102</ref>
			===Cinema===
	The Allies landed at Normandy on 6 June 1944, and two months later broke the German lines and began to advance toward and around Paris. As the Allies advanced, strikes organised by the resistance disrupted the railroads, police and other public services in the city. On August 19, the resistance networks gave the orders for a general uprising in the city. The resistance forces seized the prefecture of police and other public buildings in the heart of the city. The French ] of General ] and the American ] entered the city on August 24 and converged in the centre, where they were met by delirious crowds. The German commander of Paris, General ], ignored an order from Adolf Hitler to destroy the monuments of the city, and surrendered the city on 25 August. General De Gaulle arrived on 26 August, and led a massive parade down the Champs Elysees.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’ (2013), p. 103</ref>
			{{See also|List of films set in Paris}}
			] 1895 film '']'', the earliest comedy, and the first film to portray a fictional story.]]
			The movie industry was born in Paris when ] projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |title=PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE |first=Encyclopædia |last=Universalis |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |date=27 March 2002 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011041100/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the ] theatre with 2,700 seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles |url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |website=RFI |date=24 October 2010 |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151007024417/http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |archive-date = 7 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Cinéma à Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022258/http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |archive-date = 16 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>
			Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. ] comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as ], ], and ], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director ] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/2-Tamil-Films-in-1st-SAFF-in-Paris/articleshow/17781374.cms |title=2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702190758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films |archive-date=2 July 2013 |work=] |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Postwar Paris (1946–2000)===
	], was one of the projects of President François Mitterrand to celebrate the bicentennial of the French Revolution. It opened in March, 1989.]]
	The population of Paris did not return to its 1936 level until 1946, and grew to 2,850,000 by 1954, including 135,000 immigrants, mostly from Algeria, Morocco, Italy and Spain. The exodus of middle-class Parisians to the suburbs continued. The population of the city declined during the 1960s and 1970s (2,753,000 in 1962, 2.3 million in 1972) before finally stabilising in the 1980s (2,168.000 in 1982, 2,152,000 in 1992).<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’ (2013), p. 107-108</ref>
			==={{anchor|Cuisine}}Restaurants and cuisine===
	The liberation and the end of the war did not end the hardships of the Parisians. Rationing of bread continued until February 1948, and coffee, cooking oil, sugar and rice were rationed until May 1949.
			{{See also|French cuisine}}
	Housing in Paris was old and run-down. In 1954, thirty-five percent of Paris apartment buildings had been built before 1871. Eighty-one percent of Paris apartments did not have their own bathroom, and fifty-five percent percent did not have their own toilet. It was also expensive and in short supply. In 1950, the government began a new large-scale project to construct apartment blocks for low-income Parisians, called HLMs (habitations a loyers moderes), usually on the edges of the city or in the suburbs.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p. 106-107">Combeau, Yvan, ‘’Histoire de Paris’’ (2013), p. 106-107</ref>
			]]]
			Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and '']'', food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the ] by ]; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant ] in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=1136–1138}} The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the ], the ], ] and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the ]. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the '']'', including ] on Rue Royale, ] in the gardens of the ], and the ] on the Quai de la Tournelle.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}}
			Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.{{sfn|Dominé|2014}} The ] has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as ] in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as ], which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including ], ], ] and ], have three-star restaurants in Paris.<ref>''Le Monde'', 2 February 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://restaurant.michelin.fr |title=Michelin Guide |publisher=] |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125110232/http://restaurant.michelin.fr/ |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The cultural life of Paris resumed, this time centered around the cafes of Saint-Germain-des-Pres; the Cafe de Flore, the Brasserie Lipp and Les Deux-Magots, where the philosopher ] and writer ] held court, and the night clubs le Rose Rouge, and Le Tabou. The musical styles were ] and ], led by ] and trumpet player ]. The new Museum of Modern Art of Paris opened in June, 1947 in the old Palais de Tokyo of the 1937 Universal Exposition. Paris designers, led by ], made Paris once again the capital of high fashion.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan 2013 p. 106-107"/>
			]|italic=no}} café on Boulevard Saint-Germain]]
	The politics of Paris remained turbulent throughout the 1940s and early 1950s. A strike on 1 December 1950 caused the cutoff of electricity, and the shutdown of the Paris Metro. Communist-led demonstrators battled the police in the streets in 1948 and 1951. The struggle for the independence of ], and the resistance of French residents of Algeria, led in 1961 and 1962 to numerous bombings and deadly violent confrontations in Paris between demonstrators and the police; The deeply divided postwar Fourth Republic collapsed in 1958, and a new Constitution was adopted and a new government, under President Charles De Gaulle, was elected. In May 1968, Paris experienced student uprisings on the left bank; barricades and red flags appeared in the Latin Quarter on May 2, 1968, university buildings were occupied, and a general strike closed down much of Paris on 13 May. A massive counter-demonstration of one million people on the Champs Elysees in support of President De Gaulle on 30 May 1968, was followed by a gradual return to calm.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 114-115</ref>
			Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The ] arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The ] on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially ] and ] in Montparnasse and ] and {{lang|fr|]|italic=no}} on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}} A ] is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=715}} A ] originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the ], it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=773}}
			===Fashion===
	Paris had not had an elected Mayor since the French Revolution; Napoleon Bonaparte and his successors had personally chosen the Prefect to run the city. Under President ], the law was changed on December 31, 1975. The first mayoral election in 1977 was won by ], the former Prime Minister. Chirac served as Mayor of Paris for eighteen years, until 1995, when he was elected President of the Republic. He was succeeded by another candidate of the right, Jean Tibéri. In 2001, Tiberi was defeated by ], the first socialist to be elected Mayor of Paris.<ref>Combeau, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013), pp. 116-118</ref>
			{{Main|Fashion in Paris}}
			] at ] (Autumn 2011)]]
			Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international ], particularly in the domain of ] (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carr-Allinson |first1=Rowena |title=11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris |url=http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |website=iExplore.com |publisher=Inside-Out Media |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924211810/http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |archive-date=24 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including ] and ], as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as ], ], ], ], and ]. ], held in January and July in the ] among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Julie |title=Fashion Journalism |publisher=] |date=2014 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |isbn=978-1-136-47536-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Dillon |title=The Fundamentals of Fashion Management |publisher=A&C Black |date=2011 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |isbn=978-2-940411-58-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest ] company: ] as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |publisher=Insidermonkey.com |title=Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119134339/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the ], between the ] and the Seine.
			===Photography===
	Each President of the Fifth Republic desired to make his mark on Paris, and each initiated a plan of ''Grands Travaux'', or Great Works. The first President of the new Republic Charles De Gaulle, constructed a new central produce market at Rungis, to replace the picturesque but antiquated market of ]. But the most visible and appreciated improvement made by De Gaulle was the Malraux Law, drafted by writer and Minister of Culture ]. The façades of the Cathedral of Notre Dame and other landmarks of Paris were cleaned of centuries of soot and grime, and returned to their original colours.
			The inventor ] produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, ] patented the ], which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The work of ] in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of ] and ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213005005/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm |date=13 February 2015 }}, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2000.</ref>{{sfn|Hazan|2011|p=362}} Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including ], noted for his depictions of street scenes, ], noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which ''Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville'' has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), ], noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as ] and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ] also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
			===Media===
	The major project of President ] was the ] at ], an ultramodern showcase of the contemporary arts, whose pipes, escalators ducts and other internal workings were exposed outside of the building. His successor, ], converted the Gare D'Orsay train station into the ] for art of the 19th century; it was opened in 1977 under President Mitterrand. He also replaced the old slaughterhouses at ] with a new museum of science and technology, La Cité des sciences (1986).
			]'' is still considered a ].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Le Figaro |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2 October 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113062553/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
			Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' (in '']''), '']'', ''Paris Match (])'', ''Réseaux & Télécoms'', ] France, '']'' (]) and ''L'Officiel des Spectacles''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |title=French and Francophone Publications |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513093151/http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> France's two most prestigious newspapers, ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'', are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |title=Paris's Top Newspapers |publisher=About-France.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628080310/http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.com/en/ |title=Agence France-Presse |date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Agence France-Presse website |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708144823/http://www.afp.com/en |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/ |title=France 24 |publisher=France24.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141015174237/http://www.france24.com/en/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the ], and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |title=France Diplomatie |publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629133112/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	President ] had fourteen years in power, enough time to complete more projects than any president since Napoleon III. His Grands Travaux included the Institute of the Arab World, a new national library (now called the ]; a new opera house, the ], opened in 1989 to help celebrate the bicentennial of the French Revolution; a new Ministry of Finance in Bercy (the old Ministry had been housed in a wing of the Louvre), also opened in 1989. The ] in ] also finished in 1989, a massive hollow cube-shaped building 112 meters high, completed the long perspective from the Place de la Concorde through the Champs Elysees. The most famous project of all, the Grand Louvre, included the expulsion of the Ministry of Finance, the reconstruction of large parts of the museum, an underground gallery, and the addition of a glass pyramid by I.M. Pei in the courtyard.<ref>''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 308-309</ref>
			The most-viewed network in France, ], is in nearby ]. ], ], ], ], ] (]), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] are other stations located in and around the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |title=French and Francophone TV Stations |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520074251/http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's ]. ], another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010073101/http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=France's Radio Stations |publisher=Listenlive.eu |access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Paris also holds the headquarters of the ], France's national postal carrier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laposte.com |title=La Poste |publisher=Laposte.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712042008/http://www.laposte.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The major Paris project of President ] in 2006 was the Museum of the Arts and Civilizations of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas, located on the ].<ref>''Dictionnaire Historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 310.</ref>
			===Holidays and festivals===
	Under President ], the most innovative project (introduced by the Mayor of Paris) was the Velib, (2012), a city-wide network of sites for renting bicycles, an idea soon copied by other cities around the world.<ref>Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (2013), p. 123</ref>
			], a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the ], from the ] to ]. It includes a ] over the Champs Élysées by the ], a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}}
			Some other yearly festivals are ], a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach;{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}} ], ], Techno Parade, ], Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The ], one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages.
	In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the '']'' in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as ''cités'' and the beginning of ], the business district. A comprehensive express subway network, the ], was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs. A network of roads was developed in the suburbs centred on the ] expressway encircling the city, which was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}
			===Libraries===
	Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially those in the north and east) have experienced ], and the once-thriving ''cités'' have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and experienced significant unemployment. At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Périphérique expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is the highest in France and among the highest in Europe.{{sfn|Simmer|1997|p=4}}{{sfn|Berg|Braun|2012|p=85}} The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s such as the ], which were concentrated for the most part in the north-eastern suburbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm|title=Special Report: Riots in France|date=9 November 2005|accessdate=17 November 2007|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
			{{Main|Libraries in Paris}}
			The '']'' (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |title=How to find us |work=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016135133/http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |archive-date=16 October 2005}}</ref>
			]]]
			The ], in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the ], also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The ], designed by ] and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division.<ref name=Woodward2006>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Richard B. |title=At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |access-date=4 July 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214124549/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] is the oldest public library in France. The ] opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed ''Très Grande Bibliothèque'') was completed in 1994 to a design of ] and contains four glass towers.<ref name=Woodward2006/>
	===21st century===
	]
	A massive urban renewal project, the ], was launched in 2007 by President ]. It consists of various economic, cultural, housing, transport and environmental projects to reach a better integration of the territories and revitalise the metropolitan economy. The most emblematic project is the €26.5 billion construction by 2030 of a new automatic metro, which will consist of {{convert|200|km|mi}} of rapid-transit lines connecting the Grand Paris regions to one another and to the centre of Paris.<ref name=metro>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html|title=€26⋅5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=24 April 2013|publisher=Railway Gazette International}}</ref>
	Nevertheless, the Paris metropolitan area is still divided into numerous territorial collectivities;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2009/04/09/01002-20090409ARTFIG00352-grand-paris-sarkozy-ecarte-la-fusion-des-departements-.php|title=Grand Paris : Sarkozy écarte la fusion des départements|date=9 April 2009|accessdate=13 June 2012|publisher=Le Figaro|language=French}}</ref> an ad-hoc structure, ''Paris Métropole'', was established in June 2009 to coordinate the action of 184 "Parisian" territorial collectivities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.parismetropole.fr/|title=Paris Métropole|accessdate=13 June 2012|publisher=Paris Métropole}}</ref>
			There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The ] is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the ] location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-], Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris-Sorbonne libraries |url=http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |publisher=Paris-Sorbonne University |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101116/http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<ref name=nd.edu>{{cite web |title=French Libraries and Archives |url=http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |publisher=University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017053726/http://library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Geography==
	{{Main|Topography of Paris}}
	] and ]]]
	Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is {{convert|450|km}} south-east of London, {{convert|287|km}} south of ], {{convert|305|km}} south-west of ], {{convert|774|km}} north of ], {{convert|385|km}} north-east of ], and {{convert|135|km}} south-east of ].<ref>, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref> Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine, spread widely on both banks of the river, and includes two inhabited islands, the ] and the larger Île de la Cité, which forms the oldest part of the city. The river’s mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about {{convert|233|mi|abbr=on}} downstream of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{convert|35|m|abbr=on}} ]. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is ] at {{convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} .{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}} Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of ], first bishop of Paris atop the "Mons Martyrum" (Martyr's mound) in 250.
			===Sports===
	Excluding the outlying parks of ] and ], Paris occupies an oval measuring about {{convert|87|km2|abbr=on}} in area, enclosed by the {{convert|35|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} ring road, the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{convert|78|km2|abbr=on}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{convert|86.9|km2|abbr=on}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{convert|105|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mairie de Paris|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748|title=Key figures for Paris|publisher=Paris.fr|date=15 November 2007|accessdate=5 May 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area of the city is {{convert|2300|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=City>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris|title=Paris|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Brittanica}}</ref>
			{{see also|Football in Paris}}
	{{clear}}
			]]]
			Paris's most popular sport clubs are the ] club ] and the ] clubs ] and ] (the latter based in ], a western inner suburb just outside the city proper). The 80,000-seat ], built for the ], is located just north of Paris in the commune of ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the ] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the ]'s home matches of the ], and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city and closer suburbs have a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: ], ], ] ] and ].
			Paris hosted the ], ] and ]. The city also bid for the ], ], and ] but lost to ], ], and ].
	===Climate===
	]|230x230px]]
	Paris has a typical Western European ] (]: ''Cfb '') which is affected by the ]. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |title=Climate|publisher=Paris.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>
	Summer days are usually moderately warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between {{convert|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above {{convert|30|C}}. Some years have even witnessed some long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the ] where temperatures exceeded {{convert|30|°C}} for weeks, surged up to {{convert|39|°C}} on some days and seldom cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}}
	More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was {{convert|17.6|°C}}, with an average minimum temperature of {{convert|12.9|°C}} and an average maximum temperature of {{convert|23.7|°C}}.
			The city hosted the finals of the ], at the ], and the ], ] and ], at the Stade de France. Paris hosted as well as the finals of the ], ] (both at ] stadium) and ] UEFA European Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=1 January 2023 |title=EURO 2016: All you need to know {{!}} UEFA EURO |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/025a-0ec0db63e375-e3d06be8c923-1000--euro-2016-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=UEFA.com |language=en}}</ref> Three ] in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |access-date=21 April 2013 |date=16 June 2006 |title=Arsenal aim to upset the odds |work=BBC Sport |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912155904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/practical-fact-sheets/climate |title=Climate|publisher=Parisinfo.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around {{convert|7|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goparis.about.com/od/planningyourtrip/a/paris_in_the_winter.htm |title=Paris in the Winter|publisher=Goparisabout.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below {{convert|-5|°C}} for only a few days a year. Snowfall is uncommon, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gofrance.about.com/od/travelplanning/ss/weatherinfrance_4.htm |title=Weather in France|publisher=GoFrance.about.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>
			]]]
			The final stage of the most famous ] in the world, ], always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |title=2013 route |work=Le Tour |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063542/http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Rain falls throughout the year. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|652|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|40.4|°C}} on July 28, 1948, and the lowest is a {{convert|-23.9|°C}} on December 10, 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|
			] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the ], held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Roland-Garros |url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |publisher=Roland Garros |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415075857/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> is one of the four ] events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat ] (officially named ''AccorHotels Arena'' and formerly known as the ''Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy'') is the venue for the annual ] ] tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena also hosted the ], together with ], Germany. The final stages of the FIBA ] and ] were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy.
	url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579|title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques, Paris.fr|accessdate=24 May 2006|language=French}}</ref>
			] teams ] and ] merged in 2007 to create club ], which plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713191550/http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024 |date=13 July 2017 }}. Équipement-Paris. Retrieved 4 April 2017</ref> Another top-level professional team, ], plays in Nanterre. Founded in 2018, ] has seen rapid growth to succes, winning the ]
	<div style="width:100%;">
	{{Weather box
	|location = Paris (1981–2010 averages)
	|metric first = Y
	|single line = Y
	|Jan record high C = 16.1
	|Feb record high C = 21.4
	|Mar record high C = 25.7
	|Apr record high C = 30.2
	|May record high C = 34.8
	|Jun record high C = 37.6
	|Jul record high C = 40.4
	|Aug record high C = 39.5
	|Sep record high C = 36.2
	|Oct record high C = 28.4
	|Nov record high C = 21.0
	|Dec record high C = 17.1
	|year record high C = 40.4
	|Jan high C = 7.2
	|Feb high C = 8.3
	|Mar high C = 12.2
	|Apr high C = 15.6
	|May high C = 19.0
	|Jun high C = 22.7
	|Jul high C = 25.2
	|Aug high C = 25.0
	|Sep high C = 21.1
	|Oct high C = 16.3
	|Nov high C = 10.8
	|Dec high C = 7.5
	|year high C = 16.0
	|Jan mean C = 5.0
	|Feb mean C = 5.6
	|Mar mean C = 8.8
	|Apr mean C = 11.5
	|May mean C = 15.3
	|Jun mean C = 18.3
	|Jul mean C = 20.5
	|Aug mean C = 20.4
	|Sep mean C = 16.9
	|Oct mean C = 13.0
	|Nov mean C = 8.3
	|Dec mean C = 5.5
	|year mean C = 12.4
	|Jan low C = 2.7
	|Feb low C = 2.8
	|Mar low C = 5.3
	|Apr low C = 7.3
	|May low C = 10.9
	|Jun low C = 13.8
	|Jul low C = 15.8
	|Aug low C = 15.7
	|Sep low C = 12.7
	|Oct low C = 9.6
	|Nov low C = 5.8
	|Dec low C = 3.4
	|year low C = 8.9
	|Jan record low C = -14.6
	|Feb record low C = -14.7
	|Mar record low C = -9.1
	|Apr record low C = -3.5
	|May record low C = -0.1
	|Jun record low C = 3.1
	|Jul record low C = 6.0
	|Aug record low C = 6.3
	|Sep record low C = 1.8
	|Oct record low C = -3.1
	|Nov record low C = -14.0
	|Dec record low C = -23.9
	|year record low C = -23.9
	|Jan precipitation mm = 51.0
	|Feb precipitation mm = 41.2
	|Mar precipitation mm = 47.6
	|Apr precipitation mm = 51.8
	|May precipitation mm = 63.2
	|Jun precipitation mm = 49.6
	|Jul precipitation mm = 62.3
	|Aug precipitation mm = 52.7
	|Sep precipitation mm = 47.6
	|Oct precipitation mm = 61.5
	|Nov precipitation mm = 51.1
	|Dec precipitation mm = 57.8
	|year precipitation mm = 637.4
	|Jan precipitation days = 9.9
	|Feb precipitation days = 9.0
	|Mar precipitation days = 10.6
	|Apr precipitation days = 9.3
	|May precipitation days = 9.8
	|Jun precipitation days = 8.4
	|Jul precipitation days = 8.1
	|Aug precipitation days = 7.7
	|Sep precipitation days = 7.8
	|Oct precipitation days = 9.6
	|Nov precipitation days = 10.0
	|Dec precipitation days = 10.9
	|year precipitation days = 111.1
	|Jan sun = 62.5
	|Feb sun = 79.2
	|Mar sun = 128.9
	|Apr sun = 166.0
	|May sun = 193.8
	|Jun sun = 202.1
	|Jul sun = 212.2
	|Aug sun = 212.1
	|Sep sun = 167.9
	|Oct sun = 117.8
	|Nov sun = 67.7
	|Dec sun = 51.4
	|year sun = 1661.6
	|source 1 = ]<ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://climat.meteofrance.com/chgt_climat2/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F75114001 |title=Climatological Information for Paris, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=August 2011}}</ref>|date=August 2010}}
	</div>
			Professional ] club ] (the handball department of Paris Saint-Germain Football Club) plays in the highest tier of French handball, the ].
	==Administration==
	{{main|Administration of Paris|Arrondissements of Paris}}
	], residence of the ]|270x270px]]
	As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's ]. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The ] resides at the ] in the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/|title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire|publisher=Elysee.fr|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> while the ]'s seat is at the ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article633|publisher=Embassy of France, Washington|title=Matignon Hotel|date=1 December 2007|accessdate=2013-06-19}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|p=93–4}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.
			In 2023, a professional ] team, the ], were formed in the city<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Football Team {{!}} The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France. |url=https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923203752/https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> joining the ].
	The two houses of the French Parliament are located on the left bank. The upper house, the ], meets in the ] in the ], while the more important lower house, the ], meets in the ] in the 7th arrondissement. The ], the third-highest public official in France,<ref>The President of the Senate is sometimes referred as the second-highest public official, probably because he replaces temporarily the President of the Republic who resigns or dies, but he is actually, as stated by the {{fr}} , the third-highest public official in official ceremonies. See also {{fr}} .</ref> resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the Palais du Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html|title=Le "Petit Luxembourg"|language=French|publisher=Senat.fr|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref>
	]|270x270px]]
			==Infrastructure==
	France's highest courts are located in Paris. The ], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the ] on the Île de la Cité,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html|language=French|title=Introduction|publisher=Cour de Cassation|location=Paris|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> while the ], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/|language=French|publisher=Conseil d'Etat|title=Histoire & Patrimoine|location=Paris|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> The ], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws enacted by Parliament, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf|title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel|publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel|location=Paris|language=French|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref> Each of Paris' twenty arrondissements has its own town hall and a directly elected council (''conseil d'arrondissement''), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the ] (''conseil de Paris''), which, in turn, elects the ].
			===Transport===
			{{Main|Transport in Paris}}
			] railway station is the busiest in Europe.]]
			Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The ] (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web |url=http://www.stif-idf.fr |title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens |author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) |access-date=10 April 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124843/http://www.stif-idf.fr/ |archive-date=11 April 2006}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport. The ] operates 347 ] lines, the ], eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The ] operates suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER. The ] consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |title=Optile en bref |publisher=Optile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081030/http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			Paris has one of the most ] transportation systems in the world,<ref name=ICLEI>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Yiqian |title=Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility |url=https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |website=ICLEI – Sustainable Mobility, 2024 |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107143059/https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vigneau |first1=Laurent |title=On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals |url=https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |website=Medium |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=La Fabrique de la Cité |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154741/https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of only two cities that received the ] twice, in 2008 and 2023.<ref name=Award>{{cite web |title=Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award |url=https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |website=Institute for Transportation & Development policy |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142955/https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bikes overtake cars as means of transport in Paris |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris |access-date=15 May 2024 |agency=The Local |publisher=AFP |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515153251/https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Frost |first1=Rosie |title=Cycling is now more popular than driving in the centre of Paris, study finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds |access-date=15 May 2024 |agency=Euronews |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619165308/https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154103/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahon |first=Jeff |title=How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154047/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	Paris and its region host the headquarters of many international organisations including ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major ].<ref>According to : study by the University of Loughborough, 2010 / by A.T. Kearney, 2012 / by the Mori Memorial Foundation, 2011 / by Knight Frank for CitiBank, 2012</ref> Paris has ],<ref name="partners1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="partners2"/> but according to the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris";<ref name="partners1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome
	|accessdate=19 June 2013|publisher=Mairie de Paris}}</ref> the only ] of Paris is ]<ref name="partners2">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|title=International relations: special partners|archivedate=25 December 2008|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref> and vice-versa.
	===City government===		====Railways====
	{{Main|Paris mayors|Arrondissements of Paris}}		{{See also|List of Paris railway stations}}
			{{main|Paris Métro|Réseau Express Régional|Transilien|Tramways in Île-de-France}}
	]|270x270px]]
			] is the busiest subway network in the European Union.]]
	Paris has been a '']'' (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the French Revolution) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, composed of 12 arrondissements,{{sfn|Papayanis|2004|p=195}} but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, totally enclosing the surrounding towns (bourgs) either fully or partly, to create the new administrative map of 20 arrondissements (municipal districts) the city still has today. Every arrondissement has its own mayor, town hall, and special characteristics.{{-}}
			A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (], ], ], ], ], ]) and a minor one (]) are connected to three networks: ] lines (], ], ], ]), normal speed trains (], ], ], ]), and the suburban rails (]). The Transilien is the ] network serving ], through 9 lines, 392 stations and {{cvt|1,294|km|mi|1}} of rails.
	==Demographics==
	]
	]
	{{Collapsible Table Paris Region top countries & territories of birth}}
	{{Main|Demographics of Paris}}
			Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris |publisher=RATP |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095822/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> There are 16 lines, 320 stations (404 stops) and {{cvt|245.6|km|mi|1}} of rails. Superimposed on this is a "]", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and {{cvt|602|km|mi|0}} of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day ] is the busiest metro line in Europe. The ] is served by ]. Opened since 1992, fourteen lines are operational. The network is {{convert|186.6|km|mi}} long, with 278 stations.
	As of 2010, the population of Paris proper stood around 2.25 million,<ref>Official ] figures for 2010: '']'': 2,243,833, ''population totale'': 2,268,265, see {{cite web|author=]|title=75056-Paris Populations légales 2010 de la commune|language=French|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/commune.asp?annee=2010&depcom=75056}}
	</ref> while that of Paris ''unité urbaine'', roughly corresponding to the city and the surrounding built-up area was about 10.5 million. Though substantially lower than at its peak in the early 1920s, the density of the city proper is one of the highest in the developed world. Compared to the rest of France, the main features of the Parisian population are a high average income, relatively young median age, high proportion of international migrants and high economic inequalities. Similar characteristics are found in other large cities throughout the World.
	===Population evolution===		====Air====
			] was the third-busiest airport in Europe and the eleventh-busiest airport in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2023.pdf|title=2023 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2024|page=32}}</ref>]]
	The population of the city proper reached a maximum shortly after World War I, with nearly 3 millions inhabitants, and then decreased for the rest 20th century to the benefit of the suburb. Most of the decline occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, when it fell from 2.8 to 2.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|author=]|title=Note communale. Paris|language=French|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26207}}</ref> This trend toward de-densification of the centre was also observed in other large cities like ] and ].
			Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the ]. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: ], ] and ]. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |title=Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014 |page=15 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329083555/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also one ] airport, ], historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |title=Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013 |pages=15–17 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170444/http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was the ] and it is the hub for the nation's ], ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located {{cvt|69|km|abbr=off}} north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and ].
	Since the beginning of 21st century, the population of Paris has tended once again to rise, regaining more than 100,000 inhabitants between 1999 and 2009 despite a persistent migratory deficit.<ref>{{cite news|author=Institut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région d'Île-de-France|title=Regain démographique en proche couronne|journal=Note rapide|issue=449|date=June 2008|language=French|url=http://www.iau-idf.fr/fileadmin/Etudes/etude_450/NR_449.pdf}}</ref> and a fecundity rate well below 2.<ref>{{cite book|title=Santé des mères et des enfants de Paris|author=Observatoire régional de santé dÎle-de-France, département de Paris|pages=21–26|language=French|url=http://www.ors-idf.org/dmdocuments/MereEnfant/4_fiche1-2_Web.pdf}}</ref> The population growth is explained by the high proportion of people in the 18-40 age range who are most likely to have children.<ref>{{cite news|author =Kévin de Biasi, Sandrine Beaufils|title=L'Île-de-France, de plus en plus une étape dans les parcours résidentiels|language=French|journal=Île-de-France à la page|issue=336|date=June 2010|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap336/alap336.pdf}}</ref>
	===Density===		====Motorways====
			]]]
	Paris population density reaches 22,000 inhabitants per square kilometer - 25,000 if the outlying ] and ] are excluded. It is one of the highest in the developed world, only slightly lower than ]. The residential density tends to be higher in the Eastern part of the city, while the centre-West contains more offices.<ref>For instance, in 2009, according to INSEE, there were 163,980 jobs for 40,278 inhabitants in the 8th arrondissement, see {{cite web|publisher=]|title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 8e Arrondissement (75108)|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75108}}</ref> Paris '']'' (built-up area) extends well beyond the city limits, and comprises all of the surrounding '']s'' of ], ], and ], as well as substantial portions of ], ], ] and ]. It includes heavily built-up inner suburbs, with densities comparable to those of Paris itself, as well as more distant and more sparsely populated areas. The average density for the whole urban unit is below 4,000 /km2.
			Paris is the most important hub of France's ] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the ],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the ] motorway in the inner suburbs, and the ] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}} of highways and motorways.
	===Income===		====Waterways====
			The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the ], in facilities located around Paris. The rivers ], ], ], ], and ] can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the ], ], and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}
	The ] in the Île-de-France region was around 49,800 euros in 2010.<ref>, Eurostat, 21 March 2013</ref> The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) was 36,085 euros in Paris for 2011.<ref>, INSEE</ref> It ranges from €22,095 in the 19th<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 19e Arrondissement (75119)|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75119}}</ref> arrondissement to €82,449 in the 7th<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 7e Arrondissement (75107)|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75107}}</ref> arrondissement. The median ] for 2011 was around 25,000 euros in Paris and 22,200 for Île-de-France.<ref>Taxable income by "consumption unit" as defined by INSEE, see {{cite web|publisher=]|title=Revenu fiscal annuel en 2011|language=French|accessdate=11 August 2013|url= http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=revtc04201}}</ref> Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the Western suburbs than in the Northern and Eastern parts of the urban area.
	===Migration===		====Cycling====
			] at the ]]]
	Paris and its metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 2010 census, 23.0% of the total population in the ] was born outside of ], up from 19.7% at the 1999 census.<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=fd-rp19682010&page=fichiers_detail/rp19682010/telechargement.htm |title=Fichier Données harmonisées des recensements de la population de 1968 à 2010|publisher=]|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref>
			There are {{cvt|440|km}} of ] in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'', bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and ''bande cyclable'', a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{cvt|29|km}} of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a ] system called ] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}}
			===Electricity===
	About one third of persons who have recently moved to Metropolitan France from foreign countries settle in the Paris Region, about a third of whom in the city of Paris proper.<ref name="immigrants_IDF">{{cite news|author =Mariette Sagot|title=Arrivées de l'étranger : l'Île-de-France attire des jeunes qualifiés|language=French|journal=Île-de-France à la page|issue=336|date=October 2010|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap343/alap343.pdf}}</ref> 20% of the Paris population are first-generation international immigrants, and 40% of children have at least one immigrant parent. Recent immigrants tend to be more diverse in terms of qualification: more of them have no qualification at all and more or them have tertiary education.<ref name="immigrants_IDF" />
			Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the ] came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power.<ref name="prod_electrique_IDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |title=La production électrique en IdF |publisher=La DRIEE – Prefet de la région d'Île-de-France |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034916/http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> A quarter of the city's ] is to come from a plant in ], burning a 50/50-mix of coal and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |title=Paris to be heated with US wood pellets |work=Global Wood Markets Info |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072201/http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
			===Water and sanitation===
	Though international migration rate is positive, population flows from the rest of France are more intense, and negative. They are heavily age dependent: while many retired people leave Paris for the Southern and Western parts of France, migration flows are positive in the 18-30 age range.<ref>{{cite news|author =Kévin de Biasi, Sandrine Beaufils|title=L'Île-de-France, de plus en plus une étape dans les parcours résidentiels|language=fr|journal=Île-de-France à la page|issue=336|date=June 2010|language=French|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap336/alap336.pdf}}</ref> About one half of Île-de-France population was not born in the region.
			] and a ]]]
			Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and ] for water. From 1809, the ] provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |title=Historique des égouts |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232647/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer ], under ], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}}
			From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than {{cvt|2400|km|0}} of underground sewers.<ref name="sewers">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |title=Les égouts parisiens |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=15 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225317/http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>
	==Economy==
	{{Main|Economy of Paris}}
	{{wide image|Panorama La Défense.jpg|1200px|], the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref name="France.fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district|title=La Défense, Europe's largest business district|author=France.fr|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>}}
			] in Paris, from the point of view of ] (PM10), is the highest in France with 38&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012702/http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ |date=24 September 2012 }} according to L'internaute</ref> From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401104131/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |url-status=live}}</ref>
	The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity, and with a 2011 ] of ]607&nbsp;billion<ref name=Paris_GDP>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg-base-2005/produit-interieur-brut-reg-2008-2011.xls|title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|publisher=INSEE|format=XLS|accessdate=5 May 2013}}</ref> (US$845&nbsp;billion), it is not only the wealthiest area of France, but has one of the ], after Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, Seoul and London<ref name="Brookings Institution">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global MetroMonitor|publisher=Brookings|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> making it an engine of the global economy. Were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world, larger than the Turkish and Dutch economies and almost as large as Indonesia's.<ref name="gdp_world_rank">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/GDP.pdfWorldBanjk.pdf|format=PDF|title=Gross domestic product 2011|author=World Bank|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> While its population accounted for 18.8 percent of the total population of metropolitan France in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/estim-pop/estim-pop-reg-sexe-gca-1975-2012.xls|title=Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=5 May 2013|language=French}}</ref> its GDP accounted for 31.0 per cent of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref name=Paris_GDP /> Wealth is heavily concentrated in the western suburbs of Paris, notably ], one of the wealthiest areas of France.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-parisian-suburb-where-presidents-are-made-7648308.html|title=The Parisian suburb where presidents are made |publisher=''The Independent''|date=17 April 2012|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> This mirrors a sharp political divide, with political conservatism being much more common towards the western edge, whilst the political spectrum lies more to the left in the east.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=19}}
	The Parisian economy has been gradually shifting towards high-value-added service industries (], IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). However, in the 2009 European Green City Index, Paris was still listed as the second most "green" large city in Europe, after Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf |title=European Green City Index|publisher= Economist Intelligence Unit for Siemens, 2009|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central ] département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the ], La Défense and the ]. While the Paris economy is largely dominated by ], it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 30 of the ] companies.<ref name="fortune500" />
	]|270x270px]]
	The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the ], 16.5 per cent worked in business services; 13% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade); 12% in manufacturing; 10.0 per cent in ]s and ]; 8.7 per cent in ] services; 8% in transport and communications; 6.6 per cent in education, and the remaining 25% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the ] and electrical industry (17.9 per cent of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0 per cent of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. ] and tourist related services employ 6% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6 per cent of all workers within the ]. Sources place ] in the Paris "immigrant ]" at 20 to 40 per cent.<ref name=riot>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843 |title=Paris Riots in Perspective |publisher=ABC News |date=4 November 2005 |accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>
	Paris receives around 28 million tourists per year,<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf |title=Paris Region Key Figures |author=Martine Delassus, Florence Humbert, Christine Tarquis, Julie Veaute |date=February 2011 |work=|publisher=Paris Region Economic Development Agency |accessdate=21 July 2011}} (PDF file)</ref> of which 17 million are foreign visitors,<ref>{{cite web|title=Une Dynamique pour Paris Capitale mondiale du tourisme|language=French|publisher=Mairie du Paris|location=Paris, France|accessdate=20 June 2013|format=PDF|url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133}}</ref> which makes the city and its region the world's leading tourism destination, housing four ]. Its museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the ], welcomes over eight&nbsp;million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum.{{sfn|Dosch|2010|p=16}} The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: ] and the ] receive 12&nbsp;million and eight&nbsp;million visitors, respectively. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, receives on average over six&nbsp;million visitors per year{{sfn|Harriss|2004|p=201}} and has received more than 200&nbsp;million since its construction. ] is a major tourist attraction for visitors to not only Paris but also the rest of Europe, with 14.5&nbsp;million visitors in 2007. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism.
	==Cityscape==
	{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|Panorama of Paris as seen from the ] as a 270-degree view. The river flows from right to left, from the north-east to the south-west.}}
	===Architecture===
	{{See also|Haussmann's renovation of Paris|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region}}
	] (1897)|270x270px]]
	The architecture in Paris has been constrained by laws related to the height and shape of buildings at least since the 17th century,<ref>The Ordonnance of August 18th 1667 stated that the maximal height of the ] should be no more than 16m; compare with the {{fr}} {{PDFlink|1=}} which still limits the height to 18m in some streets of central Paris.</ref> to the point that ''alignement'' and (often uniformity of height) of buildings is a characteristic and recognizable trait of Paris streets in spite of the evolution of architectural styles. However, a large part of contemporary Paris has been affected by the vast mid-19th century urban remodelling. For centuries, the center of the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and ] houses, but, beginning in 1853, under the direction of ] and his ''préfet de Seine'' ], entire quarters were levelled to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of ''bourgeoisie'' standing.
	The building code has been slightly relaxed since the 1850s, but the Second Empire plans are in many cases more or less followed. An "''alignement''" law is still in place, which regulates a building's height according to the width of the streets it borders, and under the regulation, it is almost impossible to get an approval to build a taller building.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=17}} However, specific authorizations allowed for the construction of many ] buildings in the 1960s and early 1970s, most of them limited to a height of 100 m, in peripheral arrondissements.
	Churches are the oldest intact buildings in the city, and show high Gothic architecture at its best—the Notre Dame cathedral and the church of ] are two of the most striking buildings in the city.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=46}} The latter half of the 19th-century was an era of architectural inspiration, with buildings such as the ], built in 1871, revealing a combination of Romanesque and neo-Byzantine design.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=163}} Paris' most famous architectural piece, the Eiffel Tower, was built as a temporary exhibit for the 1889 World Fair and remains an enduring symbol of the capital with its iconic structure and position, towering over much of the city.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=48}} Many of Paris' important institutions are located outside the city limits; the financial business district is in La Défense, and many of the educational institutions lie in the southern suburbs. ], one of France's top tourist destinations, is located mostly in the commune of ], {{convert|30.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-east of the city centre.
	===Landmarks by district===
	{{Main|Landmarks in the City of Paris|Paris districts|List of visitor attractions in Paris}}
	The ] forms much of the historic centre of Paris. The line of monuments begins with the Louvre museum and continues through the ], the ], and the Arc de Triomphe, centred in the ] circus. ] were formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, have been a major shopping centre.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caterer & Hotelkeeper|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KFosAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|date=November 1993|publisher=IPC Consumer Industries Press|page=48}}</ref> ] is famous for its deluxe hotels such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=147–8}}
	The ] lies to the north of the 1st. The ], ], ], ] and ] are major roads running through the district. The 2nd arrondissement is the theatre district of Paris,{{sfn|Rousseau|2004|p=37}} overlapping into the 3rd, and contains the ] and ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Also of note are the ], ], ] and ].{{sfn|Boogert|2012|p=58}}
	]|270x270px]]
	The ] is located to the north-east of the 1st. ] is a trendy district spanning the 3rd and 4th arrondissements. It is architecturally very well preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there, with museums and theatres such as the ], ], and ].{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=70}} It is a very culturally open place, known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities. The ], established in 1612 to celebrate the wedding of ] to ] lies at the border of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements and is the oldest planned square in Paris,{{sfn|Frommer's|2012|p=103}} and the ] was named after the constitutional change in France. The ] is located to the east of the 1st. ] (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, for not just Paris, but also all of France. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations, and it has a tall column commemorating the final resting place of the revolutionaries killed in 1830 and 1848.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} ], ], ] and ] are notable institutions here. The 12th-century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité is one of the best-known landmarks of the 4th arrondissement, and there are numerous other churches located here.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=76}}
	]|270x270px]]
	The ] contains the ] (also spanning the 6th), a 12th-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the left bank's Place Maubert and the ] campus of the ], its oldest and most famous college.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=195}} It is known for its lively atmosphere and many ]s. Various higher-education establishments, such as ], ], ], ], and others make it a major educational centre in Paris.
	The ] church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=227–8}} The ], to the south of the centre and Seine has numerous hotels and restaurants and also educational institutions. Hotels located in the district include ], ] and ], cafés such as ] and ], and academies and schools include the ] and the medical ]. A symbol of the Revolution are the two ] located on the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E4DE143AEF33A25756C0A9619C94689FD7CF|title= Isle of Swans Statue of Liberty|publisher=''The New York Times''|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> in the ] of the 6th arrondissement and on the Seine between the 15th and 16th arrondissements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a-paris.net/A-paris-balade-jardin-du-luxembourg.htm |title=Jardin de Luxembourg Map|publisher=A-paris.net|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> A ] was sent as a gift from France to the United States in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/the-french-connection.htm |title=American Statue of Liberty|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> The ] is located in this district, as is the ].
	The ] lies to the south-west of the centre, across the Seine. The Eiffel Tower is the most famous landmark of the 7th arrondissement and of Paris itself, built as "temporary" construction by ] for the 1889 ] but was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The ] (Historical axis) is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city centre westwards.<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Axe historique|accessdate=21 April 2013|url=http://omnilogie.fr/O/L'Axe_historique|language=French}}</ref> Many hotels are located in this district including ] and ]. The ] museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including ], and the 18th-century military school, ], is also located here.{{sfn|Vlotides|2006|p=21}}
	] during Christmas|270x270px]]
	The Champs-Élysées is a 17th-century avenue connecting the Place de la Concorde and the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe, which straddles the ], the 16th and 17th arrondisements. ] is a major tourist attraction and shopping street, hosting labels such as ],{{sfn|Boogert|2012|p=252}} ], ], ] and ], as well as ], ] and numerous small souvenir outlets, and is perhaps the most well-known street in France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=148–9}} The ] and ] and many hotels lie in the 8th arrondissement, including ], ], ], ] as well as the ], ], and ] restaurants.
	The ] lies north of the centre and is a continuation of the theatre and museum district with theatres including the ], ], and ], museums such as ], ], and ]. ] is the area around the ] and the location of the capital's densest concentration of department stores and office buildings including the ] and ] department stores, and the Paris headquarters of ] and ].{{sfn|Fallon|Williams|2008|p=404}} The Palais Garnier, built in the later ] period, houses the Paris Opera and the ].{{sfn|Kaberry|Brown|2001|p=46-7}}
	The ] lies north-east of the centre and is a continuation of the theatre district with many theatres including ], ] and ]. Also of note is ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ] and ] churches.{{sfn|Rossiter|Muirhead|1968|p=96}} The ] music hall opened in 2008. The ] is located in the east, west of the 20th arrondissement. It contains the squares ], ], ], the theatres ], ], ], ], and ], the museums ] and ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.parisinfo.com/cross_selling/cult/%28type%29/10/%28cp_type%29/aron/%28cp%29/75011/%28offset%29/0|title=Musée à Paris dans le 11 arrondissement|publisher=Parisinfo.com|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref> and ].
	]|270x270px]]
	The ] in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris is separated from the 13th by the Seine with several bridges. The district contains the Place de la Bastille and Place de la Nation (bordering the 11th), ] and ], and the ] runs through it. A 12th-century convent was located here, ], and today the Buddhist temples ] and ] are located in the 12th arrondissement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goparis.about.com/b/2010/02/16/french-tibetans-culminate-own-new-year-celebrations.htm|title=French Tibetans Begin Own New Year Celebrations|publisher=Goparis.about.com|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref> ], the main facility of the ], was inaugurated in 1989 under the Uruguayan architect ] as part of President ]’s “]”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.operadeparis.fr/en/L_Opera/Opera_Bastille/|title=Opera Bastille|publisher=Opera de Paris|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref>
	The ] and ] arrondissements lie in the southern suburbs of Paris. The 13th, to the south-east contains the neighbourhoods of ], ], ], and the ] shopping centre with some 130 stores.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italie2.com/|title=A La Line|publisher=Italie2.com|accessdate=9 July 2013|language=French}}</ref> Institutions such as the ] and ] are located here. In the 14th is ] a historic left bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life.{{sfn|Rynn|2009|p=365}} The ], large ] Métro station, ], and the lone ] ] are located there.
	The ], located in the south-western part of the city, is the most populous arrondissement. It is has several bridges, such as ] and ]. A number of institutions are based in the 15th arrondissement including the hospitals ] and ], and the French automobile company ] had several factories which were replaced by the ]. ] was built in 1960 to replace the old ] and has hosted many notable music concerts over the years.{{sfn|Labourdette|Auzias|Chapalain|2009|p=13}} ], straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of ] and ] to the south-west of central Paris is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks such as ], ] and ].{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=408}}
	] against ] at the ]|270x270px]]
	The ] is the largest district of Paris, marking the western side of the city, which extends beyond the left bank of the Seine. ] are based here and play their home games at the ], and ] hosts the annual ] tennis tournament. ], the ] rugby club, ], and the ], a horse racing venue established in 1873 and which hosted the equestrian events of the ], are based in the 16th arrondissement.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=320}} A number of organizations are based in the 16th arrondissement, including ] and the ], as well as museums and theatres.{{sfn|Merritt|1982|p=23}}
	] and the Arc de Triomphe|270x270px]]
	] in ]|270x270px]]
	The ], to the west of the ] marks the north-western suburbs of the city. It has several squares, including ] (with the Arc de Triomphe, bordering 16th and 8th), ], ] and ], the latter of which is in the neighbourhood of ], which also contains the ] and ]. La Défense, beyond the 17th arrondissement (straddling the communes of ], ], and ], {{convert|2.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city proper), is a key suburb of Paris with most of the ] in the Paris urban area. Initiated by the French government in 1958, it now hosts {{convert|3500000|m2|sqft|0|abbr=on}} of offices, making it one of the largest business centres in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ville-courbevoie.fr/vivre-a-courbevoie/economie/la-defense.htm|title= La Defense|publisher=Ville Courbevoie|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Its most emblematic building, the ] (Great Arch), houses a part of the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie|url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Les-implantations-du-ministere.html|accessdate=18 June 2013|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandearche.com |title=Grande Arch Homepage|publisher=Grandearche.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Montmartre lies in the 18th arrondissement on the northern suburbs of the city, a historic area on the Butte, home to the ], and associated with artists, studios and cafés.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=159–75}}
	The ] and ]s mark the north-east/eastern suburbs of the city, and contain the neighbourhood of ]. During the first half of the 20th century, many immigrants settled in this area: ] fleeing the ] in 1933, and ] in 1939, and it became a "Jewish ghetto".{{sfn|Beevor|Cooper|2007|p=242}} Many ]ns and ] arrived in the early 1960s. Belleville is home to one of the largest congregations of the ], and contains the Église Réformée de Belleville. The 19th contains the ], a prestigious music and dance school, established in 1795.{{sfn|Clark|2008|p=101}} Several canals run through the 19th arrondissement: ] becomes ] below the ], which commemorates the ]. The ], one of the largest concert venues in Paris with a capacity of 6,293 people, is located here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theconcertdatabase.com/venues/z%C3%A9nith-de-paris|title=Zénith de Paris|publisher=The Concert Database|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref>
	===Parks and gardens===		===Parks and gardens===
	{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris}}		{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris|History of Parks and Gardens of Paris}}
			] on a sunny day]]
	]
	]|270x270px]]
	Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the ], created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the left bank ], another former private garden belonging to a château built for ] in 1612.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The ], created by ]'s doctor ] for the cultivation of medicinal plants, is Paris' only botanical garden.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Jardin de Plantes|url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste|accessdate=22 June 2013}}</ref> Several of the gardens were created during the Second Empire.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=243–51}} The former suburban parks of ], ], and ] were created by Napoleon III's engineer ]. Another project was executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann for the re-sculpting of Paris' western ] forest-parklands;{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=243–51}} The ], on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in the years which followed.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=243–51}}
			Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|p=6}} Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the ], created in 1564 for the ] and redone by ] between 1664 and 1672,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the ], for the ], built for ] in 1612, which today houses the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The '']'' was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Jardin de Plantes |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615203149/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?i=1&nav=liste&INFO_ID=21&SITE_ID=10&AE_ID=214&LIEU_ID=158&idx=6&MAN_ID=273 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Water and sanitation===
	]|270x270px]]
	Paris in its early history had only the Seine and ] rivers for water. From 1809, the ] provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931|title=Historique des égouts|accessdate=18 June 2013|language=French|publisher=Paris.fr}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer ], under ], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}} From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network.
	Today Paris has over {{convert|2400|km|0|abbr=on}} of underground passageways<ref name="sewers">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139|title=Les égouts parisiens|publisher=Mairie de Paris|accessdate=15 May 2006|language=French}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.
			Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor ] and the city's first director of parks and gardens, ], created the ], ], ] and ], located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=122–161}} Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the ] (1987), ] (1992), ] (1997) and ] (2007).{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=242–256}} One of the newest parks, the ] (2013), built on a former highway on the ] of the Seine between the ] and the ], has floating gardens.
	In 1982, the then mayor, ], introduced the motorcycle-mounted ] to remove dog faeces from Paris streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/21/stuartjeffries.theobserver|title=Merde! Foul Paris goes to the dogs|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=21 October 2001|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law, under the terms of which dog owners can be fined up to 500 ] for not removing their dog faeces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley|title=Merde most foul|work=The Guardian|location=UK |date=12 April 2002|accessdate=29 July 2010 | first=Jon | last=Henley}}</ref> The air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (pm10), is the highest in France, with 38&nbsp;µg/m³.<ref> according to L'internaute</ref>
	===Cemeteries===		===Cemeteries===
	] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people|270x270px]]		] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.]]
	In Paris' Roman era, its main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the left bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris' growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, ], were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate, today ] in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}} The process of moving bones from ] to the Catacombs took place between 1786 and 1814;{{sfn|Andia|Brialy|2001|p=221}} part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the Catacombs. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits,.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, ], Montparnasse, and later Passy; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière Parisien de ]-], the Cimetière Parisien d'], and the Cimetière Parisien de ].		During the Roman era, Paris' main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the ] settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the ], were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of ], today ] in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}}
			After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under ] Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution, in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of ], ], ], and later ]. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the ], the ], also known as Cimetière parisien de ]-], the Cimetière parisien d'], and the Cimetière parisien de ].<ref name="Parisian Cemeteries">{{cite web |title=Les 20 cimetières Parisiens |url=http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170430/http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris |url=https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |website=www.oui.sncf |date=7 November 2018 |language=fr |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414034945/https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Culture==
	{{Main|Culture of Paris}}
	===Art===		===Education===
	{{main|Art in Paris}}		{{Main|Education in Paris}}
			]]]
			Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a '']''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910144530/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |archive-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{cite web |url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France |title=L'enseignement |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archive-date = 24 August 2007 |language=fr}}</ref>
			The ], founded in the 12th century, is often called the ] after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into ], following the ]. Most of the campuses today are in the ] where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2013|pages=213–214}}
	====Painting and sculpture====
	], self-portrait|342x342px]]
	For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, arriving in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".{{sfn|Montclos|2003}} Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particular in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royals commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the ] era. Sculptors such as ], ] and ] acquired a reputation were being the finest artists in the royal court in 17th century France. ] became first painter to the king during this period. In 1648, the ] was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
	<!--] painting "]", now in the Louvre]]-->
	Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when Paris had a colony of artists established in the city, with art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times. The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was central to the development of ] in art, with painters such as ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} ], ], ] and ] movements evolved in Paris.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the late 19th century many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.{{sfn|Perry|1995|p=19}} Painters such as Pablo Picasso, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and many others became associated with Paris. ] and ] became centers for artistic production. The Golden Age of the Paris School ended with World War II, but Paris remains extremely important to world art and art schooling, with institutions ranging from the ] to the ], specialised in teaching fashion and interior design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parisamericanacademy.fr/site/|title=Paris American Academy School of Fashion and Interior Design|publisher=Paris American Academy|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
			The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the '']'' – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered '']''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The ], ] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |title=Contact and Maps |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607052638/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>
	====Museums====
	{{main|List of museums in Paris}}
	]
	] is the ], housing many works of art, including the ] (''La Joconde'') and the ] statue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masterpieces, Accessible Visitor Trail|publisher=The Louvre|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/routes/masterpieces-0|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> There are hundreds of museums in Paris. Works by ] and ] are found in the Musée Picasso<ref>{{cite web|title=From the hotel Salé to the Picasso Museum|url=http://www.musee-picasso.fr/pages/page_id18521_u1l2.htm|publisher=Museo Picasso|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> and the Musée Rodin,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Musée Rodin|publisher=Musée Rodin|url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/musee-rodin|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=211}} Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=106-7}}
			In 2024, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (], ], ], ]), political science (]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planetegrandesecoles.com/classement-qs-2024-politics |author=Planête grandes écoles |title=Classement QS 2024 : Sciences Po devient la 2ème meilleure université mondiale en "Politics" |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> management (], ], ], ])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2954/european-business-school-rankings-2023 |author=] |title=European Business School Rankings 2023 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> as well as multidisciplinary universities (]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |author=] |title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
	Art and artefacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in the ] and the ],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=236}} respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle ]. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the Musée du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas, including many from ] cultures.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=224}}
	====Photography====		===Healthcare===
			] is the oldest hospital in Paris.]]
	Paris has attracted communities of photographers, and was an important centre for the development of photography. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including ], noted for his depictions of early-19th-century street scenes; the early 20th-century ] movement's ]; ], noted for his playful pictures of 1950s Parisian life; ], noted for his night scenes, and others such as ] and ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} Paris also become the hotbed for an emerging art form in the late 19th century, ], advocated by the likes of ].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}
			Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the ] (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web |url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062949/http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Rapport Annuel 2008 |publisher=Rapport Activite |access-date=21 April 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			One of the most notable hospitals is the ], founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |title=Hotel Dieu |publisher=London Science Museum |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508100917/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include ], one of the largest in Europe, ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ] and the ].
	===Literature===
	]
	Countless books and novels have been set in Paris. Victor Hugo's '']'', is one of the best known. The book was received so rapturously that it inspired a series of renovations of its setting, the Notre Dame de Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html|title= Notre Dame Renovations|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=Adoremus Organization}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, '']'' is set in Paris, against the backdrop of slums and penury.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm|title= Les Miserables|work=Preface|language=English Translation|year=1862|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher= Gutenberg Organization}}</ref> Another immortalised French author, ], completed a good number of his works in Paris, including his masterpiece '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balzacsparis.ucr.edu|title= Balzac’s Paris A Guided Tour|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=University of California, Riverside}}</ref> Other Parisian authors (by birth or residency) include ] (], ], ]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35125/35125-h/35125-h.htm|title= Dumas's Paris|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=Gutenberg Organization}}</ref>
			==International relations==
	The American novelist Ernest Hemingway, like many other expatriate writers, emigrated to Paris, where he was introduced to such varying cultural figures as Pablo Picasso, ], ], and ], who became his mentor. While in Paris, he produced works including '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-feast.html|title=Ernest Hemingway's Memoir of Paris in the Twenties|accessdate=4 July 2013|date=5 May 1964|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref> The Irish author James Joyce emigrated to Paris and lived there for more than 20 years, concluding his '']'', in the city. He also produced numerous poems while in Paris, published in collections including '']'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-feast.html |title=In the footsteps of James Joyce Paris|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher=New York Times}}</ref> Another Irish author to have emigrated to Paris is ], referred to as either the last ] or the first ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*SBECKETT&n=22071|title=The Samuel Beckett Endpage|accessdate=4 July 2013|publisher= The Samuel Beckett Society}}</ref>
			===International organisations===
			The ] (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the ] (OECD).<ref>.</ref> Paris hosts the headquarters of the ], the ], ] and the ].
			===Twin towns – sister cities===
	===Entertainment and performing arts===
			{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
	]|270x270px]]
			Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally ] with:<ref name=IR>{{cite web |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |publisher=Paris |language=fr |date=September 2015 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095626/https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twinning Rome – Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |date=30 January 1956 |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113084709/https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web |title=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |language=it |publisher=Commune Roma |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
			*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], 1956
			: ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' {{in lang|fr}}
			: ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' {{in lang|it}}
			: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014) |format=PDF |location=Rome |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |title=Twinning with Rome |access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations: special partners |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref>
	====Theatre====		===Other relationships===
			Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:<ref name=IR/>
	The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical ]) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), ], and ] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to ]).
			{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
			*{{flagicon|ALG}} ], 2003
			*{{flagicon|JOR}} ], 1987
			*{{flagicon|NED}} ], 2013
			*{{flagicon|GRE}} ], 2000
			*{{flagicon|PRC}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|LIB}} ], 1992
			*{{flagicon|GER}} ], 1987
			*{{flagicon|COG}} ], 2015
			*{{flagicon|ARG}} ], 1999
			*{{flagicon|EGY}} ], 1985
			*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|USA}} ], 1996
			*{{flagicon|DEN}} ], 2005
			*{{flagicon|SEN}} ], 2011
			*{{flagicon|QAT}} ], 2010
			*{{flagicon|SUI}} ], 2002
			*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], 2009
			*{{flagicon|IDN}} ], 1995
			*{{flagicon|PSE}} ], 2009
			*{{flagicon|COD}} ], 2014
			*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], 1958
			*{{flagicon|POR}} ], 1998
			*{{flagicon|GBR}} ], 2001
			*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], 2000
			*{{flagicon|MEX}} ], 1999
			*{{flagicon|URY}} ], 2013
			*{{flagicon|CAN}} ], 2006
			*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], 1992
			*{{flagicon|KHM}} ], 2007
			*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], 2001
			*{{flagicon|CZE}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|CAN}} ], 1996
			*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|PSE}} ], 2011
			*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], 2009
			*{{flagicon|KSA}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|YEM}} ], 1987
			*{{flagicon|USA}} ], 1996
			*{{flagicon|CHI}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|KOR}} ], 1991
			*{{flagicon|BUL}} ], 1998
			*{{flagicon|AUS}} ], 1998
			*{{flagicon|GEO}} ], 1997
			*{{flagicon|ISR}} ], 2010
			*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], 1982
			*{{flagicon|TUN}} ], 2004
			*{{flagicon|POL}} ], 1999
			*{{flagicon|USA}} ], 2000
			*{{flagicon|ARM}} ], 1998
			{{div col end}}
			==See also==
	Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include ], the Théâtre Mogador, and the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Where|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|year=1961|page=304}}</ref> Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical performers, such as ], ], ], and ], found their fame in Parisian concert halls such as ], Bobino, ] and ].
			{{portal bar|France|Cities}}
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*] held in Paris in 1925
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
	====Music====		==Notes==
			{{notelist}}
	{{main|Music in Paris}}
			{{NoteFoot}}
	]
	In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as ], became known for their poetry and songs. During the reign of ], the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} During the Renaissance era, the French royals "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, opera and comedy", and composers such as ] became popular.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become the most important centre for ballet music, and composers such as ] and ] contributed much to symphonic music.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} <!--]]]-->] is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the ] to the accompaniment of the ] (a ]-blown ] locally called a "musette") and often the ] (]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the ] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for ], and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafes.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}
			==References==
	Paris is the spiritual home of ] in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} ] rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist ] and their ] in the 1930s and 40s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt|title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=3 March 2010|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Some of the finest ] musicians in the world are found here playing the cafes of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the ] and the rock festival ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock en Seine '13|url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/|publisher=Efestivals.co.uk|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> The ] was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web | author=Andante | year=2004 | title=Orchestre de Paris | publisher=Andante.com | url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 | accessdate=3 July 2013 |archiveurl=http://articlescache.org//www.andante.com/article.cfm_id-23207.htm.htm |archivedate=2013-08-09 |accessdate=2013-08-09 }}</ref>
			===Citations===
			{{Reflist
	====Cinema====
			|refs =
	{{See also|List of films set in Paris}}
			<ref name="TIP2016">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016 |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date = 18 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151215/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |archive-date = 19 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>
	]
			<!--unused<ref name="TIP2017">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris, Key Figures (2017) |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau}}</ref>-->
	] launched the world's first projection, the ], in Paris on 28 December 1895.{{sfn|Lester|2006|p=278}}<ref>Georges Sadoul, ''Histoire du cinéma mondial, des origines à nos jours'', Flammarion, Paris, 1968, p. 19</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/patrimoinelumiere/premiereseance.html |title=Institut Lumière |publisher=Institut-lumiere.org |date= |accessdate=2014-02-15}}</ref> Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris' largest cinema today is by far ] theatre with 2,800 seats,<ref>{{cite book|title=Films and Filming|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0kEbAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|year=1989|publisher=Hansom Books|page=72}}</ref> whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
	Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. ] comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as ], ], ], ], and ], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director ] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films|title=2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris|publisher=''The Times of India''|date=27 December 2012|accessdate=2 July 2013}}</ref> On 2 February 2000, Philippe Binant realised the first ] projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by ], in Paris.<ref>'']'', n°hors-série, Paris, April 2000, p. 32 (''cf.'' also {{dead link|date=July 2013}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://motion.kodak.com/motion/uploadedFiles/FR_plugins_acrobat_fr_motion_action_actions29.pdf |title='&#39;Cf.'&#39; Binant, " Au cœur de la projection numérique ", '&#39;Actions'&#39;, '&#39;'29'&#39;', Kodak, Paris, 2007, p. 12. |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=n_wTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT77&lpg=PT77&dq=creton+kitsopanidou+binant&source=bl&ots=2ZaoxMKyfv&sig=g8RzftJFbIgRmkgybtbNlhH7dFI&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=kD-kUuCBHMSq0QXn0YD4CA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=creton%20kitsopanidou%20binant&f=false |title=Claude Forest, " De la pellicule aux pixels : l'anomie des exploitants de salles de cinéma ", in Laurent Creton, Kira Kitsopanidou (sous la direction de), '&#39;Les salles de cinéma : enjeux, défis et perspectives'&#39;, Armand Colin / Recherche, Paris, 2013, p. 116 |publisher=Books.google.fr |date=2013-11-20 |accessdate=2014-02-15}}</ref>
	===Cuisine===
	{{See also|French cuisine}}
	] in ]|270x270px]]
	Paris is renowned for its '']'', food meticulously prepared and presented, often accompanied by fine ], served and celebrated by expensive restaurants and hotels. A city of culinary finesse, as of 2013 Paris has 85 Michelin-starred restaurants, second in the world to only ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-14/tokyo-tops-paris-with-more-michelin-stars-and-better-food.html|title=Tokyo Tops Paris With More Michelin Stars and Better Food|publisher=Bloomberg|date=14 May 2013|accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> and many of the world's leading chefs operate restaurants serving ] in Paris such as ] and ].<ref name="TMcuisine">{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/paris/en/restaurants-cafes/michelin-starred-restaurants-in-paris|title=Michelin starred restaurants in Paris|publisher=Time Out|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> As of 2013, Paris has ten 3-Michelin-star restaurants, the most coveted award in the restaurant business; these include Ducasse's ], ]'s ], ]'s Le Meurice in the ], ]'s restaurant at ], and ].<ref name="TMcuisine"/> Joël Robuchon, the chef with the most Michelin stars worldwide, runs ] and ] in Paris, both of which are 2 Michelin-star restaurants.<ref name="TMcuisine"/>
	The growth of the railway in the late 19th century led to the capital becoming a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. As a result, cuisine in the city is diverse, and almost any cuisine can be consumed in the city, with over 9,000 restaurants.<ref name="Domine">{{Cite book | last = Dominé | first = André | title = Culinaria France | publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh | location = Cologne | isbn = 978-3-8331-1129-7}}</ref> Hotel building was another result of widespread travel and ] in the 19th century, especially Paris' late-19th-century '']'' (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz appeared in the Place Vendôme in 1898,{{sfn|Ryersson|Yaccarino|2004|p=25}}{{sfn|Metzelthin|1981}} and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the Place de la Concorde, starting in 1909.
	===Fashion===
	]
	Paris is a global hub of fashion and has been referred to as the "international capital of style".{{sfn|Steele|1998|p=3}} It ranks alongside New York, Milan and London as a major centre for the fashion industry. Paris is noted for its ] tailoring, usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. The twice-yearly ], an apparel ], is one of the most important events on the ] and attracts fashion aficionados from all around the world. Established in 1976, the Paris Fashion Institute offers courses in design, manufacturing, marketing, merchandising, and retailing.<ref name=parisfashion.org>{{cite web|title=Paris Fashion Institute|url=http://www.parisfashion.org/|publisher=Paris Fashion Institute|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ] is an international fashion school, established in 1982 and headquartered in Paris, with branches in Shanghai and Istanbul.<ref name=ifaparis.com>{{cite web|title=IFA Paris|url=http://www.ifaparis.com/|publisher=IFA Paris|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
	] on ]|360x360px]]
	Paris has a large number of high-end fashion boutiques, and many top designers have their flagship stores in the city, such as Louis Vuitton's store, Christian Dior's 1200 square foot store and Sephora's 1500 square foot store.<ref name="Marie">{{cite web|url=http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/travel/best/11921/9/paris-shops.html|title=Paris Shops & Boutiques|publisher=''Marie Claire''|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Printemps has the largest shoe and beauty departments in Europe.<ref name="Marie"/> ] is considered to the "grand dame of French fashion" and "synonymous with Parisian fashion", with clothes which are embraced by "left bank fashionistas".<ref name="Marie"/> ] is cited as one of the most popular high street stores in the city,<ref name="Marie"/> the ] store on the ] has been cited as a "shoe lover's haven",<ref name="Marie"/> and ] is noted for its ] clothing and ]. The jeweller ], with its flagship boutique near Paris' ], has a long history of sales to royalty and celebrities:<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/style/19iht-fcartier.html|title=A ball for the 'king of jewellers'|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=19 December 2005|accessdate= 3 July 2013}}</ref> King ] of England once referred to Cartier as "the jeweller of kings and the king of jewellers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Prat |first=Véronique |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/08/29/01006-20090829ARTFIG00064--les-joyaux-de-cartier-exposes-dans-la-cite-interdite-.php |title=Les joyaux de Cartier exposés dans la Cité interdite |language=French |publisher=''Le Figaro'' |date=28 August 2009|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Guerlain, one of the world's oldest existing perfumeries, has its headquarters in the north-western suburb of Levallois-Perret.
	====Festivals====
	The earliest grand festival held on 14 July 1790 was the Federation of July festival at the ]. Since then many festivals have been held such as the Festival of Liberty in 1774, the Festival for the Abolition of Slavery in 1793, the festival of Supreme Being in 1794, and the 1798 funeral festival on the death of ]. On every anniversary of the Republic, the Children of the Fatherland festival is held.{{Sfn|Singleton1912|pp=211-12}} ], a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, is the biggest festival in the city, held every year on 14 July. This includes a parade of colourful floats and costumes along with armed forces march in the Champs Élysées which concludes with a display of fireworks.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=204}} The Paris Beach festival known as the "Paris Plage" is a festive event, which lasts from the middle of July to the middle of August, when the bank of the River Seine is converted into a temporary beach with sand and deck chairs and palm trees.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=204}}
	==Religion==
	{{double image|left| NotreDameI.jpg|160|Invalides 2007 03 11.jpg|124|Left: ]; right:Chapel of the Invalides.}}
	{{see also|List of religious buildings in Paris}}
	Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly ] since the Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. Political instability in the Third Republic was a result of disagreements about the role of the Church in society.{{Sfn|Tallett|Atkin|1991|p=vii}} The French Constitution makes no mention of the religious affiliations of its people and allows the freedom to practice any religion of their choice provided it was done as a private matter.{{Sfn|Korgen|White|2008|p=64}}
	Some of the notable churches in Paris are: ], the most famous Gothic structure (the cathedral where Napoleon declared himself emperor in 1804);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/420752/Notre-Dame-de-Paris|title=Notre-Dame de Paris|accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ] (Church of St. Mary Magdalene), built in 1806 in the form of a Roman temple;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/355717/Madeleine|title= Église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ], built in 1247–50 in Gothic ] style and damaged in the ], it was restored in the 19th century by ];<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518429/Sainte-Chapelle |title= Sainte-Chapelle |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Chapel of ] (Church of Saint-Louis), built between 1671–91;<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517636/Church-of-Saint-Louis|title= Church of Saint-Louis |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ] (Basilique du Sacré-Coeur), built from 1876–1912;<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515541/Sacred-Heart-Basilica|title= Sacred-Heart-Basilica |accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ] (1646–1776); ] (1756–97), in Neoclassical style; and ] (1136).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.paris-architecture.info/TEN/TEN-Churches.htm|title= Top Paris Churches|accessdate=3 July 2013|publisher=Paris Architecture Info}}</ref>
	==Sports==
	Paris' most popular sport clubs are the ] club ], the ] team ], and the ] clubs ] and ]. The 80,000-seat ], built for the ], is located in Saint-Denis.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=300–1}} It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually ]'s home matches of the ], ] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–1}} In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: ], ], ] and ].
	]
	Paris hosted the ] and ] ] and was venue for the ] and 1998 ]s and for the ]. Although the starting point and the route of the famous ] varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html|title=2013 route|publisher=Le Tour|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> The ] between ] and ] was played in the Stade de France.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm|accessdate=21 April 2013|date=16 June 2006|title=Arsenal aim to upset the odds|publisher=BBC Sport|location=London}}</ref> Paris hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.{{sfn|Nevez|2010|p=95}} ] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the ], held every year on the red clay of the ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Roland-Garros 2013|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/|publisher=Rolandgarros.com|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> is one of the four ] events of the world professional tennis tour. The city has also hosted the ] since 1925, and has also hosted the ] and ].
	==Education==
	{{main|Education in Paris}}
	{{multiple image
	| align = Right
	| direction = vertical
	| header =
	| width = 270
	| image1 = Sorbonne 17thc.jpg
	| alt1 = Sorbonne
	| caption1 = The ]
	| image2 = DSC 7111-lycee-louis-le-gra.jpg
	| alt2 = Louis le Grand
	| caption2 = The ]
	| image3 = P1000874 Paris XIII Boulevard de l'Hopital ENSAM reductwk.JPG
	| alt3 = ENSAM
	| caption3 = The ]
	}}		}}
	Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 per cent of Parisians hold a diploma '']''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form|title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009|publisher=INSEE|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> while 13 per cent have no diploma, the third lowest percentage in France.
	In the early 9th century, the emperor ] mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, physics, music, and theology; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the Île de la Cité Notre-Dame cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate left bank ] University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic ] best represented by the ].{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=224}} Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9&nbsp;million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm|author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France|title=L'enseignement|accessdate=9 October 2007 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archivedate = 24 August 2007}}</ref>
	Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as ], ], ] and Lycée Condorcet. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the ] and the ].
	The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious '']'' – specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered '']''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the ] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en|title=Contact and Maps|accessdate=18 June 2013|language=French|publisher=]}}</ref> There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (]) which comprises several colleges such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. There are also many business schools, including ], ], ] and ]. The administrative school such as ] has been relocated to ], the political science school ] is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement. The Parisian school of journalism ] department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celsa.fr/acces.php|language=French|title=Accès|publisher=Celsa.fr|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref>
	{{clr}}
	==Libraries==
	{{main|Libraries in Paris}}
	]|270x270px]]
	The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and ].<ref>"." '']''. Retrieved 21 January 2009.</ref> <br />
	<br>There are 74 public libraries in Paris, including specialised collections spread throughout the city. In the 4th arrondissement, the ] is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the ], also located in ], contains the Paris historical research service. <br />
	Designed by ] and built in the mid-1800s, the ] hosts a rare books and manuscripts section.<ref name=Woodward2006>{{cite news|last=Woodward|first=Richard B.|title=At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=4 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 5, 2006}}</ref> ], in the 6th arrondissement, is the oldest public library in France. The ] in the 8th arrondissement opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music while the four glass towers of the François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed ''Très Grande Bibliothèque'') stand out in the 13th arrondissement thanks to a design by ].<ref name=Woodward2006 />
	There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The ] in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the ] location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d’Art et d’Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paris-Sorbonne libraries|url=http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/|publisher=Paris-Sorbonne University|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> <br />
	Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, ] Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<ref name=nd.edu>{{cite web|title=French Libraries and Archives|url=http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml|publisher=University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref>
	==Media==
	]
	Paris and suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |title=French and Francophone Publications|publisher=French.about.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> France's two most prestigious newspapers, ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'', are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |title=Paris' Top Newspapers|publisher=About-France.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ] is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afp.com/en/|title=Agence France-Presse|publisher= Agence France-Presse website|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ] is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/ |title=France 24 |publisher=France24.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the ], and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |title=France Diplomatie|publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
	The most-viewed network in France, ], is based in ], near Paris, along with a plentiful number of others, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], along with a multitude of others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm|title= French and Francophone TV Stations|publisher=French.about.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> ], France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, are based in Paris. ], another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |title=France's Radio Stations|publisher=Listenlive.eu|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> The national postal carrier of France, including overseas territories, is known as ]. Headquartered in the 15th arrondissement, it is responsible for postal service in France and Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laposte.com |title=La Poste |publisher=Laposte.com|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
	==Healthcare==
	]
	Most health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the ''] (AP-HP)'', a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. It employs more than 90,000 people (including 15,800 physicians) in 44 hospitals and receives more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web|url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php|title=Rapport Annuel 2008|publisher=Rapport Activite|accessdate=21 April 2013|language=French}}</ref>
	One of the most notable hospitals is the ], said to have been founded in 651, the oldest hospital in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx|title=Hotel Dieu|publisher=London Science Museum|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> Other hospitals include the ], Hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, ], ], ], ], ], ], Hôpital Saint-Antoine, ], Hôpital Tenon and ].
	==Transport==
	{{Main|Transport in Paris}}
	{{See also|List of railway stations in Paris}}
	{{double image|right|Thalys.JPG|200|Gare du Nord night Paris FRA 002.JPG|225| Left: ] trains with service to Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany; right: ] railway station is the busiest in Europe, and home to the ] train service to ]}}
	Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), formerly ''Syndicat des transports parisiens'' (STP) oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web|url=http://www.stif-idf.fr|title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens|author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF)|accessdate=10 April 2006|language=French}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the ] (operating 654 ] lines, the ], three tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the ] (operating ], one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the ] consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.
	The city's subway system, the Métro, was opened in 1900 and is the most widely used Transport system within the city proper, carrying 5.23 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/|title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris|publisher=RATP|accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> It comprises 303 stations (385 stops) connected by {{convert|220|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of rails, and 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis. An additional express network, the RER, with five lines (A, B, C, D, & E), connects to more-distant parts of the urban area, with 257 stops and {{convert|587|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rails.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278–83}} Over €26.5 billion will be invested over the next 15 years to extend the Métro network into the suburbs.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278–83}} In addition, the ] is served by a light rail network of six lines, the tramway: ] runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, ] runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles, ] runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes, ] runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle, line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278-83}} all of which are operated by the '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5045/tramway/|title=RATP's tram network in Île-de-France|publisher=RATP|accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> and ] runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois, which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=278–83}} Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.
	Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations — ], ], ], ], ], ] — and a minor one — ] — are connected to three networks: The ] serving four ] lines, the normal speed ] trains, and the suburban rails (Transilien).
	Four international airports, ], ], ] and ], serve the city. The two major airports are Orly Airport, which is south of Paris; and the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, in ], which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial ] ].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–83}}
	]
	The city is also the most important hub of France's ] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the ],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the ] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the ] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{convert|2000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six&nbsp;hours and Barcelona in 12&nbsp;hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishrail.com/news-faqs/popular-routes/london-paris|title=London-Paris|publisher=]|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref>
	] at ]|270x270px]]
	There are {{convert|440|km|abbr=on}} of ] in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'' (bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers such as a kerb) and ''bande cyclable'' (a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{convert|29|km|abbr=on}} of specially marked bus lanes are free to be used by cyclists, with a protective barrier protecting against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have also been given the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris offers a ] system called ] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations,{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}} which can be rented for short and medium distances including ] trips.
	The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by ] in facilities located around Paris. The Loire, Rhine, Rhone, Meuse and Scheldt rivers can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the ], Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}
	==Twin towns and sister cities==
	Paris is twinned with:
	* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy, since 1956<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome
	|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web | url = http://www.paris.fr/ | title = International relations: Special partners | accessdate = 2013-08-28 | work = Mairie de Paris | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070806151309/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archivedate = 2007-08-06}}</ref>
	<div class="noprint">
	{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
	|-
	! colspan="3"|] with many cities around the world:<ref name="partners1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{cite web
	|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=14 October 2007}}</ref>
	|-
	{|style="width:100%"
	|-
	| style="width:33.3%;"|
	* {{flagicon|ALG}} ], Algeria, since 2003.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|GRE}} ], Greece, since 2000.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|PRC}} ], China, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|LIB}} ], Lebanon, since 1992.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany, since 1987.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html|title=Berlin - City Partnerships|accessdate=2013-09-17|work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |archivedate=2013-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=1 July 2009 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100321/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html |archivedate = 22 August 2008}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|ARG}} ], Argentina, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|EGY}} ], Egypt, since 1985.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|VEN}} ], Venezuela, since 1991.<ref name="partners2"/>
	* {{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States, since 1996.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|DEN}} ], Denmark, since 2005.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|UAE}} ], ], since 2002.<ref name="Dubai Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/index.asp?id=3149|title=Dubai Partner Cities}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|SUI}} ], Switzerland, since 2002.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|IDN}} ], Indonesia, since 1995.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine, since 1992.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan, since 1958.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Kyoto twinnings">{{cite web | url =http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|title=Sister and Other Associated Cities|accessdate=2013-08-06|work=Kyoto General Affairs Bureau|publisher=City of Kyoto|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728154629/http://www.city.kyoto.jp/koho/eng/databox/sister.html|archivedate=2013-07-28}}</ref>
	||
	* {{flagicon|POR}} ], Portugal, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses |language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns}}</ref><ref name="Lisbon twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon -Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|UK}} ], United Kingdom, since 2001.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain, since 2000.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|MEX}} ], Mexico, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada, since 2006.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia, since 1992.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|IND}} ], India, since 1987.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil, since 2001.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|CZE}} ], Czech Republic, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Prague twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=2013-08-05|date=2013-07-18|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ |language=Czech|trans_title=Prague - Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =2013-06-25}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada, since 2003.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil, since 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=15 June 2010}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|KSA}} ], Saudi Arabia, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|YEM}} ], Yemen, since 1987.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States, since 1996.<ref name="partners1"/>
	||
	* {{flagicon|CHI}} ], Chile, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States <ref name="NYC Global Partners">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml|title=NYC Global Partners}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|KOR}} ], South Korea, since 1991.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 | title = Seoul -Sister Cities |accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|BUL}} ], Bulgaria, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|AUS}} ], Australia, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|GEO}} ], Georgia, since 1997.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|ISR}} ], Israel, since 1985.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|ALB}} ], Albania.<ref name="International relations">{{cite web|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan, since 1982.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|TUN}} ], Tunisia, since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland, since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], USA, since 2000.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=12 July 2008}}{{Dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|ARM}} ], Armenia, since 1998.<ref name="partners1"/><ref name="Yerevan partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html|title=Yerevan - Partner Cities|accessdate=2013-11-04|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|publisher=© 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am}}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|DOM}} ], Dominican Republic <ref name="partners1"/>
	|}
	==See also==
	{{portal|Paris|France}}
	* ]
	* ] held in Paris in 1925
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	==References==
	===Footnotes===
	{{reflist|20em}}
	===Bibliography===		===Sources===
	{{refbegin|30em}}		{{refbegin|40em}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Andia|first1=Béatrice de|last2=Brialy|first2=Jean-Claude|title=Larousse Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Larousse|isbn=978-2-03-585012-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Andia |first1=Béatrice de |last2=Brialy |first2=Jean-Claude |title=Larousse Paris |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-585012-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Arbois de Jubainville|first1=Henry|last2=Dottin|first2=George|title=Les premiers habitants de l'Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132|year=1889|publisher=E. Thorin|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Arbois de Jubainville |first1=Henry |last2=Dottin |first2=George |title=Les premiers habitants de l'Europe |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132 |date=1889 |publisher=E. Thorin |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Andrew|title=The Architecture of Paris|year=2004|publisher=Axel Mendes|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9783930698967|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Ayers |first=Andrew |title=The Architecture of Paris |date=2004 |publisher=Axel Mendes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC |isbn=978-3-930698-96-7 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123205256/https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Beevor|first1=Antony|last2=Cooper|first2=Artemis|title=Paris After the Liberation: 1944 - 1949: 1944 - 1949|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-191288-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Bayrou |first=François |author-link=François Bayrou |title=Henri IV: le roi libre |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVLPwAACAAJ |date=1994 |publisher=le Grand livre du mois |isbn=978-2-7028-3282-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVLPwAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Daniel A.|last2=de-Shalit|first2=Avner| year=2011| title=The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3972-8|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Beevor |first1=Antony |last2=Cooper |first2=Artemis |title=Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949: 1944–1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242 |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-191288-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Berg|first1=Leo van den|last2=Braun|first2=Erik|title=National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8725-8|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Daniel A. |last2=de-Shalit |first2=Avner |date=2011 |title=The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3972-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Blackmore|first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie|first2=James |title=Rough Guide Paris Directions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA206|year=2004|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-317-7|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=Leo van den |last2=Braun |first2=Erik |title=National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85 |date=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8725-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Boogert|first=Kate van der|title=Frommer's Paris 2013|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-33143-9|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Bernard |first=Léon |title=The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ |date=1970 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-0214-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Broadwell|first=Valerie|title=City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92|year=2007|publisher=Valerie Broadwell|isbn=978-1-4257-9022-6|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Bezbakh |first=Pierre |title=Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France |language=fr |date=2004 |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-505369-5}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Blackmore |first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie |first2=James |title=Rough Guide to Paris |edition=9th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394 |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-078-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Burchell|first=S. C.|title=Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JbFBAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Atheneum|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Blackmore |first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie |first2=James |title=Rough Guide Paris Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153 |date=2004 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-317-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Jim|title=Conflict and Change: Europe 1870-1966|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Educational Company|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Blanchard |first1=Pascal |last2=Deroo |first2=Eric |last3=El Yazami |first3=Driss |last4=Fournié |first4=Pierre |last5=Manceron |first5=Gilles |title=Le Paris Arabe |language=fr |publisher=La Découverte |date=2003 |isbn=978-2-7071-3904-7}}
	* {{cite book|last=Byrne |first=Joseph P.|title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-254-8|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Clark|first=Linda L.|title=Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65098-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Blum |first=Carol |title=Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233 |date=2002 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6810-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Boogert |first=Kate van der |title=Frommer's Paris 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43 |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-33143-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43 |url-status=live}}
	*{{cite book|last=Combeau|first=Yvan|title=Histoire de Paris|year=2013|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris|ISBN=978-2-13-060852-3}}
			*{{cite book |last=Borrus |first=Kathy |title=Five Hundred Buildings of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288 |date=2012 |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers |isbn=978-1-60376-267-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288 |url-status=live}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Dosch|first=Dee Davidson|title=A Summer in '69|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16|year= 2010|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-60976-878-2 |ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Broadwell |first=Valerie |title=City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92 |date=2007 |publisher=Valerie Broadwell |isbn=978-1-4257-9022-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Burchell |first=S.C. |title=Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialmasquera00burc |url-access=registration |date=1971 |publisher=Atheneum}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dottin|first=George|title=La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire|location=Paris|publisher=C. Klincksieck|year=1920|isbn=2051002088|language=French|ref=harv}}
			*{{Cite book |last=Busse |first=Peter E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |pages=195–200 |language=en |chapter=Belgae |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063413/https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dregni|first=Michael|title=Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA19|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803743-9|ref=harv}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dregni |first=Michael|title=Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804262-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Bussmann |title=Paris and the Ile de France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ |date=1985 |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=978-0-86350-038-1 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201443/https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dutton|first=Paul Edward|title=The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA142|year=1994|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1653-2|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Jim |title=Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ |date=1987 |publisher=Educational Company |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Graeme|title=Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LVpIIHrUOZEC&pg=PA68|year= 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-45974-4|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Joseph P. |title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259 |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-254-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Castells |first=Manuel |title=The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75 |date=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05617-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Fallon|first1=Steve|first2=Nicola|last2=Williams|edition=7|title=Paris|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=1-74059-850-4|ref=harv}}
			*{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Linda L. |title=Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101 |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65098-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101 |url-status=live}}
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			*{{cite book |last=Combeau |first=Yvan |title=Histoire de Paris |date=2013 |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-060852-3 |language=fr |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredeparis0000comb}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Vlotides|first=Nina|title=A Hedonist's Guide to Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0FiyXb4RjZAC&pg=PA21|year=2006|publisher=A Hedonist's guide to...|isbn=978-1-905428-05-2|ref=harv}}		*{{Cite book |last=Nègre |first=Ernest |title=Toponymie générale de la France |date=1990 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-02883-7 |author-link=Ernest Nègre}}
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	* {{cite book|last=Woolley|first=Reginald Maxwell|title=Coronation Rites|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gcs7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106|year=1915|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}		*{{cite book |last=Oscherwitz |first=Dayna |title=Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |date=2010 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-8588-1 |page=135 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |title=Why the Allies Won |publisher=Pimlico |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-84595-065-1}}
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			*{{cite book |last=Papayanis |first=Nicholas |title=Planning Paris Before Haussmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |date=2004 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7930-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Gillian |title=Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |date=1995 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4165-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}
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			*{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Betty Lou |date=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchconnection0000phil |url-access=registration |title=The French Connection |isbn=978-1-58685-529-1 |publisher=Gibbs Smith}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Tom |title=Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |date=2010 |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group |isbn=978-0-9812952-0-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |url-status=live}}
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			*{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Jamie Cox |title=A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |date=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1-4405-0740-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Eamonn J. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |date=1999 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-415-13187-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |title=La Commune de 1871 |language=fr |date=2014 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-13-062078-5}}
			*{{cite book |last=Rousseau |first=George Sebastian |title=Yourcenar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Haus Bublishing |isbn=978-1-904341-28-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Ryersson |first1=Scot D. |last2=Yaccarino |first2=Michael Orlando |title=Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |date=2004 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4520-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Sarmant |first=Thierry |title=Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Editions Gisserot |isbn=978-2-7558-0330-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Joël |title=Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |date=2009 |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-03015-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Claude |title=Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23014-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Shack |first=William A. |title=Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars |publisher=University of California Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-520-22537-4}}
			*{{cite book |last=Shales |first=Melissa |title=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84537-661-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Simmer |first=James |title=Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-11-702360-4 |access-date = 25 October 2015 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |url-status = live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Steele |first=Valerie |title=Paris Fashion: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |date=1998 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-85973-973-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Cara |title=The Statue of Liberty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |date=2003 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing |isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Tallett |first1=Frank |last2=Atkin |first2=Nicholas |title=Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |date=1991 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-057-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |date=2009 |publisher=PUQ |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Tomas |first1=François |last2=Blanc |first2=Jean-Noël |last3=Bonilla |first3=Mario |author4=IERP |title=Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |date=2003 |publisher=Université de Saint-Étienne |isbn=978-2-86272-260-3 |page=237 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle= Paris |volume=20 |pages=805&ndash;822 |last1=Truslove |first1=Roland |last2=de Blowitz |first2=Henri Georges Stephane Adolphe Opper }}
			*{{cite book |first1=Jacobus |last1=de Vitriaco |first2=John Frederick |last2=Hinnebusch |title=The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262 |date=1972 |publisher=Saint-Paul |id=GGKEY:R8CJPKJJK4D |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411065259/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Weingardt |first=Richard |title=Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |date=2009 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-1010-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81060-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last=Woolley |first=Reginald Maxwell |title=Coronation Rites |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft |page= |date=1915 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
			*{{cite book |last=Yarri |first=Monique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |title=Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968 |publisher=Editions Rodopi B.V. |location=Amsterdam, New York |date=2008 |isbn=978-90-420-2500-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |url-status=live}}
			*{{cite book |last1=Zarka |first1=Yves Charles |last2=Taussig |first2=Sylvie |last3=Fleury |first3=Cynthia |title=L'Islam en France |language=fr |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-053723-6 |chapter=Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928174957/https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
			{{Main list|Bibliography of Paris}}
	{{refbegin|30em}}
			{{refbegin|40em}}
	* {{cite book|last=Bernard| first=Léon |title=The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Duke University Press}}
			*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914 |publisher=] |location=New York |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-312-04876-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisoneve19001900cron |author-link=Vincent Cronin}}
	* {{cite book|last=Blum|first=Carol|title=Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233|year=2002|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6810-8}}
			*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-00-215191-7}}
	* {{cite book|last=Compayré|first=Gabriel|title=Abelard and the Origin and Early History of Universities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-4646-4}}
	* {{cite book|last=Cronin | first=Vincent | authorlink=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914|publisher=]|location=New York|year=1989|isbn=0-312-04876-9}}		*{{cite book |author=Jean Favier |title=Paris |publisher=] |date=1997 |isbn=978-2-213-59874-1 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Cronin| first=Vincent |title=Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|year=1994|isbn=0-00-215191-X }}		*{{cite book |author=Jacques Hillairet |title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris |publisher=Rivages |date=2005 |isbn=978-2-86930-648-6 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Favier | first=Jean |title=Paris|publisher=]|year=1997|isbn=2-213-59874-6|language=French}}		*{{cite book |author=Colin Jones |title=Paris: The Biography of a City |publisher=] |location=New York |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-03393-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisbiographyof00jone}}
			*{{cite book |author=Bernard Marchand |title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |date=1993 |isbn=978-2-02-012864-3 |language=fr}}
	* {{cite book|last=Grimminger | first=Daniel Jay |title=Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95|year=2010|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4396-4101-9}}
	* {{cite book|last=Garrioch|first=David|title=The making of revolutionary Paris |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ra7W1M9bAPIC|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24327-9 }}		*{{cite book |author=Rosemary Wakeman |title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-87023-6}}
	* {{cite book|last=Goodman|first=David C. |title=The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G2xKjURYgHgC|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-20082-0}}
	* {{cite book|last1= Hargreaves | first1=Alec Gordon|last2=Kelsay|first2=John|last3=Twiss | first3=Sumner B.|title=Politics and Religion in France and the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=re2wIpEB310C|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7391-1930-3 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Higonnet|first=Patrice L. R.|title=Paris: Capital of the World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X-E7P9dVSbgC&pg=PA432|year= 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03864-6 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Hillairet | first=Jacques |title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris|publisher=Rivages|year=2005|isbn=2-86930-648-2|language=French}}
	* {{cite book|last=Jones | first=Colin |title=Paris: The Biography of a City|publisher=]|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03393-6}}
	* {{cite book|last=Marchand| first=Bernard |title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle|publisher=Le Seuil|location=Paris|year=1993|isbn=978-2-02-012864-3|language=French}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Mehra|first1=Ajay K.|last2=Levy|first2=Rene|title=The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3145-1 }}
	* {{cite book|last1=Modood|first1=Tariq |last2=Triandafyllidou| first2=Anna|last3=Zapata-Barrero|first3=Ricard |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25561-0 }}
	* {{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Marvin|last2=Chase | first2=Myrna|last3=Jacob |first3=James R.| last4=Jacob | first4=Margaret C. | last5=Von Laue | first5=Theodore H. | title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476|year=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning| edition=10th | isbn=978-1-111-83171-4 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Robb|first=Graham|title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646|year=2010|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-52254-0 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Wakeman| first=Rosemary |title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-87023-6}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Sister project links|voy=Paris}}		{{EB1911 poster|Paris}}
	* {{Official website|1=www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8118|2=Official Paris website}}		*{{Official website}} {{in lang|fr}}
	* {{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris|Paris}}
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Latest revision as of 17:55, 9 January 2025

Capital and most populous city of France This article is about the capital city of France. For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). "Parisien" redirects here. For other uses, see Parisien (disambiguation).

Place in Île-de-France, France

Paris
Capital city, commune and department
Eiffel Tower and the Seine from Tour Saint-JacquesNotre-DameSacré-CœurPanthéonArc de TriompheThe Louvre
FlagCoat of arms
Motto(s): Fluctuat nec mergitur "Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
Paris in France
Location of Paris
ParisShow map of FranceParisShow map of Île-de-France (region)
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E / 48.85667°N 2.35222°E / 48.85667; 2.35222
Country	France
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Paris
Arrondissement	None
Intercommunality	Métropole du Grand Paris
Subdivisions	20 arrondissements
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Anne Hidalgo (PS)
Area	105.4 km (40.7 sq mi)
• Urban	2,853.5 km (1,101.7 sq mi)
• Metro	18,940.7 km (7,313.0 sq mi)
Population	2,102,650
• Rank	9th in Europe 1st in France
• Density	20,000/km (52,000/sq mi)
• Urban	10,858,852
• Urban density	3,800/km (9,900/sq mi)
• Metro	13,024,518
• Metro density	690/km (1,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Parisian(s) (en) Parisien(s) (masc.), Parisienne(s) (fem.) (fr), Parigot(s) (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code	75056 /75001-75020, 75116
Elevation	28–131 m (92–430 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)
Website	paris.fr
French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Paris (French pronunciation: [paʁi] ) is the capital and largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,102,650 residents in January 2023 in an area of more than 105 km (41 sq mi), Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union, the ninth-most populous city in Europe and the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy. Because of its leading role in the arts and sciences and its early adaptation of extensive street lighting, it became known as the City of Light in the 19th century.

The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France. The Paris Region had a nominal GDP of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion when adjusted for PPP) in 2021, the highest in the European Union. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.

Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, the third-busiest airport in Europe, and Orly Airport. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily. It is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems and is one of only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice.

Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 8.9 million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world. The Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991.

Paris is home to several United Nations organizations including UNESCO, as well as other international organizations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 81,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the French Open, an annual Grand Slam tennis tournament, on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris hosted the 1900, the 1924, and the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2007 and 2023 Rugby World Cups, as well as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships were held in Paris. Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées.

Etymology

See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.

The ancient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as Luteciam Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii') and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265. During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia or Lutecia in Latin, and as Leukotekía in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the Celtic root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').

The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period. The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic root pario- ('cauldron'). Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the Welsh peryff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-. Alternatively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the Old Irish carr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā. In any case, the city's name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology.

Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ). They are also pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ).

History

Main article: History of Paris For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Paris.

Origins

Main article: Lutetia

The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the Île de la Cité, which gradually became an important trading centre. The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.

The Romans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank. The Roman town was originally called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.

By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.

Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia. From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV

See also: Paris in the Middle Ages, Paris in the 16th century, and Paris in the 17th century

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Palais de la Cité, the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity.

After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century, Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced the two smaller ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.

In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares. In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the University of Paris and would draw students from all of Europe.

With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit".

During the Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420; in spite of a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city, it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

In the late 16th-century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in which thousands of French Protestants were killed. The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne Henry IV, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in 1610.

During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the College of Sorbonne, and a palace for himself, the Palais-Cardinal. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the Palais-Royal.

Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards. Other marks of his reign were the Collège des Quatre-Nations, the Place Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, and Les Invalides.

18th and 19th centuries

See also: Paris in the 18th century, Paris during the Second Empire, and Haussmann's renovation of Paris

Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780. A new boulevard named the Champs-Élysées extended the city west to Étoile, while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.

Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the Age of Enlightenment. Diderot and D'Alembert published their Encyclopédie in 1751, before the Montgolfier Brothers launched the first manned flight in a hot air balloon on 21 November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods. On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by Garnerin.

In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalides, acquiring thousands of guns, with which it stormed the Bastille, a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and elected a Mayor, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, on 15 July.

Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by guillotine in the Reign of Terror, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.

The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815. Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the Canal de l'Ourcq, Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city's first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.

During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought to power a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city. In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris. His successor, Napoleon III, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28 March, a revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "Bloody Week" at the end of May 1871.

In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the 1900 Universal Exposition gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir).

20th and 21st centuries

See also: Paris in the Belle Époque, Paris during the First World War, Paris between the Wars (1919–1939), Paris in World War II, and History of Paris (1946–2000)

By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000. At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of Fauvism, Cubism and abstract art, and authors such as Marcel Proust were exploring new approaches to literature.

During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Sidney Bechet and Salvador Dalí.

In the years after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from French colonies and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai and Léopold Sédar Senghor.

On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses. In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793. The Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and 210 m (689 ft) high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high. The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs. A suburban railway network, the RER (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the Périphérique expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.

Most of the postwar presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand had the Opéra Bastille built (1985–1989), the new site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985–1989) in La Défense, as well as the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.

In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.

In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016. In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express, totalling 205 km (127 mi) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion. The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.

In January 2015, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed attacks across the Paris region. 1.5 million people marched in Paris in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech. In November of the same year, terrorist attacks, claimed by ISIL, killed 130 people and injured more than 350.

On 22 April 2016, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 nations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in an aim to limit the effects of climate change below 2 °C.

Geography

Location

Main article: Geography of Paris

Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine, whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).

Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. Paris' last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area is 2,300 km (890 sq mi).

Measured from the 'point zero' in front of its Notre-Dame cathedral, Paris by road is 450 km (280 mi) southeast of London, 287 km (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 km (190 mi) southwest of Brussels, 774 km (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 km (239 mi) northeast of Nantes, and 135 km (84 mi) southeast of Rouen.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Paris

Paris has an oceanic climate within the Köppen climate classification, typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters, with frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.

Summer days are usually mild and pleasant, with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, reached 40 °C (104 °F) on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.

Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce. Days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around 3 °C (37 °F). Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below −5 °C (23 °F). Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.

Paris has an average annual precipitation of 641 mm (25.2 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F), on 25 July 2019. The lowest was −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F), on 10 December 1879.

Climate data for Paris (Parc Montsouris), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.1 (61.0)	21.4 (70.5)	26.0 (78.8)	30.2 (86.4)	34.8 (94.6)	37.6 (99.7)	42.6 (108.7)	39.5 (103.1)	36.2 (97.2)	28.9 (84.0)	21.6 (70.9)	17.1 (62.8)	42.6 (108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	7.6 (45.7)	8.8 (47.8)	12.8 (55.0)	16.6 (61.9)	20.2 (68.4)	23.4 (74.1)	25.7 (78.3)	25.6 (78.1)	21.5 (70.7)	16.5 (61.7)	11.1 (52.0)	8.0 (46.4)	16.5 (61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	5.4 (41.7)	6.0 (42.8)	9.2 (48.6)	12.2 (54.0)	15.6 (60.1)	18.8 (65.8)	20.9 (69.6)	20.8 (69.4)	17.2 (63.0)	13.2 (55.8)	8.7 (47.7)	5.9 (42.6)	12.8 (55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	3.2 (37.8)	3.3 (37.9)	5.6 (42.1)	7.9 (46.2)	11.1 (52.0)	14.2 (57.6)	16.2 (61.2)	16.0 (60.8)	13.0 (55.4)	9.9 (49.8)	6.2 (43.2)	3.8 (38.8)	9.2 (48.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−14.6 (5.7)	−14.7 (5.5)	−9.1 (15.6)	−3.5 (25.7)	−0.1 (31.8)	3.1 (37.6)	6.0 (42.8)	6.3 (43.3)	1.8 (35.2)	−3.8 (25.2)	−14.0 (6.8)	−23.9 (−11.0)	−23.9 (−11.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	47.6 (1.87)	41.8 (1.65)	45.2 (1.78)	45.8 (1.80)	69.0 (2.72)	51.3 (2.02)	59.4 (2.34)	58.0 (2.28)	44.7 (1.76)	55.2 (2.17)	54.3 (2.14)	62.0 (2.44)	634.3 (24.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	9.9	9.1	9.5	8.6	9.2	8.3	7.4	8.1	7.5	9.5	10.4	11.4	108.9
Average snowy days	3.0	3.9	1.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	2.1	11.9
Average relative humidity (%)	83	78	73	69	70	69	68	71	76	82	84	84	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	59.0	83.7	134.9	177.3	201.0	203.5	222.4	215.3	174.7	118.6	69.8	56.9	1,717
Percent possible sunshine	22	29	37	43	43	42	46	48	46	35	25	22	37
Average ultraviolet index	1	2	3	4	6	7	7	6	4	3	1	1	4
Source 1: Meteo France (snow days 1981–2010), Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)

Administration

Main article: Administration of Paris

City government

Further information: Arrondissements of Paris See also: Mayor of Paris

For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly. The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is Anne Hidalgo, a socialist, first elected in April 2014, and re-elected in June 2020.

The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements, to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using closed list proportional representation in a two-round system.

Party lists winning an absolute majority in the first round – or at least a plurality in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the highest averages method. This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.

Prior to the 2020 Paris municipal election, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which elects an arrondissement mayor. The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors. The creation of Paris Centre, a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.

Métropole du Grand Paris

In January 2016, the Métropole du Grand Paris, or simply Grand Paris, came into existence. It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 km (314 sq mi). In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.

The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment. In January 2016, Patrick Ollier was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

Regional government

The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.

National government

As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of the French Republic resides at the Élysée Palace. The Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.

Both houses of the French Parliament are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg. The more important lower house, the National Assembly, meets in the Palais Bourbon. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the Petit Luxembourg, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.

France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité. The Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.

Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau, and the International Federation for Human Rights.

Police force

The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité.

There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters. The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the National Gendarmerie, a branch of the French Armed Forces. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.

Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.

Cityscape

A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The Seine river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left

Urbanism and architecture

See also: Architecture of Paris, Haussmann's renovation of Paris, Religious buildings in Paris, and List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region

Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today. At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine. Of those, two remain today: Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. A third one is the 1827 artificially created Île aux Cygnes.

Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "Paris stone". They built the major parks around central Paris. The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.

Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. The 210 m (690 ft) Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973, Since 2011, this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie.

Housing

In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre, was Avenue Montaigne, at 22,372 euros per square metre. In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was 1,356,074. Among these, 1,165,541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91,835 (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.

Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974. Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris' population rent their residence. In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent Paris' residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.

In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.

Suburbs

Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "Île-de-France" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration. Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.

Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961. Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities") and the RER commuter train network.

Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s, to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population. These districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s. Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.

These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.

The Paris agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés to the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north of Paris.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Paris

2019 Census Paris Region
(Île-de-France)
Country/territory of birth Population Metropolitan France 9,215,134 Algeria 330,935 Morocco 253,518 Portugal 234,399 Tunisia 127,827 Guadeloupe 81,269 Martinique 75,959 China 71,500 Turkey 67,982 Mali 66,085 Côte d'Ivoire 63,810 Senegal 60,124 Italy 58,141 Romania 53,848 Democratic Republic of Congo 52,449 Spain 45,828 Sri Lanka 45,786 Cameroon 45,370
Other countries/territories Republic of the Congo 38,651 Haiti 36,685 Poland 35,871 Vietnam 35,251 Cambodia 30,321   Réunion 30,077 India 29,623 Serbia 25,632 Lebanon 21,066 Madagascar 21,002 Germany 20,523 Pakistan 20,178 Russia 19,019 Mauritius 18,840 Guinea 18,709 Brazil 17,887 United Kingdom 17,789 United States 17,583 Other countries and territories 857,720

The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the INSEE, the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding. Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks. This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.

Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities". The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.

Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne, and statistically as a unité urbaine (a measure of urban area), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the largest urban area in the European Union. City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical aire d'attraction de Paris, "functional area", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area,), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017, 19.6% of the population of France, and the largest metropolitan area in the Eurozone.

In 2012, according to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.

Migration

Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia outside Turkey, 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific.

In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.

In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (Île-de-France).

In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.

Religion

See also: Religious buildings in Paris

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest Catholic city in the world. French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation. In a 2011 survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as Roman Catholic. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.

According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion. In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.

In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of Israel and the United States.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Paris

The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry. The story is similar in the Paris Region (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.

At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.

The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.

The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.

In 2021, the top French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three are in La Défense and one is in Boulogne-Billancourt. Some companies, like Société Générale, have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a GDP of €765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city. In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.

The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine. While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.

In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after Zürich. In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong. Station F is a business incubator for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.

Employment and income

In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.

Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600. The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.

Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades. In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000. Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the Yvelines department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000. In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroën assembly plant.

The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology. The south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.

Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area. While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris' wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line. The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Paris Further information: Landmarks in Paris, Historical quarters of Paris, and List of tourist attractions in Paris

Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over 2021, but still 13 percent lower than in 2019.

Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38 million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals. These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6 million), United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand) and China (711 thousand).

In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million). In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4 percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.

Paris' top cultural attractions in 2022 were the Louvre Museum (7.7 million visitors), the Eiffel Tower (5.8 million visitors), the Musée d'Orsay (3.27 million visitors) and the Centre Pompidou (3 million visitors).

In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms. In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with Airbnb. Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.

A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from Paris syndrome, when their experiences do not meet expectations.

Culture

Painting and sculpture

Main article: Art in Paris

For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.

Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Géricault. Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris. In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris.

The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Statue of Liberty), Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro) and Aristide Maillol. The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars.

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Paris

The Louvre received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020, holding its position as first among the most-visited museums. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde), the Venus de Milo statue, and Liberty Leading the People. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, which houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the National Museum of Natural History with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century art and the French Impressionists, which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie, (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the Fondation Louis Vuitton (691,000), the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the Musée Carnavalet (History of Paris) (606,000), and the Petit Palais, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).

The Musée de l'Orangerie, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of Claude Monet's large Water Lilies murals. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art. The Guimet Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Musée Picasso, the Musée Rodin and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix.

The military history of France is presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides. In addition to the national museums, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balzac and the Catacombs of Paris. There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

Theatre

The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), Théâtre-Italien and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville). Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.

Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal. Other famous theatres include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.

The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland and the Grateful Dead.

The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.

Literature

Main article: Writers in Paris

The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Charles Perrault, several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux and Pierre Beaumarchais.

During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris. Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Misérables, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s. One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.

In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier and, Arturo Uslar Pietri. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.

Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris. It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.

Music

Main articles: Music in Paris and History of music in Paris

In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Among the Trouvères of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadours, from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of François I, in the Renaissance era, the lute became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established. In the Baroque-era, noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.

Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Léo Delibes and Jules Massenet, among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon. Among the Impressionist composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Maurice Ravel. Several foreign-born composers, such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, Niccolò Paganini, and Igor Stravinsky, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.

Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls. Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars, and Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.

Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city. Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist Stéphane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot Club de France in the 1930s and 1940s.

Immediately after the War the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet, Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.

Some of the finest manouche musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night. Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord. Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine. The Orchestre de Paris was established in 1967. December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf—widely regarded as France's national chanteuse, as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.

Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the 1980s. The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities.

Cinema

See also: List of films set in Paris

The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895. Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats. Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.

Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.

Restaurants and cuisine

See also: French cuisine

Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period. The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café Anglais, Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Époque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.

Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants. The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick Alléno and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.

Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Café Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers. A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867, it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.

Fashion

Main article: Fashion in Paris

Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothing hand-made to order for private clients). It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar. Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Oréal as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermés, and Cartier. Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the Avenue Montaigne, between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine.

Photography

The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, Louis Daguerre patented the Daguerrotype, which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s. The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha.

Media

Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, l'Équipe (Boulogne-Billancourt) and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.

The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital. Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.

Holidays and festivals

Bastille Day, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to Place de la Concorde. It includes a flypast over the Champs Élysées by the Patrouille de France, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.

Some other yearly festivals are Paris-Plages, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach; Journées du Patrimoine, Fête de la Musique, Techno Parade, Nuit Blanche, Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages.

Libraries

Main article: Libraries in Paris

The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.

The Bibliothèque Forney, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Geneviève Library, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division. Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France. The Médiathèque Musicale Mahler opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Très Grande Bibliothèque) was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.

There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques. Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.

Sports

See also: Football in Paris

Paris's most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union clubs Stade Français and Racing 92 (the latter based in Nanterre, a western inner suburb just outside the city proper). The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the France national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team. In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city and closer suburbs have a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star FC, US Créteil, RCF Paris and Stade Français Football.

Paris hosted the 1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics. The city also bid for the 1992, 2008, and 2012 Olympic Games but lost to Barcelona, Beijing, and London.

The city hosted the finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup, at the Stade Olympique de Colombes, and the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup and 2023 Rugby World Cup, at the Stade de France. Paris hosted as well as the finals of the 1960, 1984 (both at Parc des Princes stadium) and 2016 UEFA European Championships. Three UEFA Champions League Finals in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the 2000, 2006 and 2022.

The final stage of the most famous bicycle racing in the world, Tour de France, always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat Bercy Arena (officially named AccorHotels Arena and formerly known as the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy) is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena also hosted the 2017 IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship, together with Cologne, Germany. The final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1951 and EuroBasket 1999 were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy.

Basketball teams Levallois SCB and Paris Basket Racing merged in 2007 to create club Metropolitans 92, which plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity Stade Pierre de Coubertin. Another top-level professional team, Nanterre 92, plays in Nanterre. Founded in 2018, Paris Basketball has seen rapid growth to succes, winning the 2023–24 EuroCup.

Professional Handball club Paris Saint-Germain (the handball department of Paris Saint-Germain Football Club) plays in the highest tier of French handball, the LNH Division 1.

In 2023, a professional American football team, the Paris Musketeers, were formed in the city joining the European League of Football.

Infrastructure

Transport

Main article: Transport in Paris

Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region. The syndicate coordinates public transport. The RATP operates 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The SNCF operates suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER. The Optile consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.

Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems in the world, and is one of only two cities that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice, in 2008 and 2023. In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars. Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.

Railways

See also: List of Paris railway stations Main articles: Paris Métro, Réseau Express Régional, Transilien, and Tramways in Île-de-France

A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks: high-speed rail lines (TGV, Eurostar, Intercity Express, Frecciarossa), normal speed trains (Intercités, Intercités de nuit, Nightjet, TER), and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Transilien is the commuter rail network serving Paris region, through 9 lines, 392 stations and 1,294 km (804.1 mi) of rails.

Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily. There are 16 lines, 320 stations (404 stops) and 245.6 km (152.6 mi) of rails. Superimposed on this is a "regional express network", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and 602 km (374 mi) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day RER A is the busiest metro line in Europe. The Paris region is served by a light rail network, the tramway. Opened since 1992, fourteen lines are operational. The network is 186.6 kilometres (115.9 mi) long, with 278 stations.

Air

Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the 5th busiest airport system in the world. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers. There is also one general aviation airport, Paris–Le Bourget Airport, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. In 2023, it was the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic and it is the hub for the nation's flag carrier, Air France. Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers.

Motorways

Paris is the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique, which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways.

Waterways

The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the Ports of Paris, in facilities located around Paris. The rivers Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the Canal Saint-Martin, Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.

Cycling

There are 440 km (270 mi) of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include piste cyclable, bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and bande cyclable, a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some 29 km (18 mi) of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles. Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.

Electricity

Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the Île-de-France came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power. A quarter of the city's district heating is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and wood pellets.

Water and sanitation

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.

From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground sewers.

Air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (PM10), is the highest in France with 38 μg/m. From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.

Parks and gardens

Main articles: List of parks and gardens in Paris and History of Parks and Gardens of Paris

Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate. The Jardin des plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.

Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters. Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), Parc de Bercy (1997) and Parc Clichy-Batignolles (2007). One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), built on a former highway on the left bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay, has floating gardens.

Cemeteries

During the Roman era, Paris' main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the left bank settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.

After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution, in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière parisien de Pantin, also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux. Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include Oscar Wilde, Frédéric Chopin, Jim Morrison, Édith Piaf and Serge Gainsbourg.

Education

Main article: Education in Paris

Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a licence-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France. 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.

The University of Paris, founded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities, following the student demonstrations in 1968. Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.

The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes écoles – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The École Normale Supérieure, PSL University has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement.

In 2024, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (Polytechnic Institute of Paris, Paris Cité University, Paris-Saclay University, Sorbonne University), political science (Sciences Po), management (HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School, INSEAD) as well as multidisciplinary universities (Paris Sciences et Lettres University).

Healthcare

Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.

One of the most notable hospitals is the Hôtel-Dieu, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating, although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, one of the largest in Europe, Hôpital Cochin, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Bicêtre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisière Hospital, Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpital de la Charité and the American Hospital of Paris.

International relations

International organisations

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Paris hosts the headquarters of the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, European Securities and Markets Authority and the European Banking Authority.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned with:

• Rome, 1956

Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)

Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)

"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."

Other relationships

Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:

• Algiers, 2003
• Amman, 1987
• Amsterdam, 2013
• Athens, 2000
• Beijing, 1997
• Beirut, 1992
• Berlin, 1987
• Brazzaville, 2015
• Buenos Aires, 1999
• Cairo, 1985
• Casablanca, 2004
• Chicago, 1996
• Copenhagen, 2005
• Dakar, 2011
• Doha, 2010
• Geneva, 2002
• Istanbul, 2009
• Jakarta, 1995
• Jericho, 2009
• Kinshasa, 2014
• Kyoto, 1958
• Lisbon, 1998
• London, 2001
• Madrid, 2000
• Mexico City, 1999
• Montevideo, 2013
• Montreal, 2006
• Moscow, 1992
• Phnom Penh, 2007
• Porto Alegre, 2001
• Prague, 1997
• Quebec City, 1996
• Rabat, 2004
• Ramallah, 2011
• Rio de Janeiro, 2009
• Riyadh, 1997
• Saint Petersburg, 1997
• Sanaa, 1987
• San Francisco, 1996
• Santiago, 1997
• São Paulo, 2004
• Seoul, 1991
• Sofia, 1998
• Sydney, 1998
• Tbilisi, 1997
• Tel Aviv, 2010
• Tokyo, 1982
• Tunis, 2004
• Warsaw, 1999
• Washington, D.C., 2000
• Yerevan, 1998

See also

Portals:

• France
• Cities

• Art Nouveau in Paris
• Art Deco in Paris
• C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
• International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925
• Megacity
• Outline of France
• Outline of Paris
• Paris syndrome
• Parish and Civil Registers in Paris

Notes

1. The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot* was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.

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• Weingardt, Richard (2009). Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris. ASCE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7844-1010-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
• Whaley, Joachim (2012). Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-81060-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
• Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1915). Coronation Rites. Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
• Yarri, Monique (2008). Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968. Amsterdam, New York: Editions Rodopi B.V. ISBN 978-90-420-2500-4. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Zarka, Yves Charles; Taussig, Sylvie; Fleury, Cynthia (2004). "Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation". L'Islam en France (in French). Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053723-6. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

Further reading

For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Paris.

• Vincent Cronin (1989). Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-312-04876-1.
• Vincent Cronin (1994). Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-215191-7.
• Jean Favier (1997). Paris (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-59874-1.
• Jacques Hillairet (2005). Connaissance du Vieux Paris (in French). Rivages. ISBN 978-2-86930-648-6.
• Colin Jones (2004). Paris: The Biography of a City. New York: Penguin Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03393-5.
• Bernard Marchand (1993). Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle (in French). Paris: Le Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-012864-3.
• Rosemary Wakeman (2009). The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87023-6.

External links

• Official website (in French)

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v t e Paris
Arrondissements Paris Centre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Administration Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architecture era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culture music Cycling Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History (timeline) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums list Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism syndrome
Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France

v t e Cities in France by population
2,000,000+	Paris
500,000+	Marseille Lyon Toulouse
200,000+	Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes
100,000+	Toulon Reims Saint-Étienne Le Havre Villeurbanne Dijon Angers Grenoble Saint-Denis, Réunion Nîmes Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Aix-en-Provence Clermont-Ferrand Le Mans Brest Tours Amiens Annecy Limoges Metz Perpignan Boulogne-Billancourt Besançon Orléans Rouen Montreuil Caen Argenteuil Saint-Paul Mulhouse Nancy
Complete list

v t e Tourism in Paris
Landmarks	Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais and Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse
Museums (list)	Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de la Vie romantique
Religious buildings	Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce
Hôtels particuliers and palaces	Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal
Bridges, streets, areas, squares and waterways	Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz
Parks and gardens	Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont
Sport venues	Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome
Cemeteries	Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery
Région parisienne	Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château and Gardens of Versailles (Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, including the Fresh pavilion) Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte
Culture and events	Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays
Other	Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre
Related	List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome

v t e Paris transport network
Métro	Under construction Proposed
RER
Transilien
Tramway
Bus	RATP  Tvm  Noctilien
Others	CDGVAL Orlyval Montmartre Funicular
Projects	Grand Paris Express CDG Express Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger
Administration	IDFM RATP SNCF Optile Keolis Transdev
Finance	Fares and tickets Ticket t+ Paris visite Navigo card Versement transport
Stations	List of Paris Métro stations Architecture Ghost stations Lists of railway stations RER Transilien in Paris List of tram stops

Administrative structures

v t e Communes in the Paris metropolitan area Population over 2 million Paris Population over 100,000 Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Population over 75,000 Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Population over 50,000 Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Population over 25,000 Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres Population under 25,000 1,792 other communes v t e Administrative division of Île-de-France (on 1 January 2022) Prefecture: Paris Essonne (91) Prefecture: Évry-Courcouronnes Three arrondissements 21 cantons 194 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Hauts-de-Seine (92) Prefecture: Nanterre Three arrondissements 23 cantons 36 communes 13 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Paris (75) Prefecture: Paris One departmental arrondissement 1 commune 20 municipal arrondissements 80 administrative quarters 18 legislative constituencies 1 intercommunality Seine-et-Marne (77) Prefecture: Melun Five arrondissements 23 cantons 507 communes 11 legislative constituencies 21 intercommunalities Seine-Saint-Denis (93) Prefecture: Bobigny Three arrondissements 21 cantons 40 communes 12 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Val-de-Marne (94) Prefecture: Créteil Three arrondissements 25 cantons 47 communes 11 legislative constituencies 3 EPTs Val-d'Oise (95) Prefecture: Pontoise Three arrondissements 21 cantons 184 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Yvelines (78) Prefecture: Versailles Four arrondissements 21 cantons 259 communes 12 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities v t e Prefectures of the departments of France Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) Laon (Aisne) Moulins (Allier) Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Gap (Hautes-Alpes) Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Privas (Ardèche) Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) Foix (Ariège) Troyes (Aube) Carcassonne (Aude) Rodez (Aveyron) Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) Caen (Calvados) Aurillac (Cantal) Angoulême (Charente) La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime) Bourges (Cher) Tulle (Corrèze) Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud) Bastia (Haute-Corse) Dijon (Côte-d'Or) Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor) Guéret (Creuse) Périgueux (Dordogne) Besançon (Doubs) Valence (Drôme) Évreux (Eure) Chartres (Eure-et-Loir) Quimper (Finistère) Nîmes (Gard) Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) Auch (Gers) Bordeaux (Gironde) Montpellier (Hérault) Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) Châteauroux (Indre) Tours (Indre-et-Loire) Grenoble (Isère) Lons-le-Saunier (Jura) Mont-de-Marsan (Landes) Blois (Loir-et-Cher) Saint-Étienne (Loire) Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) Orléans (Loiret) Cahors (Lot) Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) Mende (Lozère) Angers (Maine-et-Loire) Saint-Lô (Manche) Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne) Chaumont (Haute-Marne) Laval (Mayenne) Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Bar-le-Duc (Meuse) Vannes (Morbihan) Metz (Moselle) Nevers (Nièvre) Lille (Nord) Beauvais (Oise) Alençon (Orne) Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Colmar (Haut-Rhin) Lyon (Rhône) Vesoul (Haute-Saône) Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) Le Mans (Sarthe) Chambéry (Savoie) Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Paris (Paris) Rouen (Seine-Maritime) Melun (Seine-et-Marne) Versailles (Yvelines) Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Amiens (Somme) Albi (Tarn) Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Toulon (Var) Avignon (Vaucluse) La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) Poitiers (Vienne) Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Épinal (Vosges) Auxerre (Yonne) Belfort (Territoire de Belfort) Évry-Courcouronnes (Essonne) Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis) Créteil (Val-de-Marne) Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Overseas departments Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Cayenne (French Guiana) Saint-Denis (Réunion) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) v t e Prefectures of the regions of France Metropolitan regions Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Rennes (Brittany) Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire) Ajaccio (Corsica) Strasbourg (Grand Est) Lille (Hauts-de-France) Paris (Île-de-France) Rouen (Normandy) Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Toulouse (Occitania) Nantes (Pays de la Loire) Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Overseas regions Cayenne (French Guiana) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) Saint Denis (Réunion) v t e Departments of France Metropolitan 01 Ain 02 Aisne 03 Allier 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 05 Hautes-Alpes 06 Alpes-Maritimes 07 Ardèche 08 Ardennes 09 Ariège 10 Aube 11 Aude 12 Aveyron 13 Bouches-du-Rhône 14 Calvados 15 Cantal 16 Charente 17 Charente-Maritime 18 Cher 19 Corrèze 2A Corse-du-Sud 2B Haute-Corse 21 Côte-d'Or 22 Côtes-d'Armor 23 Creuse 24 Dordogne 25 Doubs 26 Drôme 27 Eure 28 Eure-et-Loir 29 Finistère 30 Gard 31 Haute-Garonne 32 Gers 33 Gironde 34 Hérault 35 Ille-et-Vilaine 36 Indre 37 Indre-et-Loire 38 Isère 39 Jura 40 Landes 41 Loir-et-Cher 42 Loire 43 Haute-Loire 44 Loire-Atlantique 45 Loiret 46 Lot 47 Lot-et-Garonne 48 Lozère 49 Maine-et-Loire 50 Manche 51 Marne 52 Haute-Marne 53 Mayenne 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 55 Meuse 56 Morbihan 57 Moselle 58 Nièvre 59 Nord 60 Oise 61 Orne 62 Pas-de-Calais 63 Puy-de-Dôme 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques 65 Hautes-Pyrénées 66 Pyrénées-Orientales 67 Bas-Rhin 68 Haut-Rhin 69D Rhône 70 Haute-Saône 71 Saône-et-Loire 72 Sarthe 73 Savoie 74 Haute-Savoie 76 Seine-Maritime 77 Seine-et-Marne 78 Yvelines 79 Deux-Sèvres 80 Somme 81 Tarn 82 Tarn-et-Garonne 83 Var 84 Vaucluse 85 Vendée 86 Vienne 87 Haute-Vienne 88 Vosges 89 Yonne 90 Territoire de Belfort 91 Essonne 92 Hauts-de-Seine 93 Seine-Saint-Denis 94 Val-de-Marne 95 Val-d'Oise Overseas 971 Guadeloupe 972 Martinique (territorial collectivity) 973 French Guiana (territorial collectivity) 974 Réunion 976 Mayotte Special 69M Lyon (collectivity with special status) 75 Paris (collectivity with special status) Former 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity)

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